Denna uppsats ämnar studera miljörättvisa i Stockholms län genom att undersöka om det finns skillnader inom länet gällande miljökvalitet, och huruvida det i så fall finns ett samband mellan miljökvalitetsfaktorer och socioekonomiska faktorer. En GIS-baserad metod i kombination med statistiska analyser användes för att besvara frågeställningarna. Parametrarna bullernivåer, kvävedioxid- samt partikelhalter och närhet till grön- och vattenområden studerades i relation till inkomst, sysselsättning och utbildning i korrelationsanalyser. Observationerna bestod av Stockholms läns 1287 demografiska statistikområden. Analyserna utfördes på hela länet samt kompletterades av analyser där observationerna i Stockholms innerstad exkluderades. Relativa miljökvalitetsrankingar och socioekonomiska rankingar skapades och visualiserades med kartor. Studien visar en mycket svag korrelation mellan låg socioekonomisk status och sämre miljökvalitet, ett samband som blir starkare när innerstaden exkluderas. Alla studerade socioekonomiska variabler korrelerade med avstånd till vatten, ett resultat som indikerar att avståndet till vattenområden är längre i socioekonomiskt svaga områden. Undersökningen påvisar även att socioekonomiskt svaga områden har högre bullernivåer men en större närhet till grönområden jämfört med socioekonomiskt starka områden. Exkluderandet av Stockholms innerstad påverkade sambandsstyrkan för samtliga variabler vilket indikerar att inom innerstaden är den socioekonomiska nivån generellt hög medan den miljömässiga generellt är låg. / This paper aims to study environmental justice in the Stockholm region by examining whether there are differences concerning environmental quality within the region and, if so, whether there is a correlation between the socioeconomic variables and the variables of environmental quality. A GIS-based method in combination with statistical analyses has been used to answer the research questions. Noise pollution, levels of nitrogen dioxide and particles, as well as distance to greenspace and waterbodies were studied in relation to income, employment and education in correlation analyses. The observations consisted of the 1287 demographic statistic areas in Stockholm region. The analyses were made on the entire region as well as complemented by analyses where the inner city of Stockholm had been excluded. Relative rankings of the areas based on environmental quality as well as socioeconomic standard were made and visualised with maps. The study shows a very weak correlation between lower socioeconomic standard and worse environmental quality, a correlation that strengthens when the inner city is excluded. All examined socioeconomic variables correlated positively with distance to water, indicating that the distance to water is greater in areas with lower socioeconomic standard. The study also shows that areas with lower socioeconomic standard have higher levels of noise pollution but a shorter distance to greenspace compared to areas with a higher socioeconomic standard. The exclusion of Stockholm inner city affected the correlation for all examined variables, indicating that socioeconomic standard within the inner city is generally high, while the environmental quality is generally low.

No description available.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή μελετά την παράκτια ζώνη, της Αλεξάνδρειας (Αιγύπτου) με σκοπό: (1) την ανάπλαση του παράκτιου παλαιοπεριβάλλοντος στο οποίο αναπτύχθηκε η Ελληνιστική Αλεξάνδρεια και πώς αυτό επηρέασε στην ίδρυση και στην εξέλιξη της πόλης, (2) τον εντοπισμό ναυαγίων, καταβυθισμένων λιμενικών εγκαταστάσεων και άλλων μαρτυριών ανθρώπινης δραστηριότητας. Για την επίτευξη των παραπάνω στόχων xρησιμοποιήθηκαν εξειδικευμένες θαλάσσιες γεωφυσικές τεχνολογίες, όπως ηχοβολιστής πλευρικές σάρωσης, τομογράφος υποδομής πυθμένα, απλό και διαφορικό GPS. Η ανάλυση και επεξεργασία των συλλεγέντων δεδομέμων πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη βοήθεια των υπολογιστικών πακέτων Matlab και ArcGIS. Δημιουργήθηκαν πρωτότυπα και εύχρηστα μεθοδολογικά σχήματα (PalaeogAn και TargAn), με τη βοήθεια σύγχρονων μεθόδων επεξεργασίας και ανάλυσης εικόνας, με σκοπό την επεξεργασία των αναλογικών γεωφυσικών καταγραφών, σε ένα αυτοματοποιημένο ψηφιακό περιβάλλον. Η ανάλυση των γεωφυσικών καταγραφών έδειξε την ύπαρξη μίας kurkar δομής σχήματος Τ παρόμοιας σε σχήμα, σύσταση και προσανατολισμό με το δομικό σύστημα νήσος Φάρος-Επταστάδιο-Λιμένες της Αλεξάνδρειας, μετατοπισμένη προς τα ΒΑ. Η μελέτη των μεταβολών της στάθμης της θάλασσας και η ανάλυση των τομογραφιών, έδειξε ότι η παράκτια ζώνη της Αλεξάνδρειας διαμορφώνεται από μία σειρά επάλληλων παλαιοακτών, σε βάθη νερού 16, 14, 12, 10, 8 m, οι οποίες αντιστοιχούν στην ακτογραμμή της περιοχής το 3300π.Χ (βασίλειο Harpoon), 2700π.Χ, 2000π.Χ, 1400π.Χ (οικισμός Ραχώτιδας), και 300π.Χ (Πτολεμαϊκή Αλεξάνδρεια) αντίστοιχα. Η δομή Τ ήταν πάνω από την επιφάνεια της θάλασσας και διαμόρφωνε ασφαλές αγκυροβόλιο (3300-2000π.Χ), ενώ αργότερα βυθίστηκε (2000-300π.Χ) αρχικά στα -2m (1400π.Χ) και στη συνέχεια στα -4m βάθος (300π.Χ), ενεργώντας ως φυσικός κυματοθραύστης που προστάτευε την ακτή από τη διάβρωση και τη θαλασσοταραχή. Επίσης φαίνεται ότι η είσοδος του Ανατολικού Λιμένα στα Πτολεμαϊκά χρόνια ήταν πολύ στενή (600m), στα ΒΑ της Άκρας Λοχιάδος και στο εσωτερικό του Ανατολικού Λιμένα εκείνη την εποχή υπήρχαν βραχονησίδες, το 92% της Άκρας Λοχιάδος είναι σήμερα καταβυθισμένο. Τέλος επιτεύχθηκε α) ο εντοπισμός ενός αρχαίου ναυαγίου, δύο περιοχών με έρματα αρχαίων πλοίων, δύο αρχαίων προβόλων, δύο σχηματισμών που πιθανώς αποτελούν αρχαία ναύδετα, β) ο εντοπισμός 57 στόχων, η αρχαιολογική σημασία των οποίων αξιολογήθηκε με τη βοήθεια του TargAn και πολυδιάστατων στατιστικών μεθόδων γ) η υπόδειξη νέων περιοχών αρχαιολογικού ενδιαφέροντος. / The aim of this PhD is twofold: (a) to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental setting where Hellenistic Alexandria was developed, (b) to detect the presence of any prehistorical and historical shipwrecks and evidence of human activity. In order to accomplish the above a geophysical survey was carried out, using a sidescan sonar and a subbottom profiler system, while the positioning was provided by a GPS and DGPS. The geophysical data were analyzed using a Matlab and an ArcGIS software. New, user-friendly methodological schemes, referred to as PalaeogAn και TargAn, were developed using image analysis techniques, in order to analyse analogue geophysical data in a digital environment. The geophysical data analysis shows the presence of a Τ-shape kurkar ridge, which stands at a minimum water depth of 11m below the seasurface at the north end of the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria. This kurkar formation is almost identical with that of the Pharos island–Heptastadion-Alexandria Harbours. Sea level changes and geophysical data analysis suggest that Alexandria’s coastal zone is characterized by a series of parallel submerged palaeoshorelines, at water depths of 16, 14, 12, 10 and 8 m, which represent the coastlines of 3300 BC (kingdom of Harpoon), 2700 BC, 2000 BC, 1400 BC (ancient Rachotis), and 300 BC (Ptolemaic Alexandria) respectively. The Τ-shape structure between 3300-2000BC was above msl creating a safe anchorage for ancient ships. In 1400 BC and 300 BC it was 2m and 4m under msl respectively, acting as a natural breakwater and protecting the coast from wave action. During the Hellenistic times (300 BC) the Eastern Harbour entrance was much smaller (600m) than today. At the northeastern end of Cape Lochias and in the inner Eastern Harbour dangerous shoals and reefs were scattered. Cape Lochias was much larger than it is today as the most of it (92%) is at present submerged. The insonification revealed (a) the existence of an ancient shipwreck, two areas with ship ballast, two structures which might have been used as buoys, two structures that were propably used as moles, (b) the presence of 57 acoustic anomalies, which were analyzed using the TargAn and multivariate statistical methods, (c) new areas of archaeological importance to be surrveyed in the near future. The results of the statistical analysis classified the acoustic anomalies into groups showing their archaeological validity.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στην μελέτη της παράκτιας ζώνης της νήσου Λέρου στο Νοτιοανατολικό Αιγαίο, παρουσιάζοντας τα αποτελέσματα της ερμηνείας των γεωφυσικών στοιχείων που συλλέχθηκαν από το Εργαστήριο Θαλάσσιας Γεωλογίας και Φυσικής Ωκεανογραφίας (Ε.ΘΑ.ΓΕ.Φ.Ω.) τον Ιούνιο του 2011. Η έρευνα φιλοδοξεί να συνεισφέρει στην ανάδειξη της υποθαλάσσιας πολιτιστικής και φυσικής κληρονομιάς του νησιού, καθώς η συλλογή, επεξεργασία και ερμηνεία του συνόλου των δεδομένων επέτρεψε την αναγνώριση και την λεπτομερή χαρτογράφηση υποθαλάσσιων στόχων μεγάλης ιστορικής και περιβαλλοντικής σημασίας. Ως εκ τούτου, η διατριβή κινείται σε δύο κατευθύνσεις. Η πρώτη κατεύθυνση αφορά στον εντοπισμό στόχων πιθανής ιστορικής σπουδαιότητας που εντοπίστηκαν στην επιφάνεια του πυθμένα ενώ η δεύτερη κατεύθυνση αφορά στον εντοπισμό και την αποτύπωση βιογενών σχηματισμών και συγκεκριμένα λειμώνων P. Oceanica και ασβεστιτικών ροδοφυκών (corallegene formations). Οι θαλάσσιες έρευνες πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε δύο διακριτά στάδια, στην συστηματική αποτύπωση του πυθμένα με ηχοβολιστή πλευρικής σάρωσης (EG&G 272 TD) και την οπτική επιβεβαίωση των αποτελεσμάτων της ηχοβολιστικής αποτύπωσης με σύστημα συρόμενης υποβρύχιας κάμερας. Η ανάλυση και επεξεργασία των ηχογραφιών οδήγησε στον εντοπισμό ναυαγίων που συνδέονται με τη Μάχη της Λέρου (9-10/1943), ένα από τα σημαντικότερα πολεμικά γεγονότα που έλαβαν χώρα κατά τη διάρκεια του Δευτέρου Παγκοσμίου πολέμου, στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο και τα οποία αποτελούν πολύτιμα ιστορικά στοιχεία σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα, μεταξύ των οποίων το βυθισμένο ελληνικό αντιτορπιλικό Βασίλισσα ‘Ολγα (D15). Στο πλαίσιο της δεύτερης κατεύθυνσης εντοπίστηκαν και χαρτογραφήθηκαν οι λειμώνες P. Oceanica και οι σχηματισμοί των ασβεστιτικών ροδοφυκών σχεδόν ανά όρμο περιμετρικά της νήσου. Η σχεδίαση των αντιστοίχων υποθαλάσσιων θεματικών χαρτών της παράκτιας ζώνης της Λέρου αναμένεται να αποτελέσουν ένα σημαντικό εργαλείο στην προστασία και στην ανάδειξη της σημαντικής υποθαλάσσιας ιστορικής και φυσικής κληρονομιάς του νησιού / The present study describes the submarine geophysical survey which was carried out in Leros Island, Aegean Sea and presents the results of the geophysical data analysis. The data were collected by the Laboratory of Marine Geology & Physical Oceanography, department of Geology, University of Patras during the period 11-17 June 2011. The research aims to contribute to the enhancement of underwater cultural and natural heritage of the island, as the collection, processing and interpretation of all of the data has allowed the identification of underwater targets of great historic and environmental importance. Geophysical survey in Leros Island, using a side scan sonar (EG&G 272 TD), coupled with ground-truthing by deploying a Towing Camera System of historic shipwrecks from World War II and of the major seabed habitats, namely Posidonia oceanica and coralligène formations. The survey revealed a great number of shipwrecks associated with the Battle of Leros (9-10/1943), one of the most important military events that took place during the World War II, in the Eastern Mediterranean which are considered as valuable historic data on a global scale, including the sunken Greek destroyer Queen Olga (D15). The design of the thematic maps of the coastal zone of Leros is expected to become an important tool in both protecting and promoting the significant underwater cultural and natural heritage of the island.

The potential for aquaculture development to make up for an annual 400,000mt shortfall in domestic fish supply was investigated. This involved an overview of the sector to determine its trends and operations and identifying strengths and constraints, a financial viability assessment of the sector, based on mode and levels of operation of existing farms, an assessment of the market and trade for cultured fish with a focus on Oreochromis niloticus, and finally, a GIS approach to update and reassess the potential for aquaculture development in Ghana. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, the former, via fish farmer, dealers and consumer questionnaire surveys. Results of the study showed that interests in fish farming continue to grow with an overall annual average growth rate of 16% since 2000. The existing farms, 1300 in number were however very small with a mean farm size of 0.36ha and a median 0.06ha of which commercial farms accounted for less than 3%. Based on sizes, mode of operation and levels of input and output, five subsistence farm types were identified. Mean production from these pond-based farms ranged from 1436kg/ha/yr- to 4,423kg/ha/yr while that of a medium sized intensive commercial pond farm was 45,999kg/ha/yr. Commercial farming accounted for about 75% of 2006 aquaculture production. The main strength identified was the growing interest in both commercial and non-commercial fish farming and the main constraints were lack of quality seed, low levels of technical support and of knowledge in fish farming practices among non-commercial farmers. Net profits of commercial farms ranged from GH¢ 3,341 (US$3480)/ha/yr to GH¢ 51,444 (US$ 53,587)/ha/yr with payback from 1 to 4yrs, IRR at 35% to 105% and NPV from GH¢ 5,898 to GH¢ 236,412. By contrast, only two of the five non-commercial farm types made positive net returns ranging, from GH¢158 to GH¢1100/ha/yr, with minimum payback period of 14yrs, NPVs of less than 1 and the best IRR being just 4%, when initial capital requirements are full costed. Uncosted family labour inputs and negligible land opportunity costs improved viabilities for two farm types, where net returns/ha/yr increased by more than 50%, minimum payback dropped to 2 years, NPV from GH¢ 4839 to GH¢ 9330 and minimum IRR of 45%. Main constraints identified as affecting the profitability of subsistence farming were the relatively low prices of fish and the low levels of output which could be improved through better farming practices. From the market survey, a huge market potential for tilapia was identified with a current supply deficit of 41,000mt. The most preferred sizes by consumers and with potentially good market price for traders were those weighing at least 200g. For dealers, trading in cultured fish was found to be more profitable than trading wild capture tilapia because of lower wholesaler prices, gross profit margins were GH¢ 0.49/kg and GH¢ 0.25/kg respectively. Preference for tilapia was influenced by taste, availability, and its perceived health benefit. A key constraint to the sector was poor post-harvest handling and preservation of the fish resulting in shorter shelf life. From the GIS study, 2% (3,692 km2) of available land area was identified as very suitable for subsistence and about 0.2% (313.8km2) for commercial farming. A further 97.4% and 84.0% were identified as suitable for subsistence and commercial farming respectively. Areas with potential for cage culture were also identified, which were largely in the southern and mid-sections of the country. The overall conclusions are that based on natural resource requirements, market potential and financial viability, Ghana has the potential to totally make up the shortfall in domestic fish supply through aquaculture production. The current 400,000mt shortfall in domestic fish production can be achieved by 2020 by increasing overall aquaculture production by 60% per annum.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The Rural Aquaculture Development Programme (RADP) of the Division of Aquaculture at Stellenbosch University (DASU) has the objective of socio-economic development of farm workers and rural communities from previously disadvantaged communities through the provision of opportunities for sustainable economic development by establishing small-scale fish-farming systems on irrigation dams. The Small-Scale Aquaculture Farming Systems (SSAFS) is an initiative of RADP. DASU intends implementing 20 new projects by the end of 2005, 100 by 2010 and at least 200 by 2020. Thus far, sites which can accommodate 25 projects have been identified. The owners of the land on which these 25 possible projects are located are being contacted to gain permission to use the sites for the SSAFS. It is possible that some of the owners of the sites will not allow them to be used so that not all 25 projects will necessarily be implemented. At present the predominant search method employed by DASU to find new sites involves two steps. Initially knowledge is acquired through word of mouth about dams that may be suitable. Personnel then drive to these dams for further inspection, to see if they are indeed suitable. This method of search is clearly both expensive and time-consuming. Geographical information systems (GIS) have as yet not been considered as an alternative and/or supplementary site selection method for the SSAFS. GIS tools and principles can reduce both expenses and time in locating sites by reducing the number of dams to be visited to only those that are optimal (i.e. they present the least risk of the SSAFS projects failing). A new site selection methodology using GIS was developed which is faster and less expensive than existing site selection methods. The GIS site selection methodology revolves around the isolation and selection of dams in the Berg and Breede River water management areas, based on their ability to fulfil certain parameters of critical variables comprising dam dimensions, environmental issues, distance measures and site security, according to a priority hierarchy, that determine a successful site for trout farming according to methods employed by the SSAFS. Once this methodology was produced, it was presented to five people who are directly involved with the SSAFS as well as four others who are not involved with the SSAFS but who might find the methodology useful, to determine whether they hold that the methodology is indeed better than existing search methodologies. Those who were presented the GIS site selection methodology felt that it is very useful and that it could be employed in future to make more informed choices when locating new sites for the SSAFS as well as other aquacultural enterprises.

Abstract In the Swedish Kingdom, of which Finland was a part until the 19th century, the parish burial records specified the cause of death earlier than other European countries. Using the information contained in 1.2 million death records from 234 different parishes, the impact of the main infectious diseases inflicted upon the Finnish population, during the period 1749–1850, is analyzed. The study is focused on the temporal and geographical distribution of three of the main epidemics; gastroenteritis, malaria and smallpox. The Industrial Revolution, the Demographic Transition and the Bacteriological Era only arrived to Finland at the end of the 19th century. The population analyzed, living at a time prior those changes, was therefore rural, scattered and with high birth and mortality rates. It was, therefore, helpless in front of many illnesses. Infectious diseases were the main cause of death, especially among children. One sixth of all analyzed deaths can be attributed to these three causes of death studied. Acute gastroenteritis generated mortality, constantly in its endemic areas (southeast of the country and Ostrobothnian coast) and also in the form of large epidemics, accompanying other factors affecting the population, such as war or famine. Smallpox was endemic in the country and caused periodic epidemic peaks which generated high mortality among children. The most densely populated areas acted as reservoirs from which the disease spread outwards the rest of the country. The generalization of the practice of vaccination, from the first decades of the 19th century, modified both the spatiotemporal distribution of the epidemics and the age distribution of smallpox mortality. Under the period studied, malaria was endemic in the southwest of Finland, being of most importance in the Åland Islands. The temporal variations in the incidence of this disease do not seem to be related to crises in the population, but rather due to environmental factors. The above causes of death greatly influenced the modulation of mortality in 18th and 19th century Finland. / Resumen En el Reino de Suecia, al que pertenecía Finlandia hasta el siglo XIX, los registros parroquiales de enterramiento especificaban la causa de muerte más tempranamente que en otros países de Europa. Utilizando la información contenida en 1,2 millones de registros de defunción, provenientes de 234 parroquias diferentes, se analiza el impacto de las enfermedades infecciosas en la población de Finlandia entre 1749 y 1850. Se estudia en especial la distribución temporal y geográfica de las mayores epidemias de gastroenteritis aguda, viruela y paludismo. Ni la revolución industrial ni la transición demográfica ni la era bacteriológica llegaron a Finlandia hasta finales del siglo XIX. La población en la época de estudio era, por tanto, rural, dispersa, con altos índices de natalidad y mortalidad y estaba indefensa ante la mayor parte de las dolencias. Las enfermedades infecciosas eran la principal causa de muerte, especialmente entre los niños. Al conjunto de las tres causas de muerte estudiadas, gastroenteritis, viruela y paludismo, puede atribuirse un sexto del total de las muertes analizadas. La gastroenteritis aguda causaba una importante mortalidad de manera constante en sus áreas endémicas (sureste del país y costa de Ostrobotnia) y una mortalidad catastrófica, en forma de grandes epidemias, en coincidencia con alteraciones en la población tales como guerras o hambrunas. La viruela era endémica en el país y se manifestaba en forma de picos epidémicos periódicos que generaban gran mortalidad entre los niños. Las zonas más densamente pobladas actuaban como reservorios desde los cuales la enfermedad se expandía al resto del país. La generalización del uso de la vacuna a partir de las primeras décadas del siglo XIX modificó tanto la distribución espaciotemporal de las epidemias como su perfil de mortalidad por edades. El paludismo era endémico en el suroeste de Finlandia durante el periodo de estudio, siendo especialmente importante en las Islas åland. Las variaciones en la importancia de esta enfermedad no parecen responder a crisis en la población sino a factores ambientales. Las causas de muerte estudiadas modularon de manera importante la mortalidad general de la Finlandia de los siglos XVIII y XIX. / Tiivistelmä Ruotsin kuningaskunnassa, johon Suomi 1800-luvulle saakka kuului, hautauksia koskevissa kirkonkirjoissa spesifioitiin kuolinsyy aikaisemmin kuin muissa Euroopan maissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoidaan 234 eri kunnasta peräisin olevaa 1,2 miljoonan henkilön kuolintilastoon sisältyvää informaatiota infektiosairauksien vaikutuksesta Suomen väestöön vuosien 1749 ja 1850 välillä. Erityisesti tutkitaan akuutin mahasuolitulehduksen, isonrokon ja malarian merkittävimpien epidemioiden ajallista ja maantieteellistä levinneisyyttä. Teollinen vallankumous kuin myöskään väestöllinen muutos tai bakteriologinen aikakausi eivät saapuneet Suomeen 1800-luvun loppuun mennessä. Tutkittavan aikakauden väestö oli siten maaseudulla elävää, hajanaista, sillä oli korkea syntyvyys ja kuolleisuus ja se oli suojaton suurinta osaa sairauksia vastaan. Infektiosairaudet olivat pääasiallisin kuolinsyy, erityisesti lasten keskuudessa. Tämän kolmen tutkitun kuolinsyyn joukon, mahasuolitulehduksen, isonrokon ja malarian, voidaan katsoa aiheuttaneen kuudenneksen analysoitujen kuolemien kokonaismäärästä. Akuutti mahasuolitulehdus aiheutti tasaisesti merkittävän kuolleisuuden yleisillä esiintymisalueillaan (maan kaakkoisosa ja Pohjanmaan rannikko) ja katastrofaalisen kuolleisuuden suurten epidemioiden muodossa samanaikaisesti sellaisten väestössä tapahtuvien muutosten kuten sotien tai nälänhädän kanssa. Isorokko oli maassa yleisesti esiintyvää ja ilmeni jaksottaisten epidemiahuippujen muodossa, jotka aiheuttivat suuren kuolleisuuden lasten keskuudessa. Tiheimmin asutetut alueet toimivat reserveinä, joista sairaus levisi loppuun osaan maata. Rokotuksen käytön yleistyminen 1800-luvun ensimmäisistä vuosikymmenistä lähtien muutti niin epidemioiden alueellista ja ajallista levinneisyyttä kuin sen kuolleisuusprofiilia ikäluokittain. Malaria oli yleisesti esiintyvää Lounais-Suomessa, ja tutkittavana aikakautena se oli erityisen merkittävää Ahvenanmaan saaristossa. Muutokset tämän sairauden merkittävyydessä eivät vaikuta vastaavan väestökriisejä vaan ilmastollisia tekijöitä. Tutkitut kuolinsyyt muuttivat merkittävästi kuolleisuutta 1700- ja 1800-lukujen Suomessa.