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SNPs and Indels Analysis in Human Genome using Computer Simulation and Sequencing DataChakrabortty, Sharmistha January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Effects of Migratory Habit on the Genetic Diversity of Avian Populations from the Oak Openings in Northwest OhioEstopinal, Ashley 20 November 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Management of Genetic Diversity in Conservation Programs Using Genomic CoancestryMorales González, Elisabet 20 July 2023 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] Un objetivo fundamental en los programas de conservación es mantener la diversidad genética y la estrategia de gestión más eficiente para lograrlo es aplicar el método de Contribuciones Óptimas. Este método optimiza las contribuciones de los candidatos a reproductores minimizando el parentesco global ponderada, lo que conduce a niveles más altos de diversidad genética, medida como heterocigosis esperada, y a un control efectivo del aumento de consanguinidad. El parámetro fundamental de este método es la matriz de parentesco. Esta matriz se ha obtenido tradicionalmente a partir del pedigrí, pero la disponibilidad actual de genotipos para un gran número de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP) nos permite estimarla con una mayor precisión. Sin embargo, se han propuesto muchas medidas de parentesco genómico y se desconoce qué medida es la más apropiada para minimizar la pérdida de diversidad genética. Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de esta tesis fue investigar la eficiencia de diferentes matrices genómicas de parentesco en la gestión de poblaciones en programas de conservación, cuando se aplica el método de Contribuciones Óptimas. Las matrices comparadas fueron aquellas basadas en: i) la proporción de alelos compartidos por dos individuos (CSIM); ii) las desviaciones del número observado de alelos compartidos por dos individuos respecto del número esperado (CL&H); iii) la matriz de relaciones genómicas obtenida a través el método 1 de VanRaden (CVR1); iv) la matriz de relaciones genómicas obtenida a través el método 2 de VanRaden (CVR2); v) la matriz de relaciones genómicas obtenida a través el método de Yang (CYAN); y vi) segmentos idénticos por descendencia (CSEG). Los resultados para una sola generación, usando miles de SNP genotipados en individuos de una población cultivada de rodaballo, mostraron grandes diferencias en la magnitud de los seis coeficientes de parentesco. Las correlaciones entre los diferentes coeficientes variaron mucho, siendo las más bajas aquellas entre CSIM, CL&H o CSEG y CVR2 o CYAN. La gestión que utiliza matrices basadas en la proporción de alelos o segmentos compartidos (CSIM, CL&H y CSEG) retuvieron una mayor diversidad que aquella que utiliza matrices de relaciones genómicas (CVR1, CVR2 y CYAN). Como era de esperar, maximizar la heterocigosis llevó los alelos hacia frecuencias intermedias. Sin embargo, alejar las frecuencias alélicas de las frecuencias iniciales puede ser indeseable, ya que se pueden perder adaptaciones particulares al medio. Se utilizaron simulaciones estocásticas para investigar la eficiencia de CL&H y CVR2 en el manejo de poblaciones no divididas a lo largo de 50 generaciones y ambas matrices se compararon tanto en términos de la diversidad genética como en términos de los cambios asociados en las frecuencias alélicas. EL uso de CL&H en el método de Contribuciones Óptimas llevó a una mayor diversidad genética pero también en un mayor cambio de frecuencias alélicas que el uso de CVR2. Las diferencias entre estrategias fueron menores cuando sólo se usaron SNP con una frecuencia del alelo menos común (MAF) por encima de un umbral particular (MAF > 0.05 y MAF > 0.25) para calcular CL&H y CVR2 así como cuando se aplicó el método de Contribuciones Óptimas en poblaciones con censo más pequeños (se pasó de N = 100 a N = 20). La evaluación de CL&H y CVR2 se extendió a poblaciones subdivididas, también a través de simulaciones por ordenador. En poblaciones subdivididas, la diversidad genética se distribuye en dos componentes: dentro y entre subpoblaciones. Cuando se otorga un mayor peso al componente dentro de subpoblaciones, es posible restringir los niveles de consanguinidad. Bajo este escenario, la utilización de CL&H resultó ser la mejor opción para gestionar este tipo de poblaciones, ya que mantuvo una mayor diversidad global, condujo a una menor consanguinidad y a cambios en las frecuencias similares a los observados cuando se utilizó CVR2. / [CA] Un objectiu fonamental en els programes de conservació és mantindré la diversitat genètica i l'estratègia de gestió més eficient per aconseguir-ho és aplicar el mètode de contribucions òptimes. Aquest mètode optimitza les contribucions dels candidats a reproductors minimitzant el parentiu global ponderat, cosa que condueix a nivells més alts de diversitat genètica, mesurada com a heterozigosi esperada, i a un control efectiu de l'augment de consanguinitat. El paràmetre fonamental d'aquest mètode és la matriu de parentiu. Aquesta matriu s'ha obtingut tradicionalment a partir del pedigrí, però la disponibilitat actual de genotips per a un gran nombre de polimorfismes d'un sol nucleòtid (SNP) ens permet estimar-la amb més precisió. Tot i això, s'han proposat moltes mesures de parentiu genòmic i es desconeix quina mesura és la més apropiada per minimitzar la pèrdua de diversitat genètica. Per tant, l'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi va ser investigar l'eficiència de diferents matrius genòmiques de parentiu en la gestió de poblacions en programes de conservació, quan s'aplica el mètode de Contribucions Òptimes. Les matrius comparades van ser aquelles basades en: i) la proporció d'al·lels compartits per dos individus (CSIM); ii) les desviacions del nombre observat d'al·lels compartits per dos individus respecte del nombre esperat (CL&H); iii) la matriu de relacions genòmiques obtinguda a través del mètode 1 de VanRaden (CVR1); iv) la matriu de relacions genòmiques obtinguda a través del mètode 2 de VanRaden (CVR2); v) la matriu de relacions genòmiques obtinguda a través del mètode de Yang (CYAN); i vi) segments idèntics per descendència (CSEG). Els resultats per a una sola generació, usant milers d'SNP genotipats en individus d'una població cultivada de turbot, van mostrar grans diferències en la magnitud dels sis coeficients de parentiu. Les correlacions entre els coeficients van variar molt, sent les més baixes aquelles entre CSIM, CL&H o CSEG i CVR2 o CYAN. La gestió que utilitza matrius basades en la proporció d'al·lels o segments compartits (CSIM, CL&H i CSEG) van retindré una diversitat més gran que aquella que utilitza matrius de relacions genòmiques (CVR1, CVR2 i CYAN). Com calia esperar, la màxima heterozigosi va portar els al·lels cap a freqüències intermèdies. No obstant això, allunyar les freqüències al·lèliques de les freqüències inicials pot ser indesitjable, ja que es poden perdre adaptacions particulars al medi. Es van fer servir simulacions estocàstiques per investigar l'eficiència de CL&H i CVR2 en el maneig de poblacions no dividides al llarg de 50 generacions i les dues matrius es van comparar tant en termes de la diversitat genètica com en termes dels canvis associats a les freqüències al·lèliques. L'ús de CL&H en el mètode de Contribucions Òptimes va resultar en una major diversitat genètica però també en un canvi més gran de freqüències al·lèliques que l'ús de CVR2. Les diferències entre estratègies van ser menors quan només es van fer servir SNP amb una freqüència de l'al·lel menys comú (MAF) per sobre d'un llindar particular (MAF > 0.05 i MAF > 0.25) per calcular CL&H i CVR2 així com quan es va aplicar el mètode de Contribucions Òptimes en poblacions amb cens més petit (es va passar de N = 100 a N = 20). L'avaluació de CL&H i CVR2 es va estendre a poblacions subdividides, també a través de simulacions per ordinador. En poblacions subdividides, la diversitat genètica es distribueix en dos components: dins i entre subpoblacions. Quan s'atorga un pes més gran al component dins de subpoblacions, és possible restringir els nivells de consanguinitat. Sota aquest escenari, la utilització de CL&H va resultar ser la millor opció per gestionar aquest tipus de poblacions, ja que va mantindré una diversitat global més gran, va conduir a una menor consanguinitat i a canvis en les freqüències similars als observats quan es va utilitzar CVR2. / [EN] A main objective in conservation programs is to maintain genetic diversity, and the most efficient management strategy to achieve it is to apply the Optimal Contributions method. This method optimizes the contributions of breeding candidates by minimizing the global weighted coancestry. This leads to the highest levels of genetic diversity, when measured as expected heterozygosity, and to an effective control of the increase of inbreeding. The fundamental parameter of the method is the coancestry matrix which, traditionally, has been obtained from pedigree data. The current availability of genome-wide information allows us to estimate coancestries with higher precision. However, many different genomic coancestry measures have been proposed and it is unknown which measure is more efficient to minimize the loss of genetic diversity. Thus, the general aim of this thesis was to investigate the efficiency of different genomic coancestry matrices in the management of conserved populations when the Optimal Contributions method is applied to maximize genetic diversity. The matrices compared were those based on: i) the proportion of shared alleles (CSIM); ii) deviations of the observed number of alleles shared by two individuals from the expected number (CL&H); iii) the realized relationship matrix obtained by VanRaden's method 1 (CVR1); iv) the realized relationship matrix obtained by VanRaden's method 2 (CVR2); v) the realized relationship matrix obtained by Yang¿s method (CYAN); and vi) identical by descent segments (CSEG). Results for a single generation using thousands of SNP genotyped in individuals from a farm turbot population, showed large differences in the magnitude of the six coancestry coefficients. Moreover, pairwise correlations were those between coefficients greatly varied (especially for self-coancestry). The lowest correlations between CSIM, CL&H or CSEG and CVR2 or CYAN. Management with matrices based on the proportion of shared alleles or on segments (CSIM, CL&H and CSEG) retained higher variability than those based on realized genomic relationship matrices (CVR1, CVR2 and CYAN). As expected, maximizing heterozygosity pushed alleles toward intermediate frequencies. However, moving allele frequencies away from initial frequencies may be undesirable as particular adaptations to the environment can be lost. Stochastic simulations were used to investigate the efficiency of CL&H and CVR2 in the management of an undivided population across 50 generations and both matrices were compared not only in terms of the genetic diversity maintained but also in terms of the associated changes in allele frequencies across generations. The use of CL&H in the Optimal Contribution method resulted in a higher genetic diversity but also in a higher change of allele frequencies than the use of CVR2. The differences between strategies were reduced when only SNPs with a minimum allele frequency (MAF) above a particular threshold (MAF > 0.05 and MAF > 0.25) were used to compute CL&H and CVR2 as well as when the Optimal Contributions method was applied in populations of smaller sizes (N = 20 vs N = 100). The evaluation of CL&H and CVR2 was extended to subdivided populations, also via computer simulations. When populations are subdivided into different breeding groups, it is possible to give different weights to the within- and between-subpopulation components of genetic diversity. When a higher weight is given to the within-subpopulation component, the levels of inbreeding can be restricted. In this scenario, the use of CL&H was the best option for managing subdivided populations as it maintained more global diversity, led to less inbreeding and to changes in frequencies similar to those observed when using CVR2 when a large weight was given to the within-subpopulation term. / Esta tesis doctoral se realizó en el Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y
Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) de Madrid. El trabajo expuesto en el capítulo 2 se realizó en
parte en el Instituto Roslin, de la Universidad de Edimburgo durante una estancia
predoctoral. Los trabajos expuestos en la tesis han sido financiados con una beca
predoctoral FPI (BES-2017-081070) y a través de proyectos del Plan Estatal de I+D+i
del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (proyectos CGL2016-75904-C2-2-P y PID2020-
114426GB-C22) y de la Unión Europea (‘European Union‘s Seventh Framework
Program, KBBE.2013.1.2-10, under Grant Agreement No. 613611, FISHBOOST
project’ y ‘European Commission Horizon 2020, Framework Programme through Grant
Agreement No. 727315, MedAID project’). / Morales González, E. (2023). Management of Genetic Diversity in Conservation Programs Using Genomic Coancestry [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195231 / Compendio
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Culture-Free Sequencing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis for Diagnosis and Genetic Diversity IdentificationMariner Llicer, Carla 23 December 2024 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] La detección y diagnóstico de resistencias en Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) supone un reto para el control de la tuberculosis (TB). La técnica diagnóstica implica el cultivo de muestras diagnósticas, pero este proceso es lento y retrasa los resultados hasta meses demorando la prescripción del tratamiento óptimo. El cultivo también se utiliza para enriquecer muestras diagnósticas con fines de investigación, como la secuenciación del genoma de MTB. Sin embargo, se desconoce si cultivar reduce la diversidad genética de la muestra diagnóstica, sesgando los resultados. Actualmente, las técnicas moleculares permiten evitar el cultivo en el diagnóstico, detectando resistencia a antibióticos más rápidamente, pero se limitan a identificar las mutaciones comunes asociadas a la resistencia a la rifampicina (RIF) e isoniazida (INH), los fármacos de primera línea. No obstante, la composición compleja de las muestras diagnósticas como el esputo sigue siendo un desafío para la secuenciación. Esta tesis presenta técnicas y estrategias de secuenciación para recuperar MTB a partir de esputos, centrándose en la diversidad genética en esputos y cultivos y explorando el potencial de la secuenciación para determinar resistencias.
En el Capítulo 1 comparamos la diversidad genética entre pares de esputos y cultivos en dos entornos diferentes. Desarrollamos una técnica de secuenciación de esputos, realizando una secuenciación directa o enriquecida según la cantidad de MTB presente. Además, implementamos un flujo de análisis para descartar artefactos del procesamiento de muestras. Los resultados muestran una alta concordancia en la diversidad entre esputos y cultivos, cuestionando la hipótesis inicial del cuello de botella en el cultivo.
En el Capítulo 2 exploramos las limitaciones del Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (XpertUltra) para identificar mutaciones de resistencia a RIF, examinando las mutaciones de resistencia más prevalentes en el sur de Mozambique. Utilizamos la secuenciación del genoma completo para identificar variantes de resistencia en cepas recolectadas en Manhiça, Mozambique. Detectamos dos cepas con mutaciones de resistencia a RIF no identificadas por el XpertUltra y una alta prevalencia de cepas resistentes a INH sin resistencia a RIF (no multirresistentes, MDR). Los resultados sugieren que el XpertUltra podría no detectar algunos casos de resistencia a RIF y/o INH, destacando la necesidad de incluir nuevas mutaciones en las pruebas moleculares.
En el Capítulo 3 evaluamos el potencial de la secuenciación de amplicones para predecir la resistencia a antibióticos e identificar el linaje de las cepas. Diseñamos un panel de nueve genes asociados a la resistencia a siete antibióticos y dos regiones filogenéticas, poniendo a punto una PCR multiplex para amplificar todas las regiones en una sola reacción. A diferencia de otros paneles, los cebadores diseñados cubren los genes completos para detectar todas las mutaciones presentes. La secuenciación se realiza con MinION (Nanopore), una plataforma portátil con análisis en tiempo real. Comparamos las variantes obtenidas con las de Illumina para calibrar los parámetros del llamado de variantes y evitar falsos positivos. Los resultados muestran una alta correlación entre MinION e Illumina en la detección de resistencia e identificación de linajes, independientemente del tipo de muestra. Estos resultados, junto con el análisis en tiempo real de MinION, son prometedores para su implementación en atención primaria.
En conclusión, esta tesis contribuye a los avances en la genómica de muestras diagnósticas. Por un lado, demostrando que el cultivo refleja la diversidad genética del esputo, y por otro, revelando el potencial de la secuenciación del genoma y de amplicones para predecir resistencia a antibióticos. Las técnicas y resultados que se presentan contribuirán a promover la secuenciación directa de esputo como técnica de diagnóstico rápida y precisa, pero también su uso para la investigación. / [CA] La detecció i diagnòstic de resistències en Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) suposa un repte per al control de la tuberculosi (TB). La tècnica de referència ha estat el cultiu de mostres diagnòstiques, però aquest procés és lent, retardant els resultats durant setmanes o mesos i dificultant la prescripció d'un tractament òptim. El cultiu també s'ha utilitzat per enriquir mostres diagnòstiques amb finalitats de recerca, com la seqüenciació del genoma de MTB. No obstant això, encara es desconeix si el cultiu redueix la diversitat genètica de la mostra diagnòstica, cosa que podria generar un biaix en els resultats. Actualment, les tècniques moleculars han permès evitar el cultiu en el diagnòstic, detectant resistència a antibiòtics més ràpidament, però es limiten a identificar les mutacions comunes associades a resistència a la rifampicina (RIF) i isoniazida (INH), els fàrmacs de primera línia. Tanmateix, la composició complexa de les mostres diagnòstiques com l'esput segueix sent un repte per a la seqüenciació. Aquesta tesi presenta tècniques i estratègies de seqüenciació per recuperar MTB a partir d'esputs, centrant-se en la diversitat genètica en esputs i cultius i explorant el potencial de la seqüenciació per determinar resistències.
Al Capítol 1 comparem la diversitat genètica entre parelles d'esputs i cultius en dos entorns diferents. Desenvolupem una tècnica de seqüenciació d'esputs, realitzant una seqüenciació directa o enriquida segons la quantitat de MTB present. A més, implementem un flux d'anàlisi per descartar artefactes del processament de mostres. Els resultats mostren una alta concordança en la diversitat entre esputs i cultius, qüestionant la hipòtesi inicial d'un coll de botella al cultiu.
Al Capítol 2 explorem les limitacions de la prova molecular Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (XpertUltra) per identificar mutacions de resistència a RIF, examinant les mutacions de resistència més prevalents al sud de Moçambic. Utilitzem la seqüenciació del genoma complet per identificar variants de resistència a antibiòtics en soques recol·lectades a Manhiça, Moçambic. Detectem dues soques amb mutacions de resistència a rifampicina no identificades per l'XpertUltra i una alta prevalença de soques resistents a INH sense resistència a RIF (no multiressistents, MDR). Els resultats sugereixen que l'XpertUltra pot no detectar alguns casos de resistència a RIF i/o INH, destacant la necessitat d'incloure noves mutacions en proves moleculars.
Al Capítol 3 avaluem el potencial de la seqüenciació d'amplicons per predir resistència a antibiòtics i identificar el llinatge de les soques. Dissenyem un panell de nou gens associats a resistència a set antibiòtics i dues regions filogenètiques, posant a punt una PCR multiplex per amplificar totes les regions en una sola reacció. A diferència d'altres panells, els encebadors dissenyats cobreixen els gens complets, per detectar totes les mutacions presents. La seqüenciació es realitza amb MinION (Nanopore), una plataforma portàtil amb anàlisi en temps real. Comparem les variants obtingudes amb les d'Illumina per calibrar paràmetres per cridar de variants i evitar falsos positius. Els resultats mostren una alta correlació entre MinION i Illumina en la detecció de resistència i identificació de llinatges, independentment del tipus de mostra. Aquests resultats, juntament amb l'anàlisi en temps real de MinION, són prometedors per a la seva implementació en atenció primària.
En conclusió, aquesta tesi contribueix als avanços en la genòmica directa de mostra diagnòstica. D'una banda, demostrant que el cultiu reflecteix la diversitat genètica de l'esput i, d'altra banda, revelant el potencial de la seqüenciació del genoma i d'amplicons per predir resistència a antibiòtics. Els resultats obtinguts superen les limitacions de les proves moleculars actuals, i les tècniques presentades podrien promoure la seqüenciació directa d'esput com a eina de diagnòstic ràpida i precisa, així com per a la investigació. / [EN] Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) detection and diagnosis of drug resistance(DR) have been a challenge for tuberculosis(TB) control. Culturing mycobacteria from diagnostic samples has been the most commonly used diagnostic technique. However, culturing depends on MTB's slow growth, delaying results and the prescription of optimal treatment for weeks to months. Culture is also essential for research purposes such as MTB genomics. However, it remains unclear whether it causes a bottleneck in the sample's original genetic diversity, potentially biasing results. Skipping the culturing step has been possible with the introduction of molecular techniques in surveillance systems. These reduce turnaround time and allow MTB and DR detection through a single assay. However, such tests are limited to detecting common mutations associated with rifampicin(RIF) and isoniazid(INH) resistance. Moreover, the complex composition of diagnostic samples, like sputum, continues to challenge sequencing workflows in research.
In this thesis, we explore different sequencing approaches to recover and sequence MTB from sputum samples, focusing on overcoming the hypothesized culture bottleneck and evaluating the potential of sequencing for DR prediction.
In Chapter 1, we compare genetic diversity within sputum-culture paired samples in two settings. We implement a culture-free sequencing (cfWGS) approach for sputum, using both direct and enriched sequencing, depending on the initial amount of MTB DNA. We also develop an analysis pipeline to filter artifactual variants from cfWGS approaches. To generalize results, three additional datasets are reanalyzed. The results show high concordance in genetic diversity between sputum-culture pairs, both in terms of presence and frequency of variants. These results contradict the initial culture bottleneck assumption, emphasizing the importance of tailored filtering steps depending on sample complexity.
In Chapter 2, we explore the limitations of the Gene Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (XpertUltra) for detecting non-common mutations and screen for prevalent DR mutations in southern Mozambique. We use WGS to identify DR variants in strains collected in Manhiça (Mozambique) during two time periods. Two strains were found to harbor RIF resistance mutations beyond XpertUltra's detection scope. We also detect a high prevalence of INH-resistant strains without RIF resistance (non-MDR TB). This suggests that XpertUltra, the primary diagnostic tool in the region, sometimes misclassifies RIF-resistant cases, highlighting the need for expanded drug and mutation coverage in molecular diagnostic tests.
In Chapter 3, we assess the potential of targeted sequencing for DR prediction and lineage identification by designing a gene panel of 9 genes associated with resistance to 7 drugs and two phylogenetic regions. We develop a multiplex PCR to amplify all target regions in one reaction. Unlike other commercial panels, our primers cover entire genes allowing the identification of all mutations, not just those in hotspot regions. We employ the portable MinION (Nanopore) platform, which provides real-time analysis. A key aim is to calibrate parameters for MinION variant calling by comparing its results to Illumina sequencing, establishing a frequency cut-off to avoid false positives due to MinION's error rate. Our results show high concordance between MinION and Illumina in detecting DR and genotyping, regardless of the sample type. These findings present a significant advantage for future implementation in point-of-care systems.
This thesis advances the field of cfWGS by confirming that culture mirrors sputum's genetic diversity and demonstrating the potential of whole genome and targeted sequencing to overcome the limitations of current molecular diagnostic tests in predicting DR. The techniques and findings presented could help promote cfWGS as a front-line approach for faster, more accurate diagnosis, and contribute to further research. / This work has been supported by the following: European Research Council
(ERC): H2020-ERC-COG/0800; Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación:
PID2022-137607OB-I00; Fundació La Caixa: HR21-00415, International Science and
Technology Center (ISTC): Project #G-2143 and National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases (NIH). This work was also supported by STOP TB partnership
[STBP/TBREACH/GSA/W5-30: CA-3-D000920001], the TB Portals programme of the National Institutes of Health, the European Research
Council [101001038-TB-RECONNECT: H2020-ERC-COG/0800 and 638553-TB-ACCELERATE], Generalitat Valenciana [AICO/2018/113], the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [PID2019-104477RB-I00] and the Ministerio de
Economía, Indústria y Competividad (SAF2016-77346-R) / Mariner Llicer, C. (2024). Culture-Free Sequencing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis for Diagnosis and Genetic Diversity Identification [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/213332 / Compendio
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An investigation of genetic and reproductive differences between Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod (Gadus morhua L.)Petersen, Petra Elisabeth January 2014 (has links)
The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) fishery is of great economic importance to the Faroese economy. There are two separately managed cod stocks around the Faroe Islands, the Faroe Plateau and the Faroe Bank cod. Both have experienced dramatic decreases in size and informed management decisions are vital for both stock viability and exploitation. The stocks are geographically isolated by an 800 m deep channel and water temperatures are on average 1 – 2 ºC higher on the Faroe Bank than on the Faroe Plateau. There are clear phenotypic differences between the stocks; in particular, the markedly higher growth rate for the Faroe Bank cod has caught public and scientific attention. There is continuing debate regarding the relative importance of genetics and environmental contributions to the contrasting phenotypes. Analyses of reproductive parameters (field data and experimental captive spawnings) as well as analyses of microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were undertaken to better resolve the issue. Field data as well as data from experimental captive spawnings provided evidence of reproductive differences between Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod. Peak spawning occurred earlier on the Faroe Plateau than on the Faroe Bank and this difference in timing of spawning was maintained in captivity. In particular, differences in sizes of eggs (average diameters of 1.40 and 1.30 mm for Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod eggs, respectively) and indirect evidence of greater volumes spawned by the Faroe Bank females suggested stock differences with respect to egg size – egg number trade-off. It was hypothesised that the strategy adopted by cod on the Faroe Bank, with a higher number of smaller eggs, evolved in response to a more hostile environment (bare seabed and higher exposure to predators) experienced by early life stages in this area. Experimental captive spawnings with Faroe Bank cod showed a large interfamily skew in survival rates of cod eggs and fry. Egg size was identified as a useful indicator of survival rates in the egg stage, but egg survival rates could not be used to predict viability in later developmental stages, thus highlighting the importance of employing some sort of genetic monitoring of cod fry to ensure sufficient family representation in the progeny. While no tank effect was evident concerning fry survival, a significant tank effect was identified concerning body sizes of fry. Microsatellite data were analysed using large sample sizes of Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod with the Faroe Plateau divided into two locations, Faroe Plateau North-East and Faroe Plateau West (cod from each of the two were known to belong to separate spawning grounds). Two Norwegian coastal cod samples were included as outlier populations. While no genetic differentiation was detected between the two Faroe Plateau locations, these analyses revealed a detectable, albeit relatively modest, degree of genetic differentiation between cod from the Faroe Plateau and the Faroe Bank (FST = 0.0014 and 0.0018; DJost_EST = 0.0027 and 0.0048; P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001 for the Faroe Plateau North-East – Faroe Bank and the Faroe Plateau West – Faroe Bank comparisons). These values were several times smaller than those between Faroese and Norwegian coastal cod (pairwise FST and DJost_EST values in the range of 0.0061 – 0.0137 and 0.0158 – 0.0386, respectively). Despite recent reductions in census population sizes for Faroe Plateau and, particularly, Faroe Bank cod, genetic diversity estimates were comparable to the ones observed for Norwegian coastal cod and there was no evidence of significant genetic bottlenecks. Lastly, data for one of the markers (Gmo132) indicated genotype-dependent vertical distribution of cod (as investigated for Faroe Plateau North-East cod). Contrary to some previously published studies, analysis of SNPs of two candidate genes for adaptive divergence, the hemoglobin gene Hb-ß1 and the transferrin gene Tf1, failed to detect differentiation between samples of Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod analysed in this thesis. Of 3533 novel SNPs simultaneously discovered and genotyped by restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing, 58 showed evidence of genetic differentiation between Faroe Plateau North-East and Faroe Bank cod (P < 0.05). No single locus was fixed for different alleles between Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod. A set of eight informative SNPs (FST values between Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank samples > 0.25; P < 0.0005) were selected for validation in larger samples, that included cod from both Faroe Plateau areas and the Faroe Bank as well as Norwegian coastal and White Sea cod. Six out of the eight loci amplified successfully with a PCR-based method and there was 100 % concordance between genotypes of individuals screened by both techniques. Due to ascertainment bias, the SNPs should only be applied with caution in a broader geographical context. Nonetheless, these SNPs did confirm the genetic substructure suggested for Faroese cod by microsatellite analyses. While no genetic differentiation was evident between the two Faroe Plateau locations, significant genetic differentiation was evident between Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod at five of the SNPs (FST values in the range of 0.0383 – 0.1914). This panel of five SNPs could confidently be used to trace groups of Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod to their population of origin. In conclusion, multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod are truly two genetically distinct populations. While the findings contribute to a broader understanding of the biology and the genetics of Faroe Plateau and Faroe Bank cod, the novel SNPs developed may provide a valuable resource for potential future demands of i.e. genetic stock identification methods.
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Apport des informations moléculaires et cellulaires pour la caractérisation de la résistance de l'huître plate européenne vis-à-vis de la bonamiose, et pour la détection de signatures de la sélection naturelle / Contribution of molecular and cellular information to characterize the resistance of the European flat oyster to bonamiosis, and to detect signatures of natural selectionHarrang, Estelle 12 July 2012 (has links)
L'huître plate européenne, espèce endémique des côtes européennes, est classée dans la catégorie des « espèces menacées et/ou en déclin ». En effet, les gisements naturels de cette huître ont été progressivement décimés par la sur-exploitation et par l'émergence successive de maladies parasitaires. Le parasite responsable de la bonamiose a notamment contribué à réduire de façon drastique l'exploitation de cette huître en France, et en Europe. Les mollusques bivalves marins présentent deux caractéristiques qui restreignent de fait le potentiel d'action pour lutter contre les maladies : ils sont cultivés en milieu ouvert, et possèdent un système immunitaire inné dépourvu de la capacité de réponse adaptative. Dans ce contexte, la sélection d'animaux naturellement résistants à la bonamiose est une voie prometteuse pour relancer la culture de l'huître plate européenne. Afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de résistance à la bonamiose, plusieurs études ont porté sur les mécanismes de réponse de l'huître plate et sur l'identification de régions génomiques potentiellement impliquées dans les mécanismes de résistance à la maladie.Le présent travail de thèse consistait à améliorer la compréhension de la résistance de l'huître plate européenne vis-à-vis de la bonamiose, mais également à mieux caractériser la ressource génétique et la structuration de ses populations naturelles. L'huître plate n'étant pas un organisme modèle, seule une carte génétique préliminaire était disponible chez cette espèce. Il a donc été nécessaire de développer de nouveaux outils moléculaires afin d'optimiser la couverture de son génome. Des marqueurs de type SNP (polymorphisme d'une seule base) ont ainsi été développés par séquençage de produits PCR et par séquençage à haut débit. Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de la résistance à la bonamiose, trois expériences d'infection avec le parasite responsable de cette maladie ont été réalisées et ont permis de caractériser les phénotypes de réponse de l'huître plate à plusieurs échelles d'études.1- À l'échelle inter-familiale, il s'agissait de détecter des régions du génome (QTL) associées aux mécanismes de réponse (survie / mortalité) à la bonamiose chez plusieurs familles d'huîtres. Cette approche a permis d'identifier plusieurs régions génomiques d'intérêt communes entre les familles, et de nouvelles régions d'intérêt qui n'avaient pas encore été détectées.2- À l'échelle intra-familiale, il s'agissait de détecter des régions génomiques associées à la régulation d'activités hémocytaires (QTL) ou à l'expression de gènes (eQTL) préalablement identifiés comme potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse à la bonamiose. Cette approche, nouvelle chez un mollusque bivalve, a notamment permis de mettre en évidence une concordance positionnelle entre les régions génomiques impliquées dans la survie ou la mortalité à la bonamiose et celles impliquées dans la régulation des réponses cellulaires et/ou moléculaires.3- À l'échelle des populations, il s'agissait d'étudier un éventuel différentiel de réponse à la bonamiose chez des huîtres provenant de trois populations naturelles géographiquement et écologiquement distinctes. Cette étude a notamment permis d'identifier une possible adaptation à la parasitose des huîtres provenant de la baie de Quiberon. Afin de mieux caractériser les ressources naturelles de l'huître plate européenne, plusieurs populations couvrant l'ensemble de l'aire de distribution de l'espèce ont également été étudiées. Cette étude a permis de confirmer la forte diversité nucléotidique de l'huître plate, en évaluant pour la première fois la diversité génétique globale des populations naturelles d'un mollusque bivalve marin. Cette étude a également permis d'identifier une structuration génétique des populations, avec coïncidence entre les discontinuités dans la distribution des fréquences alléliques des marqueurs moléculaires sous sélection positive ou divergente et les barrières biogéographiques. / The European flat oyster, an endemic species from European coasts, is classified in the category of “endangered and/or declining species”. Indeed, the natural beds of this oyster, consumed since ancient times, have gradually been decimated by over-exploitation and by successive emergence of parasitic diseases. The parasite that causes the disease called bonamiosis has contributed to drastically reduce the French and European aquacultural production of flat oyster. Marine bivalve molluscs display two specificities that restrict possibilities to fight against diseases: they are grown in an open environment, and possess an innate immune system lacking in adaptive response. In this context, the selection of animals naturally resistant to bonamiosis is a very promising issue to revive the culture of the European flat oyster. To better understand the phenomenon of resistance against bonamiosis, several studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms of response of the flat oyster, and on the identification of genomic regions potentially involved in the mechanisms of disease resistance.In this context, the present work consisted in improving our understanding of the resistance of the European flat oyster against bonamiosis, and in better characterizing the genetic resources and the structuring of its natural populations. Considering that the flat oyster is not a model organism, a preliminary genetic map was available for this species. It was therefore necessary to develop new molecular tools to optimize the coverage of its genome. SNP markers (single nucleotide polymorphism) have been developed by direct sequencing of PCR products and high-throughput sequencing. To improve the understanding of resistance against bonamiosis, three experiments of infection with the parasite have been performed and used to characterize phenotypes of the oyster response at several study levels.1 – At the inter-family level, the objective was to detect genomic regions (QTL) associated with the mechanisms of response (survival/mortality) against bonamiosis in several families of oysters. This approach enabled to identify several genomic regions of interest shared between families, and new ones that had not yet been detected. 2 – At the intra-family level, the objective was to detect genomic regions associated with the regulation of haemocytic activities (QTLs) or genes expression (eQTL) previously identified as potentially involved in the response to bonamiosis. This approach had never been used before on a bivalve mollusc. It has enabled to identify a positional correlation between the genomic regions involved in the survival or mortality to bonamiosis and those involved in the regulation of cellular or molecular responses.3 – At the population level, the experiment aimed at detecting possible differential responses against bonamiosis between oysters from three natural populations geographically and ecologically distinct. This study has enabled to identify a possible adaptation of oysters from the bay of Quiberon to the parasitosis. In order to improve the characterization of the natural resources of the European flat oyster, several populations covering the entire geographic range of the species were also studied. This study confirmed the high nucleotide diversity of the flat oyster, assessing for the first time the overall genetic diversity of natural populations of a marine bivalve mollusc. This study also enabled to identify the genetic structure of populations, with coincidences between geographical discontinuities in allele frequencies of molecular markers under positive or divergent selection and biogeographical barriers.
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Mécanismes de propagation du roseau commun envahisseur au QuébecAlbert, Arnaud 01 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Análise da imunogenicidade de uma vacina de DNA codificando epitopos CD4 promíscuos e conservados do HIV-1 em camundongos BALB/c e transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II / Immunogenicity analysis of a DNA vaccine encoding promiscuous and conserved HIV-1 CD4 epitopes in BALB/c and HLA class II transgenic miceRibeiro, Susan Pereira 26 August 2010 (has links)
Abordagens atuais no desenho de vacinas contra o HIV-1 estão focadas em imunógenos que codificam proteínas inteiras do HIV-1 e visam induzir respostas citotóxicas específicas. É concebível que vacinas bem-sucedidas devem induzir respostas contra múltiplos epitopos do HIV-1, coincidindo com seqüências das cepas circulantes do vírus, conhecido por sua grande variabilidade genética. Sabe-se que células T CD4+ são necessárias para indução de respostas efetivas de linfócitos T CD8+ citotóxicos. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a imunogenicidade de uma vacina de DNA codificando 18 epitopos para linfócitos T CD4+, conservados e ligadores de múltiplas moléculas HLA-DR em camundongos BALB/c e em quatro linhagens de camundongos transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II. Os camundongos imunizados apresentaram respostas de amplitude e magnitude significativas com proliferação e secreção de citocinas por linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+. Onze dos 18 epitopos para linfócitos T CD4+ presentes na vacina foram reconhecidos pelas linhagens de camundongos transgênicos para moléculas de HLA classe II. Em suma, 17 dos 18 epitopos codificados pela vacina foram reconhecidos. As células induzidas pela vacina apresentaram um perfil polifuncional com tipo 1 de citocinas, incluindo produção de IFN- , TNF- e IL-2. A vacina também induziu células T CD4+ de memória central de longa duração, capazes de fornecer auxílio contínuo para células T CD8 +. Pela capacidade da vacina HIVBr18 de induzir respostas contra múltiplos epitopos de linfócitos T CD4+ conservados que podem ser reconhecidos no contexto de múltiplas moléculas de HLA classe II, esse conceito vacinal pode solucionar o problema da variabilidade genética viral assim como aumentar a cobertura populacional. Portanto, essa vacina, pode ser útil se utilizada isoladamente ou como fonte de auxílio cognato para células T CD8+ HIV-específicas induzidas por outros imunógenos gerando resposta em uma grande proporção dos vacinados / Current HIV vaccine approaches are focused on immunogens encoding whole HIV antigenic proteins that elicit cytotoxic CD8+ responses. It is conceivable that successful vaccines have to elicit responses to multiple epitopes, to match circulating strains of HIV, a virus known for its high genetic variability. It is known that CD4+ T cell responses are necessary for effective CD8+ antiviral responses. Here we assessed the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved, multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV CD4 epitopes in BALB/c and four strains of HLA class II-transgenic mice. Immunized mice displayed CD4+ and CD8+ proliferative and cytokine T cell responses of significant breadth and magnitude. Eleven out of the 18 encoded epitopes were recognized by CD4+ T cells from HLA class IItransgenic strain. Overall, 17 out of the 18 encoded peptides were recognized. The induced T cell response had a polyfunctional type 1 cytokine profile, including IFN- , TNF- and IL-2. The vaccine also induced long-lived central memory CD4+ T cells, which might provide sustained help for CD8+ T cells. By virtue of inducing broad responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be recognized in the context of widely diverse, common HLA class II alleles, this vaccine concept may cope both with HIV genetic variability and increased population coverage. The vaccine may thus be usefull either as a standalone approach or as a source of cognate help for HIV-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by conventional immunogens, eliciting responses in a wide proportion of vaccinees
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Fusariose du cyclamen : détection préventive du risque et contrôle biologique / Fusarium wilt of cyclamen : early detection and biocontrolLecomte, Charline 19 May 2016 (has links)
La fusariose vasculaire du cyclamen est une maladie causée par le champignon tellurique Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis. Elle est considérée comme l’une des maladies les plus graves du cyclamen et se traduit par des pertes atteignant jusqu’à 50 % de la production. Actuellement, les moyens de lutte ne permettent pas de contrôler la maladie. Dans ce contexte, une collaboration s’est engagée entre l’institut technique de l’horticulture, Astredhor, représentant les producteurs, l’INRA de Dijon pour son expertise sur F. oxysporum et la société Agrene pour son expertise en lutte biologique. Les objectifs de cette collaboration étaient doubles : i) identifier un marqueur spécifique de la forme spéciale cyclaminis et développer un outil de détection de l’agent pathogène permettant de mettre en place des méthodes de lutte appropriées ; ii) identifier un agent de lutte biologique efficace contre le pathogène. Le travail s’est donc structuré autour de ces deux objectifs.Une collection de souches représentatives de la diversité des populations de F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis a été constituée. Elle regroupe des souches provenant de collections internationales et des isolats obtenus de cyclamens symptomatiques ou non. L’analyse moléculaire de cette collection a permis de caractériser son importante diversité génétique et a mis en exergue la difficulté d’identifier un marqueur moléculaire spécifique. Néanmoins, un fragment d’ADN spécifique de l’agent pathogène a pu être mis en évidence par amplification aléatoire d’ADN polymorphe. A partir de ce fragment, un couple d’amorces spécifiques a été dessiné et un outil moléculaire a été développé. Ce dernier permet une détection du champignon in planta en PCR conventionnelle et en PCR en temps réel.Parallèlement, une étude bibliographique approfondie relative aux méthodes de lutte biologique contre les fusarioses induites par F. oxysporum sur les plantes ornementales a été effectuée. Cette revue a souligné la possibilité d’utiliser des ressources d’origine microbienne et d’origine végétale pour contrôler F. oxysporum, mais cette stratégie impliquant une étape de sélection nous est apparue lourde et laborieuse. Nous avons opté pour une autre démarche visant à identifier, parmi des produits déjà sur le marché, ceux susceptibles de réduire significativement la gravité de la maladie. Des bioessais ont été conduits en serre, dans des conditions proches de celles de la production pour tester sept produits reposant sur la formulation de bactéries, de champignons ou de combinaisons de ces microorganismes. Les produits les moins performants ont été éliminés à l’issue d’un premier essai. Des bioessais ont été conduits à nouveau avec trois produits. Un seul de ces produits donne satisfaction mais son efficacité devra être validée en conditions de production réelles.En conclusion, l’outil de détection spécifique permettra aux producteurs de s’assurer de la qualité sanitaire de la culture et des supports de culture. L’agent de lutte biologique retenu à l’issue de nos essais permettra dans un premier temps aux producteurs de prévenir le risque d’activité infectieuse de F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis. Cependant, un travail de recherche d’un agent de lutte plus performant s’avère nécessaire. Des pistes sont proposées. / Fusarium wilt of cyclamen is one of the most damaging diseases of cyclamen. The causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, is a soil-borne fungus. Losses can reach more than 50 % of the production. Several methods of control are available, but none of them offer an efficient and environmentally friendly solution. In this context, a project was developed in collaboration with the French institute of horticulture, Astredhor, which represents the producers, the INRA of Dijon, for its expertise on F. oxysporum and the company Agrene for its expertise in biological control. The project has two goals: i) design a molecular marker specific of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis allowing a better management of the disease, ii) identify one or several efficient biological control agents.A collection of strains representative of the diversity of F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis populations was made up with strains from international collections and isolates collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic cyclamens. A molecular study of the collection demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the forma specialis, which makes the identification of a specific molecular marker more complicated. However, a specific DNA fragment was identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA. A primer pairs was designed and a specific tool of detection was developed. Thanks to this tool, it is now possible to detect the fungus in planta by conventional and real-time PCR.Simultaneously, a broad literature analysis on the biocontrol of ornamental plant diseases caused by F. oxysporum was performed. The review emphasized that biocontrol of F. oxysporum encompassed both microbial biocontrol agents and botanicals. To avoid the laborious and time-consuming screening step, we decided to assess the antagonistic activity of seven commercial products containing bacteria, fungi or a combination of both microorganisms. Greenhouse trials were performed under conditions similar to those of the production. First trial led to the exclusion of the less efficient products. Other trials were conducted with the three remaining products. Disease reduction was obtained with one of these products although it must be validated in production.Finally, the molecular tool of detection will allow producers to insure the health status of the culture. In addition, the efficient biocontrol agent identified will prevent the disease progress for a while but more investigations are needed to obtain reliable, efficient and sustainable biocontrol agents. Proposals to improve Fusarium wilt control are discussed.
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Molecular Epidemiology, Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Diversity of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Jericho, PalestineAl-Jawabreh, Amer 17 January 2006 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Sensitivität des Nachweises von Leishmanien in Giemsa-gefärbten Bioptaten aus Hautulzerationen mittels direkter Mikroskopie mit der Sensitivität der ITS1-PCR verglichen. Bei der ITS1-PCR wurde eine Sensitivität von 87 % mit einem positiven predictive value von 100 %, sowie eine Spezifität von 100 % mit einem negativen predictive value von 85 % nachgewiesen. Weiterhin wurden vier verschiedene Nachweismethoden miteinander verglichen: die in vitro Kultivierung in NNN Medium, die direkte Mikroskopie von Giemsa gefärbten Hautbioptaten, die PCR Amplifizierung der ITS1 Region aus auf Filterpapier aufgetragenen Hautbioptaten (FP) sowie die ITS1-PCR von ungefärbten Hautbioptaten (US). Die PCR der US erwies sich als die sensitivste Methode. Die Verbreitung von Leishmanien Arten in Jericho wurde mittels molekularer Epidemiologie untersucht. Die räumliche (Spatial) Analyse zeigte drei statistisch relevante Cluster innerhalb der kutanen Leishmaniose (CL): ein Cluster mit L. major und zwei L. tropica Cluster. Bei der Raum-Zeit–Analyse wurden vier Cluster von Kutanen Leishmaniose, zwei L. major und drei L. tropica Cluster nachgewiesen. Insgesamt 106 Stämme, die aus verschiedenen endemischen Regionen in Zentralasien, im Nahen Osten und Afrika stammen, wurden mit 10 Mikrosatellitenmarkern untersucht. Die Auswertung erfolgte über zwei Analysemethoden: die Distanz-basierte und die Modell-basierte Methode. Anhand der L. major Genomsequenz wurden PCR-Primer zur Amplifizierung von Mikrosatellitenloci von L. major entwickelt, die auf den Chromosomen 1, 3, 5, 21 und 35 liegen. Sieben unterschiedliche L. major Populationen einschließlich zweier genetisch isolierter Populationen im Nahen Osten wurden mit diesen Markern nachgewiesen. / In this study we compared the sensitivity of the diagnosis of Giemsa-stained skin scrapings by standardized graded direct microscopy with that of ITS1-PCR. ITS1-PCR showed a sensitivity of 87% with positive predictive value of 100% and a specificity of 100% with negative predictive value of 85%. In-vitro cultivation using NNN medium and direct smear microscopy of Giemsa-stained slides, PCR amplifying region 1 of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) using skin scrapings spotted on filter papers (FP) and unstained tissue smears (US) were compared. PCR using US was more sensitive than all other methods Molecular epidemiology was used to study the distribution of Leishmania species in Jericho. Spatial analysis showed three statistically significant clusters of CL, one cluster for L. major and two clusters for L. tropica. In the case of space-time, four clusters for CL, two for L. major and three for L. tropica were detected. A total of 106 strains isolated in different endemic regions of Central Asia, Middle East and Africa were analysed using 10 pairs of microsatellite markers under two cluster methods: distance and model-based. Markers were designed to amplify microsatellite loci identified in the genome sequence of L. major on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 21 and 35. Seven discrete populations of L. major including two genetically isolated populations in the Middle East were revealed.
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