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購屋與生育同為家庭生命周期重大事件，在高房價低生育率時代，家庭行為的改變，受到政府機關及社會、經濟學者的關注。過去研究指出，購屋及生育行為的連結建立在對家庭的資源與需求，彼此不僅存在資源競爭關係，亦因家庭生命周期的穩定效果，而提高家庭對另一事件的需求。考量家戶對於擁有房子與孩子的次序偏好相異，其家庭資源分配及需求亦不盡相同，故本研究從家庭資源、需求及家庭偏好探討高房價背景下家戶購屋與生育行為的關係；運用中央研究院調查之華人家庭動態資料庫(PSFD)，針對1934~1984年出生之受訪者資料，建立存活模型進行分析。 探討主題有三：一、探討資源排擠效果與生命周期穩定效果對於購屋及生育行為的影響以及影響程度隨時間變化的情形。二、探討購屋對家戶生育行為的影響途徑。三、探討家戶生育事件對購屋年齡影響之世代差異。實證結果，家庭資源及需求對購屋及生育事件的影響為一動態過程。在高房價時期，先生育家戶婚後購屋機率增加，卻有較年長的男性購屋年齡。而先購屋家戶有較年輕的男性購屋年齡，生育機率卻較低。購屋年齡存在世代差異，先生育家戶的購屋年齡隨世代先提前後增加，先購屋家戶的購屋年齡則呈年輕化趨勢。 本研究成果有助於瞭解家庭購屋及生育行為的關係，作為住宅及衛生福利單位於制定獎勵生育、安親托育或住宅福利政策參考。為讓家庭安心培育下一代，建議政策研擬制定應考量家庭偏好差異性、住宅政策及獎勵生育政策關聯性等，並使房價回歸合理及健全安親托育制度，以有效解決高房價、低生育率的社會問題。

台灣自1980年代以來，興起了一波波的社會運動風潮，在這樣的歷史脈絡下，族群運動成為其中的一環。客籍菁英有感於自身語言文化所處的不利地位，乃透過社會運動的方式，提出訴求。二十多個年頭過去了，這些運動所造成的後果，可見的部分是官方族群政策的擬定與執行，不可見的部分則在於對於客家族群認同的文化要求。這類的文化期待隱含著血緣與認同的合一性，並且對於「怎麼做才合乎客家族群身份」，也有著本質化的想像。首當其衝的便是面對這些要求的客家年輕人。 　　然而，本文並不預設客家年輕人「天生」就應該有客家認同，或者應該要對客家「建立」認同感，而是以一種社會建構的觀點，試圖去理解已經觀察到的經驗現象：社會中對於客家的文化想像，是如何被建構起來的？而時常被這些客家文化框架要求的後生客家人，作為被框架要求的主體，他們如何去理解自身的客家經驗？透過本研究，我們發現後客運世代的客家人正處於某種歷史現實之中。他們的客家身份或輕或重地對他們的生活產生不等的影響，而他們的客家文化認同，也沿著世代、地域的軸線而產生分歧，然而，他們現階段所面對的客家文化期待，除了是一種同質化的文化要求，同時也是一種強調傳統卻又包含突兀創新的客家建構。這些要求所形成的文化框架，脫離了日常生活的層次，也窄化了人們對於客家的想像。因此，本文認為，唯有對客家抱持著開放性的文化想像，將差異納入思考，對於後生客家人也才能有更為務實的理解。 / There have been a lot of discussions about the ways how “the Hakka” or “Hakkaness” could be or should be understood and performed ever since the Taiwan Hakka Cultural Movement occurred in the late-1980s. It is implied that, with certain cultural imaginations, the Hakka would develop a new form of ethnic identity. Consequently, members of the Hakka people, especially those of the younger generation, have often been required to live a life that meets these imaginations and expectations. 　　This thesis aims to examine the historical-cultural process whereby the identity of “Hakkaness” has been culturally and socially constructed and to explore how the younger Hakka members born after the Hakka Cultural Movement have been interacting with these constructions. A contrast between the lifestyle expected or suggested in accordance with “Hakkaness” on the one hand and the life world experienced by the post-movement generation on the other is highlighted. Regional and generational differences of the “imagined” Hakka communities are discussed as well.

Young women with breast cancer have been found to experience their disease more negatively and more intensely than their older counterparts. However 'young' is not uniformly defined within the literature. Studies have reported on a wide range of ages considered to be 'young', such as samples simply divided by menopausal status or other researcher-defined parameters. For the purpose of this study, young women with breast cancer were defined as those diagnosed at 40 years of age or younger. The overarching aim of the study was to explore the problems faced by this group of young women using qualitative methodology, guided by constructionist epistemology, and grounded in symbolic interactionism and social constructionism. The study was conducted longitudinally, with data collected three times over a 12-18 month period using one-to-one in-depth semi-structured interviews. Baseline data were collected in the first phase of the study (n=35). A sub-group of participants (n=13) were chosen to be followed twice more approximately six months apart, which made up the next two phases. Themes derived from the literature guided the first phase of the study, data collection and analysis. Data analysis was performed after each data collection phase, with findings informing the next phase/s of the study. Thematic and content analysis were utilized in regards to the analysis of the first phase of the study, providing a framework identifying the most pressing concerns, such as those centred around children and partners, emotional aspects and negative physical consequences of treatment. Interrelationships between these themes were apparent. Findings suggest that the emotional support needs of this group of young women remains a challenge. Basic analytical principles of data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions guided the following phases of the analysis. NUD*IST (N6) software was utilized to help undertake in-depth analysis of all follow-up data. The literature concentrates on infertility as a concern for young women with breast cancer, however the study found that fertility per se was a concern for this group of women. Issues of maintained and regained fertility were reported, i.e., concerns surrounding suitable, safe and reliable contraception, pregnancy and breastfeeding after breast cancer. Over time, perceptions of fertility changed. Decisions related to unplanned pregnancies and breastfeeding were particularly onerous. The study also provided other insights into the participants' lives. Body image is suggested to be of greater concern for younger women with breast cancer than their older counterparts. Perceptions of breast symbolism, societal and personal, were explored, as were perceptions of the external portrayal of their bodies. In addition, the participants reported how their experience of breast cancer differed from that of older women with breast cancer, e.g., to be and dress more sexually. Theories and notions of social constructionism and the social construction of the body helped explain the participants' experiences. The women were acutely aware of the sexual importance society placed on women's breasts. Social norms and expectations and cultural trends, that is the youth and beauty culture, were found to greatly influence the participants' perceptions and hence decisions made. Prosthesis use and breast reconstructive surgery were viewed as normalising efforts undertaken by participants to reduce stigma related to breast loss/disfigurement and to enhance body image. The findings from this study provide a greater understanding of the issues, concerns and experiences of young women with breast cancer and provide information that could be utilized in the redesign of educational/information resources to provide these women with relevant information. Currently available support services may also benefit from these findings as greater understanding of these women's experiences may facilitate and promote the provision of more age-appropriate support for young women with breast cancer diagnosed in the future.

The thesis How mothers and daughters perceive and use fashion themes in lifestyle magazines for women is aimed at generational differences when it comes to perception of media content. Specifically, it examines differences in perception of fashion phenomenon presented in lifestyle magazines for women (e.g.: ELLE and Cosmopolitan) by mothers and their daughters. Today, not only individuals, but also family relations are influenced by new media, new technologies, and new forms of media content, therefore I focused on differences in consumption of those lifestyle magazine between two generations of women within a family. The thesis first introduces some theories on social construction of reality; how fashion is presented in magazines; how women as readers perceive fashion and how this influences readers' identities as a result of magazines' consumption, and how advertising is perceived by readers. Theoretical knowledge is then researched. Qualitative research was conducted on ten pairs of respondents (mother - daughter) in the form of interviews. The results show that lifestyle magazines do not serve as a main source of information about fashion anymore. Many young women are more likely to search for information related to fashion on the Internet today. Mothers and daughters do not happen to read and...

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As Muslims increasingly cross ethnic, religious, and social barriers within Western societies, the rate of interfaith marriages continues to rise. As a result, several issues are generated within the Muslim community globally. One of these issues focuses on the subjectivity of Muslim women marrying non-Muslim men since Islamic religious texts may be unclear and indirect regarding the issue. Additionally, Muslims in the West are increasingly exposed to individuals from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds, which raises the probability of exogamy. Many Muslims residing in the West do not have issues with exogamy; it is mostly familial and societal expectations that exude stress when individuals intermarry within the Muslim community. Openness to intermarriage among Muslims in the West can be attributable to differences in faith and identity development of second-generation Muslims growing up in Western countries, which can lead to a differentiation of Muslim identity in comparison to their parents and extended family. Regardless of the taboo and stigma that exist with regard to intermarriage in Islam, Muslim interfaith marriages in the West arguably can be seen as microcosmic representations of positive pluralistic relations in contemporary times. Through discussions of data collected for this research, this thesis considers the issues and ideas mentioned above as it considers the experiences of Muslims in interfaith marriages in Western societies by considering notions of gender, globalization, and religious pluralism. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis aimed to investigate generational differences in the frequency and importance of meaningful work in employees based on the 7 facets of the Map of Meaning. Hypotheses were tested through Analysis of Variance of secondary data. 395 participants self-reported levels of meaningful work on the Comprehensive Meaningful Work Scale. Results indicated that Generation Y had significantly lower levels of meaningful work. Generation Y had significantly lower levels of Unity (importance), Serving (frequency and importance), Expressing full potential (frequency), Reality (frequency and importance) and Inspiration (frequency). Significant differences occurred mainly between Generation Y and Baby boomers, with some significant differences between Generation Y and Generation X and no significant differences between Generation X and Baby boomers. Results showed that overall frequency and importance levels were significantly lower for Generation Y. Overall frequency levels were lower than overall importance levels, which suggests that employees’ desire for meaningful work may not be satisfied. In light of this evidence, it is suggested that to improve organisational outcomes such as engagement, retention and performance, managers should provide opportunities for employees to engage in meaningful work with particular focus on Generation Y. Employees themselves should take responsibility to find meaning in their own work and life because engagement in meaningful activities can lead to satisfaction, belonging, fulfilment and a better understanding of one’s purpose in life.

The aim of the study was to explore the differences between generations X and Y in the military by exploring whether belonging to a particular generational cohort influences perceptions of job satisfaction and emotional intelligence (EI). Data on generational groupings, job satisfaction and EI was drawn from a convenience sample of 187 members from the Human Resources (HR) Division in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Descriptive statistics, correlations and t-tests for independent samples were used to analyse the data. Analysis revealed that job satisfaction has a significant positive relationship with EI. Furthermore, the empirical study also yielded evidence to support a difference between Gen X and Gen Y in relation to two job satisfaction facets, namely promotion and supervision. The findings, however, did not support a difference between Gen X and Gen Y in terms of overall job satisfaction and total EI. The leadership of the SANDF may be able to use the study’s findings to guide effective organisational policies and processes to maintain and retain a loyal and productive human resources pool working in cohesion despite underlying differences. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Den svenska arbetsmarknaden står inför stora förändringar gällande generationer. Baby boom generationen kommer inom snar framtid att gå i pension och generation X och generation Y tar över arbetsmarknaden. I takt med att baby boomers lämnar arbetsmarknaden går man även miste om viktiga och nödvändiga kunskaper som denna generation erhåller. Ett stort tomrum uppstår som de nästkommande generationerna måste fylla. Däremot har generation X och generation Y andra kunskaper som kommer att vara betydelsefulla. Denna studie syftar till att fördjupa förståelsen för ledarskap i relation till generationer på arbetsplatsen. Syftet är att beskriva och analysera vilka förväntningar generation X och generation Y har på ledarskap samt vilken typ av ledarstil dessa generationer föredrar. Utifrån detta syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats: “Vilka förväntningar har generation X respektive generation Y på ledarskap?” och  “Vilken typ av ledarskapsstil föredrar generation X respektive generation Y på arbetsplatsen?”. Studiens empiriska material har samlats in genom tio stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med en fenomenologisk förståelseansats. Resultatet som framhölls i studien är att det förekommer generationsskillnader kopplat till ledarskap och ledarstilar, men att dessa återfinns i små variationer. Exempelvis förväntade sig generation X mer tydlighet medan generation Y förväntade sig en högre grad av delaktighet. Analysen av det empiriska materialet indikerar på att åldersintervallet man är född inom har präglats av historiska händelser. Detta kan ligga till grund för individens synsätt och uppfattningar men betydelsen av att inkludera yttre faktorer såsom uppväxt och bakgrund är viktiga då ett pålitligt resultat inte endast kan baseras på ålder. Slutsatsen i studien blir således att man inte kan kategorisera in generationerna i enbart ett traditionellt eller modernt ledarskap, inte heller en renodlad auktoritär eller demokratisk ledarstil. Både generation X och generation Y har fler förväntningar som går hand i hand med ett modernt ledarskap, men med inslag av traditionella synsätt. Generationerna föredrar även till stor del en demokratisk ledarstil, däremot med vissa auktoritära inslag. / The Swedish labor market is facing major generational changes. The baby boom generation will soon retire and Generation X and Generation Y will take over the labor market. As baby boomers leave the labor market, important and necessary skills that this generation acquires are also being lost. A great void is created that the next generations must fill. However, Generation X and Generation Y have other skills that will be significant. This study aims to deepen the understanding of leadership in relation to generations in the workplace. The aim is to describe and analyze what expectations generation X and generation Y have for leadership and what type of leadership style these generations prefer. Based on this aim, two questions have been formulated: "What expectations do generation X and generation Y respectively have of leadership?" and "Which type of leadership style do generation X and generation Y prefer in the workplace?". The study's empirical material has been collected through ten semi-structured interviews with a phenomenological understanding approach. The result highlighted in the study is that there are generational differences linked to leadership and leadership styles, but that these are found in small variations. For example, Generation X expected more clarity while Generation Y expected a higher degree of participation. The analysis of the empirical material indicates that the age range one is born into has been marked by historical events. This may be the basis of the individual's approach and perceptions, but the importance of including external factors such as upbringing and background are important as a reliable result cannot be based solely on age. The conclusion of the study is thus that you cannot categorize the generations into only traditional or modern leadership, nor a purely authoritarian or democratic leadership style. Both Generation X and Generation Y have more expectations that go hand in hand with modern leadership, but with elements of traditional approaches. The generations also largely prefer a democratic leadership style, but with some authoritarian elements.