by Chan Wing-Wah, Anita. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-55). / LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / ABSTRACT / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General functions of copper --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Absorption and hepatic metabolism of copper --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Distribution of copper among components of human serum --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Plasma copper concentration in disease --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Patients with various tumours --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Patients with gynaecological tumours --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Serum caeruloplasmin concentration in various malignancies --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aim of the study --- p.6 / Chapter 1.7 --- Introduction to some laboratory methods --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Electrothermal (flameless) atomic absorption spectrophotometry --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Separation of the non-protein bound (free) copper --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of the ultrafiltrate --- p.12 / Chapter i. --- Ultrafiltration --- p.12 / Chapter ii. --- Determination of protein in the ultrafiltrate --- p.12 / Chapter iii. --- Verification for copper binding property of the YMT membranes --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Establishment of the method for the determination of copper by the graphite furnace atomic absorption --- p.13 / Chapter i. --- Parameters --- p.13 / Chapter ii. --- Method evaluation --- p.13 / Chapter a. --- Precision: within-run precision between-day precision --- p.13 / Chapter b. --- Recovery --- p.15 / Chapter c. --- Linearity --- p.15 / Chapter d. --- Detection limit --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of ultrafiltrable copper concentration --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Effect of storage --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Comparison between healthy male and female subjects --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of serum total copper and caeruloplasmin --- p.17 / Chapter i. --- Determination of total copper --- p.17 / Chapter ii. --- Determination of caeruloplasmin --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Blood specimens --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4 --- Patient samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5 --- Control subjects --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6 --- Statistics --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RESULTS --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Some experimental studies about the YMT membranes --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Membrane leakage --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Verification for copper binding property of the YMT membranes --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Method evaluation --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Standard addition --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Precision --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Recovery --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Linearity --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Detection limit --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Effect of storage of specimens --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Comparison between healthy male and female subjects --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Results of ultrafiltrable (free) copper, total copper and caeruloplasmin" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Serum total copper, caeruloplasmin and ultrafiltrable (free) copper in patients with gynaecological malignancies and control subjects" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "Relationship between total copper, caerulo- plasmin and ultrafiltrable (free) copper concentration" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- "Results of ultrafiltrable (free) copper, total copper and caeruloplasmin versus FIGO stage" --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- About the ultrafiltration --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Validation of the method performance --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Discussion on ultrafiltrable (free) copper, total copper and caeruloplasmin concentration in patients with gynaecological malignancies" --- p.48 / REFERENCE --- p.51

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global problem that stems from gender inequality. Increased migration from countries that perform FGM to England has led to the practice travelling across borders. FGM is subject to heightened political debate and media sensitivity in the England and across the Western world. Debates about FGM often proceed from a universal standpoint that the practice should be prohibited through law. However, the efficacy of FGM legislation is questionable and rarely subjected to scrutiny. Despite implementing a criminal offence of FGM in 1985 and introducing subsequent stringent legal changes, there has not been one conviction for a practice, which remains prevalent in England. A failure to secure convictions for a practice that continues suggests that the law has left women and girls unprotected. To understand why the practice persists in a context in which FGM is criminalised, this thesis aims to address the potential and limitations of social and cultural change through the law. My qualitative research findings are based on two focus groups each with 11 women from FGM-performing communities and 79 semi-structured interviews with women and stakeholders who are responsible for designing and enforcing FGM legislation, including legal professionals, police officers, Members of Parliament and Members of the House of Lords. I chose to interview these two groups of participants to understand the different perspectives of women subject to the law and stakeholders responsible for enforcing the law. The interview data shows the importance of an intersectional analysis of FGM that accounts for women’s experiences of gender, race, ethnicity, nation, nationality and religion. While FGM is performed upon girls and women’s bodies to control their sexuality, women also identified FGM as representative of other identity issues including race, group rights, migrant culture and religion. The data highlights the complex meanings women ascribe to FGM and the challenges they encounter in accessing the criminal justice system. In contrast, stakeholders believe anti-FGM legislation is a means for the state to eliminate ‘cultural’ violence against women and girls and enforce British values upon minority groups. The findings from the interviews with women and stakeholders revealed a stark divide in the two groups understanding of FGM and their attitudes towards the law. Examining FGM in the context of criminalisation from two different perspectives highlights the core barriers to the enforcement of law.

Orientador: Gilson Hélio Toniollo / Banca: Fabiana Ferreira de Souza / Banca: Antonella Cristina Bliska Jacinto / Banca: César Roberto Esper / Banca: Francisco Guilherme Leite / Resumo: No final da década de 1990 observou-se um aumento significativo de uma nova modalidade de afecção, o prolapso vaginal parcial ou total recorrente não associado à gestação, principalmente em vacas zebuínas. Em razão do alto valor comercial dos animais acometidos, inicialmente, indicou-se as técnicas convencionais como as de Caslick, Bühner ou Flessa, porém sem o sucesso esperado devido à recorrência da alteração. Considerando esta dificuldade, este trabalho objetivou descrever duas novas técnicas cirúrgicas na correção do prolapso vaginal, denominadas vaginectomia parcial e vaginopexia dorsal em vacas. A condução do estudo foi a campo, utilizando-se 812 vacas zebuínas em idade reprodutiva, alojadas em diversas propriedades de diferentes estados brasileiros. Foram selecionados animais que apresentavam a afecção e que mantiveram os parâmetros clínicos de frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal, dentro da normalidade. O diagnóstico do prolapso vaginal foi realizado por meio de anamnese e dos sinais clínicos como exposição da vagina pela rima vulvar, tenesmo, inquietação, lesões da porção evertida, retenção urinária e vaginite. A avaliação dos animais permitiu definir o estágio do prolapso, com a finalidade de eleger a técnica cirúrgica mais adequada. Os protocolos anestésicos foram cumpridos, considerando-se a técnica cirúrgica eleita. A vaginectomia parcial foi utilizada para o tratamento do prolapso vaginal de grau 1 e a vaginopexia dorsal para os de grau 2 e 3. Os resultados pós-cirúrgicos das duas técnicas indicaram alta porcentagem de recuperação (93.44% para vaginectomia parcial e 96,14% para vaginopexia dorsal) e baixo número de recidivas (6,25% e 3,66%, para vaginectomia parcial e vaginopexia dorsal, respectivamente, e baixa mortalidade (entre 0,20 a 0,31%), podendo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: At the end of the decade of 1990, a significant increase of a new affection was observed in the field. This occurrence, recurrent partial or total vaginal prolapse is not associated with gestation, is seen primarily in zebu cows where, in extreme cases, resulted in a total prolapse of the vagina, which included exteriorization of the cervix. Given the high commercial value of elite animals presenting this condition, the increase in cases observed led to attempts to solve the condition with conventional techniques such as those of Caslick, Bühner and Flessa. However, reoccurrence of the prolapse was commonly observed soon after the use of these techniques. Considering these difficulties, the aim of the present work was to develop two new surgical techniques employed in the correction of vaginal prolapse, named partial vaginectomy and dorsal vaginopexy in cows. The research was conducted in the field, using 812 zebu cows of reproductive age, maintained in several properties in different Brazilian states. The animals selected had the vaginal alteration while maintaining all clinical parameters of heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature, all within normal range. The diagnosis of a vaginal prolapse was performed by anamnesis and analysis of the clinical signs, such as visualization of the vagina through the vulva, tenesmus, agitation, lesions in the everted portin and vaginitis. Evaluation of the animals allowed for the definition of stages of the disease, aiding the choice of an adequate surgical technique. Anesthetic protocols were performed taking into consideration the selected surgery. Partial vaginectomy was employed for the treatment of vaginal prolapses of grade 1, whereas dorsal vaginopexy was used for the grade 2 and 3 prolapses. Post-surgical results for both techniques indicated a high percentage of recovery... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Antonio Leão Castilho / Resumo: A seleção sexual e o modelo Chave-Fechadura apoiaram a evolução genital dos artrópodes, principalmente em insetos; mas esta abordagem nunca foi testada em crustáceos decápodes. O objetivo desta investigação foi identificar padrões de seleção sexual e testar o modelo Chave-Fechadura utilizando diferentes espécies de camarões peneóideos. Além disso, identificamos o quão diferentes as espécies são em relação à sua visão da morfologia genital e descrevemos o télico e o petasma de cinco diferentes camarões peneóideos e determinamos algum grau de complexidade do petasma ao longo das tendências de evolução. Duas espécies de télico aberto (Litopenaeus schmitti e Pleoticus muelleri) e sete espécies de télico fechado (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Artemesia longinaris, Rimapenaeus constrictus, Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, F. paulensis, Sicyonia dorsalis e S. typica) foram selecionadas. Os indivíduos foram coletados com um barco camaroeiro equipado com redes de arrasto nas costas do sudeste e sul do Brasil. Petasma e télico foram destacados e fixados em Karnovsky e foram conduzidos aos procedimentos de ultraestrutura na Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), e algumas partes de sua genitália foram medidas. Os dados medidos foram analisados por meio de regressões lineares simples e análise discriminante. O modelo de Chave-Fechadura foi identificado em seis espécies (L. schmitti, P. muelleri, X. kroyeri, A. longinaris, R. constrictus e F. brasiliensis) evidenciando uma coevolução sexualmente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sexual selection and lock-and-key model supported the arthropod’s genital evolution, mainly on insects; but this approach has never been tested on decapod crustaceans. The aim of this investigation was identify sexual selection patterns and test lock-and-key model using different species of penaeoideans shrimps. In addition, we identified how different the species are with respect to their genital morphology view and describe thelycum and petasma of five different penaeoidean shrimps and determine some degree of complexity of the petasma along the evolution trends. Two open thelycum species (Litopenaeus schmitti and Pleoticus muelleri) and seven closed thelycum species (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Artemesia longinaris, Rimapenaeus constrictus, Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, F. paulensis, Sicyonia dorsalis and S. typica) were selected. The individuals were collected with a fishery shrimp boat equipped with double-rig nets in the Southeastern and Southern Brazilian coasts. Petasma and thelycum were dissected and fixed in Karnovsky and it were conducted to the ultrastructure procedures in the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and some parts of their genitalia were measured. The measured data was analysed by means simple linear regressions and discriminant analysis. The lock and key model was identified in six species (L. schmitti, P. muelleri, X. kroyeri, A. longinaris, R. constrictus and F. brasiliensis) evidencing a sexually antagonistic coevolution of the genitalia between males a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Vi lever i ett allt mer mångkulturellt samhälle och detta syns även inom hälso-och sjukvården. Det finns mycket forskning som visar på vikten av en bred kulturell kompetens hos vårdpersonal. Sedans början av 90 talet har allt fler invandrat från länder där kvinnlig könsstympning praktiserats. Kvinnlig könsstympning innefattar bortagande eller skada av det yttre kvinnliga könsorganet av icke medicinska skäl. Det finns inga hälsovinster med ingreppet och det kan leda till en rad både kort och långsiktiga komplikationer. Vårdpersonal jobbar under en rad lagar och förordningar och är skyldiga att vårda alla patienter likvärdigt oavsett var ifrån de härstammar. Öppenhet, lyhördhet och förståelse måste prägla vårdpersonalens arbete, så att vi i inte låter attityder och fördommar påverka oss, vilket istället kan leda till att mötet med västerländsk sjukvårdspersonal innebär diskriminering för dessa kvinnor. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur kvinnor, som kommer från kulturer där kvinnlig könsstympning är allmänt utbrett, upplever mötet mellan västerländsk hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal. Metod: Litteraturstudie av tio vetenskapliga artiklar, en kvantitativ och nio kvalitativa som är granskade, analyserades och indelade i teman. Resultat: Resultatet belyser smärtsamma minnen av kvinnlig könsstympning i samband med gynekologiska undersökningar och förlossningar, känslan av skam, kunskapsbrist hos vårdpersonalen, bemötande och kommunikation. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras utifrån de vårdvetenskapliga begreppen, lidande, livsvärld och vårdrelation. Lidande beskriver det som kvinnorna upplevt när minnen av den genomgångna könsstympningen kommit tillbaka, samt lidandet i den dubbla skam de upplevt. Livsvärlden belyser kvinnornas egen syn på könsstympningen, ställt intill den västerländska vårdpersonalen syn på ingreppet. Vårdrelationen tar upp vikten av kommunikation och att möta denna patientgrupp med ett öppet sinne samt att skapa förtroende och tillit. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

A potencialidade da produção de inúmeras espécies silvestres vem sendo pesquisada em todo mundo, demonstrando que estas podem se transformar em fontes renováveis de produtos de grande rentabilidade. Alguns espécimes vêm sendo explorados indiscriminadamente como fonte de proteína de origem animal, como o preá (Galea spixii) que já está sendo criado com objetivo de manejo e reprodução, com repercussão econômica. Para perspectiva de produção comercial e de preservação da espécie, tem de haver estudo das diversas etapas do desenvolvimento testicular, especialmente daquelas associadas à puberdade e a maturidade sexual na reprodução. Assim, o presente projeto desenvolvido teve como objetivo avaliar os detalhes ultraestruturais dos componentes dos compartimentos testiculares, a evolução do processo espermatogênico e os aspectos relativos à evolução dos demais órgãos da via espermática em preás em diferentes fases do ciclo reprodutivo. Fragmentos testiculares e da via espermática de preás machos em diferentes idades foram coletados no Centro de Multiplicação da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, RN, por ocasião do projeto de IC (Processo FAPESP n º 08/57190-8). O material coletado foi processado para microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. As observações e eletromicrografias sub-celulares e de superfície foram realizadas nos microscópios eletrônicos de transmissão e varredura do Setor de Anatomia da FMVZ/USP. Dados microscópicos revelaram a presença de espermatozoides no lúmen do túbulo seminífero e do epidídimo aos 45 dias de idade. O desenvolvimento das células de Sertoli e Leydig está diretamente relacionado com a entrada à puberdade dos preás. Os estádios de desenvolvimento sexual em preás podem ser classificados nas seguintes fases: impúbere (zero e 15 dias), pré-púbere (30 dias), púbere (45, 60, 75 e 90 dias de idade) e pós-púbere (120 e 150 dias). / The production capability of many wild species has been researched worldwide, demonstrating that these can turn into renewable products with high profitability. Some specimens have been indiscriminately exploited as a source of animal protein, such as the cavy (Galea spixii) that is already created with the purpose of handling and reproduction, with economic impact. To view the commercial production and preservation of the species, there must be study of the various stages of testicular development, especially those associated with puberty and sexual maturity in reproduction. Thus, this project was developed to evaluate the ultrastructure details of the components of testicular compartments, the evolution of the spermatogenic process and aspects of the evolution of spermatic via in spix\'s yellow-toothed cavy at different stages of the reproductive cycle. Testicular fragments and spermatic via the male spix\'s yellow-toothed cavy at different ages were collected Multiplication Center of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido, Mossoró, RN, at the Scientific Initiation Project (FAPESP Process No. 08/57190-8). The collected material was processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The observations and photomicrographs cellular and surface were performed in transmission and scanning electron microscopes of the Department of Anatomy FMVZ / USP. Microscopic data revealed the presence of spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and epididymis at 45 days old. The development of Sertoli and Leydig cells are directly related to the entry of puberty in spix\'s yellow-toothed cavy. The stages of sexual development in spix\'s yellowtoothed cavy may be classified into the following phases: impuberal (zero and 15 days), prepubertal (30 days), pubertal (45, 60, 75 and 90 days old) and post pubertal (120 and 150 days).

研究背景：婦科癌症的診斷及各種相關的治療，對性功能、生活質素及心理健康都有負面的影響。文獻指出心理教育對婦科癌症病人這方面的影響有正面的效果，但是效用的証據並不一致。 / 系統化綜述: 本研究首先進行系統化綜述，並根據喬安娜．布里格斯的方法進行，目的在於確定心理教育對婦科癌症病人的性功能、生活質素及心理健康的功效，以及辨認一套有效的心理教育課程給予婦科癌症病人。總共有十一份隨機控制實驗的文獻，包括九百七十五位婦科癌症病人，被納入本綜述，其中四份可比較的文獻進行了薈萃分析。根據兩份評估心理教育對抑鬱功效的文獻薈萃結果顯示，心理教育對改善抑鬱徵狀有顯著的改善。另外兩份文獻評估心理教育對生活質素的功效，薈萃結果顯示心理教育對身理方面的生活質素未有明顯的改善，相反地，提供資訊性的教育對婦科癌症病人心理方面的生活質素有明顯的功效。關於心理教育對性功能的功效，似乎對性生活有所改善，但是並未能在性功能的評估工具反映出來。關於心理教育對心理健康的功效，除了抑鬱以外，似乎未有足夠的証據顯示有顯著的功效。系統化綜述建議心理教育予婦科癌症病人應包括三種元素：資訊提供、行為治療及心理支持；形式可以是個人、個人及伴侶共同參予、或小組；應由護士提供；於癌症治療開始前進行，直至出院後；包括四堂課程，每堂三十分鐘至一小時完成。 / 試驗性研究目的：試驗性研究目的是測試提供一套根據系統化綜述結果設計的心理教育予香港婦科癌症病人的可行性，以及評估該課程對改善香港婦科癌症病人的性功能、生活質素、及心理健康的功效。 / 試驗性研究方法：試驗性研究採用隨機控制實驗的方法，把二十六位婦科癌症病人分配到兩個不同的組別。實驗組的參加者，接受一套心理教育；對照組的參加者於實驗組的同一時段收到研究員的訪問。不論哪個組別的參加者，都會進行指標評估，包括性功能、生活質素、不明朗、社交支持、焦慮及抑鬱的狀況。研究指標分別在手術前(T0)、手術後及住院期間(T1)，和手術後8星期(T2)。實驗組的參加者及於臨床工作的護士更會被邀請進行了簡單的傾談，從而了解她們對此心理教育的意見及感受。非參數統計推斷方法用以檢驗組內和組間於上述各指標的差異。實驗組的參加者及護士參予的面談，會進行錄音及內容分析。 / 研究結果：於兩組之間的比較，實驗組的參加者對疾病資料的不一致，有顯著的改善。但是，兩組之間的性功能、生活質素、不明朗、社交支持、焦慮及抑鬱均未有顯著的分別。參加者於面談中指出，心理教育可減低婦科癌症病人的壓力，對她們來說有著實際的用途。 / 研究結論：系統化綜述顯示心理教育對婦科癌症病人有正面的功效。雖然試驗性研究的定量資料結果指出心理教育對香港的婦科癌症病人，除了對疾病資料的不一致有所改善外，在其他各方面的評估，均未有顯著的功效，但是，品質數據的結果顯示婦科癌症病人確實需要心理教育，而此教育於臨床環境實行是可行的。 / Background: A diagnosis and treatment of gynecological cancer (GC) has adverse effects on the sexual functioning, quality of life and psychological outcomes of patients. Psychoeducational interventions (PEIs) are recommended for GC patients to improve their outcomes, but evidence for their effectiveness is far from conclusive. / Systematic review: A systematic review was first carried out according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) approach to identify the best available evidence relating to the effectiveness of PEIs for GC patients in sexual functioning, quality of life and psychological outcomes. A total of 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 975 GC patients were included in the systematic review, but only four comparable studies were appropriate for meta-analysis. PEIs significantly improved depressive symptoms, standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.80, 95% CI [-1.05 to -0.54], p = < .00001, among the patients. However, there was no significant benefit to the physical aspect of quality of life, SMD = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.45 to 0.20], p = .46. Conversely, information-only therapy demonstrated significant effects on the mental aspects of quality of life, SMD = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.74 to -0.08], p = .01. In addition, from qualitative data, PEIs appeared to be helpful in improving sexual life, but changes in sexual functioning scores were not statistically significant. The interventions appeared to have only limited beneficial effect on anxiety, distress, adjustment to illness and uncertainty, and had no significant effect in improving mood, self-esteem or ability to cope. The review also suggested that PEIs for GC patients would incorporate information provision, behavior therapy and psychological support. The format might be individual, with or without a partner’s participation, or in a group. A nurse was found to be the ideal provider. The interventions could be arranged at the start of cancer treatment and then be continued after discharge, and the number of sessions might be four, each lasting between 30 minutes and one hour. / Aim of pilot study: A program of PEIs was designed based on the systematic review, and piloted on Hong Kong GC patients to test the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing the interventions in Hong Kong. / Pilot research plan: The pilot study was a single-blinded RCT and mix-method design. Twenty-six subjects were randomly assigned to either the intervention or attention control group. The intervention group received the program of PEIs, while the attention control group received attention from the researcher over the same period. Data collection was carried out at baseline (T0), after the operation and during the in-hospital period (T1) and eight weeks after the operation (T2). Qualitative data was collected from the intervention group and nurses working in the clinical setting at T2. Non-parametric tests were used to compare the baseline and various outcome variables within and between groups. Audio-tapes of semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim, and content analysis was performed to identify significant themes. / Key findings of pilot study: Participants in the intervention group had statistically significantly less inconsistent information on illness than the attention control group, but there were no statistically significant differences in all other outcome variables including sexual functioning, quality of life, uncertainty, social support, anxiety and depression. Qualitative data from the participants indicated the program of PEIs reduced their stress level and was useful. / Conclusion: The systematic review demonstrated evidence of the positive effects of PEIs on GC patients. Although there were no significant effects appearing in most quantitative results of the intervention program in the pilot study, the qualitative results indicated that the interventions were found desirable by Hong Kong GC patients. Nurses identified implementing the program as feasible in clinical settings. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chow, Ka Ming. / Thesis (D.Nurs.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-204). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Aims and significance of the study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Overview of the thesis --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Impact of GC on sexual functioning --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Mixed types of GC --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ovarian cancer --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cervical cancer --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Impact of GC on sexual functioning in Chinese culture --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Impact of GC on quality of life --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Mixed types of GC --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cervical cancer --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Impact of GC on quality of life in Chinese culture --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Impact of GC on psychological well-being --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Mixed types of GC --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Cervical cancer --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Impact of GC on psychological well-being in Chinese culture --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5 --- Current nursing practice on sexuality with GC patients --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Attitudes of health-care professionals towards sexuality --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Information needs of GC patients --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Sexuality assessment --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Sexuality interventions --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6 --- Psychoeducational interventions (PEIs) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Theoretical background --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Effects of PEIs on cancer patients --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Effects of PEIs on GC patients --- p.42 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (PHASE I) / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Review objectives and questions --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Inclusion criteria --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Types of studies --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Types of participants --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Types of interventions --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Types of outcome measures --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Search strategy --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methods of the review --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Assessment of methodological quality --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Data extraction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Data synthesis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6 --- Systematic review results --- p.54 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Description of studies’ retrieval and selection --- p.54 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Methodological quality of the included studies --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Randomization --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Blinding --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.2.3 --- Consent and completion rates --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.2.4 --- Power estimation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.2.5 --- Result data --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Details of the included studies --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Country of origin --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Samples --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.3.3 --- Components of PEIs --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.3.4 --- Comparison group --- p.61 / Chapter 3.6.3.5 --- Format of PEIs --- p.62 / Chapter 3.6.3.6 --- Provider of PEIs --- p.62 / Chapter 3.6.3.7 --- Provision time frame of PEIs --- p.63 / Chapter 3.6.3.8 --- Duration of PEIs --- p.63 / Chapter 3.6.3.9 --- Outcome measurements --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Effects of PEIs on outcomes --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6.4.1 --- Sexual functioning --- p.65 / Chapter 3.6.4.2 --- Quality of life --- p.65 / Chapter 3.6.4.3 --- Psychological outcomes --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.1 --- Anxiety and depression --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.2 --- Distress --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.3 --- Adjustment to illness --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.4 --- Mood --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.5 --- Self-esteem --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.6 --- Uncertainty --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.4.3.7 --- Coping --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.4.4 --- Brief summary --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Design of PEIs --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6.5.1 --- Effective components --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6.5.2 --- Effective format --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6.5.3 --- Effective provider --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6.5.4 --- Effective provision time frame --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6.5.5 --- Effective duration --- p.77 / Chapter 3.7 --- Discussion --- p.78 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Effects of PEIs on sexual functioning --- p.80 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Effects of PEIs on quality of life --- p.82 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Effects of PEIs on psychological outcomes --- p.84 / Chapter 3.7.3.1 --- Anxiety and depression --- p.84 / Chapter 3.7.3.2 --- Distress --- p.86 / Chapter 3.7.3.3 --- Adjustment to illness --- p.87 / Chapter 3.7.3.4 --- Mood --- p.87 / Chapter 3.7.3.5 --- Self-esteem --- p.88 / Chapter 3.7.3.6 --- Uncertainty --- p.88 / Chapter 3.7.3.7 --- Coping --- p.89 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Design of PEIs --- p.89 / Chapter 3.7.4.1 --- Effective components and theories --- p.89 / Chapter 3.7.4.2 --- Effective format --- p.92 / Chapter 3.7.4.3 --- Effective provider --- p.93 / Chapter 3.7.4.4 --- Effective provision time frame --- p.93 / Chapter 3.7.4.5 --- Effective duration --- p.94 / Chapter 3.8 --- Summary of systematic review --- p.95 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Implications for practice --- p.95 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Implications for research --- p.97 / Chapter 3.9 --- Summary --- p.100 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY OF PILOT STUDY (PHASE II) / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- Rationale for conducting a pilot study --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3 --- Aims and objectives --- p.103 / Chapter 4.4 --- Operational definition --- p.104 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Psychoeducational interventions (PEIs) --- p.104 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Sexual functioning --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Quality of life --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Uncertainty --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Anxiety --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Depression --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Social support --- p.106 / Chapter 4.5 --- Interventions --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Program of PEIs --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Theoretical framework underpinning the interventions --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Components of the program of PEIs --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.1 --- Information provision --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.2 --- Behavioral therapy --- p.113 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.3 --- Psychological support --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Design of the program of PEIs --- p.115 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Attention control --- p.121 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Usual care --- p.122 / Chapter 4.6 --- Methodology --- p.123 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Study design --- p.123 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Study setting --- p.125 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Sample --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.3.1 --- Sampling method --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.3.2 --- Sample size determination --- p.127 / Chapter 4.6.3.3 --- Recruitment process --- p.128 / Chapter 4.7 --- Data collection --- p.129 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Measures --- p.129 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Study instruments --- p.130 / Chapter 4.7.2.1 --- Demographic data sheet --- p.130 / Chapter 4.7.2.2 --- Sexual functioning --- p.131 / Chapter 4.7.2.2.1 --- Justification for choosing the instrument --- p.134 / Chapter 4.7.2.3 --- Quality of life --- p.134 / Chapter 4.7.2.3.1 --- Justification for choosing the instrument --- p.136 / Chapter 4.7.2.4 --- Uncertainty --- p.136 / Chapter 4.7.2.4.1 --- Justification for choosing the instrument --- p.138 / Chapter 4.7.2.5 --- Social support --- p.139 / Chapter 4.7.2.5.1 --- Justification for choosing the instrument --- p.141 / Chapter 4.7.2.6 --- Anxiety and depression --- p.141 / Chapter 4.7.2.6.1 --- Justification for choosing the instrument --- p.143 / Chapter 4.7.2.7 --- Semi-structure interview --- p.144 / Chapter 4.7.2.7.1 --- Intervention recipients --- p.144 / Chapter 4.7.2.7.2 --- Health-care providers --- p.144 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Data collection procedure --- p.145 / Chapter 4.8 --- Data analysis --- p.149 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Quantitative data --- p.149 / Chapter 4.8.1.1 --- Comparison of baseline data --- p.151 / Chapter 4.8.1.2 --- Comparison of outcome variables --- p.151 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Qualitative data --- p.153 / Chapter 4.9 --- Ethical considerations --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary --- p.155 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS OF THE PILOT STUDY / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Recruitment of participants --- p.157 / Chapter 5.3 --- Characteristics of all participants --- p.159 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Demographic and clinical characteristics --- p.159 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Homogeneity of the participants --- p.161 / Chapter 5.4 --- Baseline outcome variables --- p.164 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Baseline outcome variables of all participants --- p.164 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Comparison of baseline outcome variables between intervention and attention control groups --- p.166 / Chapter 5.5 --- Outcome variables within-group changes --- p.168 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Quality of life --- p.168 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Uncertainty --- p.170 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Social support --- p.174 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Anxiety and depression --- p.179 / Chapter 5.6 --- Outcome variables between-group changes --- p.181 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Sexual functioning --- p.181 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Quality of life --- p.184 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Uncertainty --- p.185 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Social support --- p.187 / Chapter 5.6.5 --- Anxiety and depression --- p.190 / Chapter 5.7 --- Feasibility of implementing the PEI program in Hong Kong clinical settings --- p.191 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Intervention recipients’ perspective --- p.191 / Chapter 5.7.1.1 --- Emotional support --- p.192 / Chapter 5.7.1.1.1 --- Offering psychology support --- p.192 / Chapter 5.7.1.1.2 --- Removing worries about sexual life --- p.192 / Chapter 5.7.1.2 --- Informational support --- p.193 / Chapter 5.7.1.2.1 --- Acquiring knowledge on illness --- p.193 / Chapter 5.7.1.2.2 --- Behavioral therapy helpful in post-operative care --- p.193 / Chapter 5.7.1.2.3 --- Resources available in the community --- p.194 / Chapter 5.7.1.3 --- Elements of the program --- p.194 / Chapter 5.7.1.3.1 --- Appropriate design of the interventions --- p.194 / Chapter 5.7.1.3.2 --- Content of information provided --- p.195 / Chapter 5.7.1.4 --- Feelings towards the program --- p.195 / Chapter 5.7.1.4.1 --- Appreciation of the interventions --- p.195 / Chapter 5.7.1.4.2 --- Lack of GC health education --- p.196 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Health-care providers perspective --- p.196 / Chapter 5.7.2.1 --- Opinions regarding the program --- p.197 / Chapter 5.7.2.1.1 --- Quality of information provided --- p.197 / Chapter 5.7.2.1.2 --- Usefulness of the interventions --- p.197 / Chapter 5.7.2.2 --- Suggestions for improvement --- p.198 / Chapter 5.7.2.2.1 --- Content of information provided --- p.198 / Chapter 5.7.2.2.2 --- Format of the interventions --- p.199 / Chapter 5.7.2.2.3 --- Coverage of the patient population --- p.199 / Chapter 5.7.2.3 --- Feasibility of implementing the program in Hong Kong --- p.200 / Chapter 5.7.2.3.1 --- Anticipated barriers --- p.200 / Chapter 5.7.2.3.2 --- Solutions to the barriers --- p.201 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary --- p.201 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION OF THE PILOT STUDY / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.205 / Chapter 6.2 --- Baseline characteristics of the participants --- p.205 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Demographic and clinical characteristics --- p.206 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Baseline outcome variables --- p.208 / Chapter 6.3 --- Effectiveness of the PEI program --- p.211 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Quality of life --- p.211 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Uncertainty --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Social support --- p.216 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Anxiety and depression --- p.218 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Sexual functioning --- p.221 / Chapter 6.4 --- Feasibility of implementing the PEI program in Hong Kong --- p.223 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Intervention recipients’ perspective --- p.223 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Health-care providers’ perspective --- p.226 / Chapter 6.5 --- Limitations of the pilot study --- p.229 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Four types of validity threats --- p.229 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Limitations in attention placebo, intervention format and integrity --- p.232 / Chapter 6.6 --- Summary --- p.234 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.235 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications for nursing practice --- p.235 / Chapter 7.3 --- Implications for future research --- p.236 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.239 / REFERENCES --- p.241 / APPENDICES --- p.267

Aisla células germinales testiculares de Vicugna pacos, las caracteriza morfológicamente y detecta a nivel transcripcional la expresión de biomarcadores específicos para células madre espermatogoniales en tejido gonadal durante el desarrollo testicular posnatal. Los testículos fueron colectados en estancias alpaqueras de Ayacucho y Huancavelica (Aprox. 4,200 m.s.n.m.) y en el Matadero Municipal de Huancavelica (Aprox. 3,600 m.s.n.m.). La biometría testicular, el aislamiento de espermatogonias y la determinación de viabilidad y rendimiento, así como la citometría de flujo, se hicieron a partir de muestras frescas. Para la extracción de RNA por el método del fenol/cloroformo, los testículos fueron previamente obtenidos por castración del animal vivo, transportados en nitrógeno líquido a -196°C y almacenados en ultracongelación a -80°C.Se diseñaron primers con el Programa Oligo6, a partir de exones rescatados y RNA ensamblados para alpaca, tomando como base los exones codificantes de cada uno de los biomarcadores encontrados en el genoma de Bos taurus, los mismos que fueron sintetizados por Macrogen (Corea del Sur) y utilizados para amplificar el cDNA de alpaca. La viabilidad y el rendimiento fueron superiores enalpacas de 10-12 meses de edad, con valores de 92.15% y 55 x 106 espermatogonias/ml, respectivamente. Las espermatogonias de alpaca tuvieron un diámetro promedio de 16 , las células germinales de alpaca mostraron reactividad frente al conjugado del fluorocromo isotiocianato de fluoresceína con la aglutinina de Dolichos biflorus. A partir de siete biomarcadores positivos para SSC seleccionados (Zbtb16, GFR -1, Stra8, Nanos2, Ngn3, Lin28 y Ecad), tres negativos (Ckit, Sohlh1 y Sohlh2) y tres genes de referencia (Rplp0, Gadph y Actb), se lograron detectar Nanos2, Lin28, Ckit, RPLP0 y Actb en tejido testicular de alpaca. Se concluye que la edad más apropiada para aislar espermatogonias, caracterizarlas morfológicamente y detectar biomarcadores específicos de SSC en alpaca, es de 10-12 meses. / Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga / Tesis

Foram utilizados dez jacarés - do - Pantanal (Caiman crocodylus yacare), machos de faixa etária juvenil; sete espécimes foram destinados ao estudo macroscópico e os outros três foram utilizados para o estudo microscópico de luz. Após a abertura da cavidade pleuroperitoneal foi observado e identificado que os testículos são em pares e apresentam-se aderidos a parede dorsal da cavidade pleuroperitoneal. O epidídimo é alongado e muito enovelado, encontra-se na extremidade cranial do testículo, seguindo medialmente até sua extremidade caudal, onde inicia-se com o ducto deferente e posterior abertura na cloaca. O falo tem um formato tubular de aspecto cônico, mostrando ser um órgão com breve resistência, porém é flexível e possuem características de tecido cartilaginoso. Na microscopia de luz foi observada que, o testículo é limitado pela túnica albugínea. Os túbulos seminíferos são extremamente contorcidos e em seus espaços estão preenchidos por tecido intersticial e células de Leydig. Encontram-se na rede testicular túbulos revestidos por epitélio cubóide. Os ductos do epidídimo são revestidos pelo epitélio pseudo-estratificado não ciliado que variam entre células cúbicas e prismáticas. Os ductos deferentes caracterizam-se por apresentar uma luz estreita revestida pelo epitélio pseudo-estratificado prismático não ciliado. O falo é revestido pelo epitélio estratificado escamoso não queratinizado e envolto por tecido conjuntivo. / Ten Young-aged male Pantanal alligators (Caiman crocodylus yacare) were used; seven specimes were destinated to macroscopic study and the other three were used in the study of light microscopy. After the opening of the pleuroperitoneal cavity, we observed and identified that testes are in pairs and adhered to the dorsal wall of the pleuroperitoneal cavity. The epididymis is long and very convoluted. It is found in the cranial extremity of the testis, following medially until its caudal extremity, where it is initiated with ductus deferens and posterior opening in the phallus. Phallus has a tubular shape in conic aspect showing to be an organ with little resistence, but it is flexible and has features of cartilaginous tissue. In the light microscopy we observed that the testis is limited by the tunica albuginea. The seminiferous tubules are extremely convoluted and its spaces are filled with intersticial tissue and Leydig cells. Tubule lined with cuboidal epithelium are found in the rete testis. The ductus epididymus are lined with by non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to columnar cells. Ductus deferens show a very narrow light lined by the non-ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium. Phallus is lined by the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bezerra_cms_dr_rcla_parcial.pdf: 846115 bytes, checksum: a30c17817ace3b78bff6a622be5b4f54 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-05-04T12:07:27Z: bezerra_cms_dr_rcla_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-05-04T12:07:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000713584.pdf: 2314790 bytes, checksum: 9493b5f3f9c8acde069e88273d58babc (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As formigas da tribo Attini apresentam um mutualismo com fungos basidiomicetos. Entre as attíneas, uma das mais derivadas é a formiga cortadeira Atta laevigata, que se apresenta com ampla distribuição na América do Sul e dividida em duas linhagens mitocondriais. Esta cortadeira já foi classificada em até três subespécies ou mesmo em duas espécies distintas, mas atualmente é considerada uma única espécie com grande variação morfológica. No presente trabalho, foram analisados indivíduos de 84 ninhos de A. laevigata em duas áreas na região Sudeste do Brasil. Nessas áreas foram encontrados indivíduos em ambas as linhagens mitocondriais, denominadas de linhagem I e II. Os machos da linhagem I se apresentaram distintos dos machos da linhagem II, com relação ao peso, dimensões do abdômen e estruturas da genitália. A congruência entre os marcadores morfológicos e mitocondriais sugere que as duas linhagens simpátricas de A. laevigata estão reprodutivamente isoladas, caracterizando um processo de especiação em andamento. Ninhos de ambas as linhagens de A. laevigata contiveram o mesmo fungo mutualista, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, em três grupos gênicos distintos. Portanto, o processo de especiação em A. laevigata não foi causado por uma especialização no cultivo de um determinado grupo de fungo. Indivíduos simpátricos de linhagens distintas puderam realizar o voo nupcial simultaneamente. No entanto, análises de quatro lócus mitocondriais e seis lócus microssatélites mostraram que cada fêmea em uma das linhagens é fecundada exclusivamente (ou ao menos predominantemente) por machos da mesma linhagem. Portanto, há uma barreira pré-zigótica levando ao isolamento reprodutivo entre indivíduos simpátricos de linhagens distintas. Esta barreira foi provavelmente causada pelas diferenças corpóreas... / Ants of Attini tribe have a mutualism with basidiomycete fungi. Among Attini ants, one of the most derived species is the leafcutter ant Atta laevigata, which has a wide distribution in South America and split into two mitochondrial lineages. This leafcutter has been classified into three subspecies or even up into two distinct species, but nowadays is considered a single species with great morphological variation. In this study, we analyzed 84 individuals from nests of A. laevigata located in two areas of southeastern region of Brazil. Individuals from both mitochondrial lineages, called lineage I and II, were found in those areas. Males of lineage I were different from males of lineage II, concerning weight, dimensions of the abdomen, and genitalia structures. The congruence between morphological and mitochondrial markers suggests that the two sympatric lineages of A. laevigata are reproductively isolated, characterizing a speciation process in progress. Nests of both A. laevigata lineages contained the same mutualistic fungus, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, in three distinct genetic groups. Therefore, A. laevigata speciation process was not caused by a specialization in the cultivation of a particular group of fungi. Sympatric individuals of distinct lineages could perform the nuptial flight simultaneously. However, analysis of four mitochondrial and six microsatellite locus showed that each female from a lineage is fertilized exclusively (or at least predominantly) by one to six males from the same lineage. Thus, there is a pre zygotic barrier leading to reproductive isolation between sympatric individuals of distinct lineages. This barrier was probably caused by physical differences of males (including the genitalia) that makes it... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)