Orientadora: Profa Dra. Cristina Fróes de Borja Reis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão da Inovação, 2017. / As brincadeiras fazem parte da vida das pessoas, principalmente quando crianças, seja nas escolas auxiliando no aprendizado, seja em casa nos momentos de lazer e descontração, auxiliando muito no desenvolvimento de criatividade. O brinquedo é, basicamente, o objeto que diverte a criança; o suporte da brincadeira desenvolvida. Sua produção há muito deixou de ser apenas artesanal e atualmente resulta de uma complexa gama de atividades articuladas em cadeias de valor globalizadas. Assim sendo, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram mapear as cadeias globais da indústria de brinquedos e investigar a inserção do Brasil nessas cadeias, tanto da indústria de brinquedos físicos, quanto digitais. Adicionalmente, buscou-se apresentar vias de sofisticação, de modo a melhorar a inserção do Brasil nas cadeias globais de valor de brinquedos. A metodologia tem natureza descritiva, contando com revisão bibliográfica e análise de dados quantitativos e qualitativos a partir do modelo estrutura-conduta-desempenho da Economia Industrial, aplicados no estudo de caso do setor de brinquedos ¿ definido conforme a International Standard Industrial Classification. Concluiu-se que o Brasil é mais um mercado importador de brinquedos tradicionais, do que produtor. Um dos caminhos para sofisticar sua participação nas cadeias seria através da indústria de jogos digitais, na qual o país já possui vantagens comparativas, atuando em atividades de maior valor adicionado. Atuar no nicho de jogos digitais tem, ainda, o benefício adicional de aplicar ferramentas tecnológicas e estimular inovações que promovam transformação nas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. / Play is part of people's lives, especially as children, whether in schools, helping with learning, or at home in moments of leisure and relaxation, helping a lot in the development of creativity. The toy is, basically, the object that amuses the child; the support of the game developed. Its production has long ceased to be just handcrafted and is now the result of a complex range of activities articulated in globalized value chains. Thus, the objectives of this research were to map the global chains of the toy industry and to investigate the insertion of Brazil in these chains, both the physical and digital toy industry. Additionally, we tried to present sophistication routes, in order to improve the insertion of Brazil in the global value chains of toys industry. The methodology is descriptive in nature, with bibliographical review and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from the structure-conduct-performance model of the Industrial Economy, applied in the case study of the toy industry - defined according to the International Standard Industrial Classification. It was concluded that Brazil is more an importer market of traditional toys, than a producer. One of the ways to improve its participation in the chains would be through the digital gaming industry, in which the country already has comparative advantages, acting in activities of greater added value. Acting in the niche of digital games has the additional benefit of applying technological tools and stimulating innovations that promote transformation in information and communication technologies.

The diploma thesis deals with the activities of global value chains in Czech Republic, with a focus on the Czech Republic. The theoretical part of the work explains the term value chain, its origin, function and its impact on selected economic indicators. Types of the processes in the firms and the possibility of relocation on the external subject or abroad is mentioned at the end of this section. The practical part aims to access the activity of the companies in global value chains. Based on the statistic dates, information from various databases and calculations, the paper offers an insight into the situation in selected sectors. Other parts are dedicated to analyzing the opportunities, current trends and overall development of this industry in Czech Republic. The output of the work provides a general look on the concept, how the firms are working in value chains and how are they affecting the electronic industry.

Aim of this diploma thesis is to describe functioning of global coffee value chains and this knowledge then apply to the coffee industry in Vietnam which serves as a case study. The introductory chapter focuses firstly on institutional background of value chains, processes and management processes used in the agricultural industry. The thesis also contains analysis of global coffee value chain, including the identification of entities engaged in the chain and their contribution to the creation of added value. Next chapter describes the development of the world coffee market and production of the world's major producers and exporters of coffee. The thesis also deals with the topic of economic and social sustainability and the impact of global value chains on the environment. Final part of the thesis concentrates on the position of the coffee industry in Vietnam, its structure and development over the past 40 years. Attention is paid also to a problematic position of small growers or to the opportunities of the development of the local coffee industry.

The theme of this thesis is the impact of the EU internal market on its external relations - firstly, it asks to what scope can we use the knowledge gained from establishing the internal market and if it can improve the current negotiations and, secondly, whether the already established internal market and its institutions can affect the establishment of relations between the European Union and the United States. The work focuses on the economic level of relations and specifically on the importance of services, both in the economies and the global value chains. It shows that the services sector is politically very sensitive and that the problems which the European Union had to deal with when trying to gain the approval of the Services Directive, are similar to the situation that evolves around negotiating the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, with the negotiations being further complicated by internal interactions between the EU institutions.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Political and economic sanctions between 1970 and 1994 isolated the inward-oriented economy of South Africa from global trends. A variety of factors, such as a challenging new global competitive environment, production overcapacity, falling protectionist tariff barriers in a period of liberalisation, world-class manufacture and globalisation, are contributing to the reform of the economy and the automotive industry. The South African automotive industry therefore faces a major reform in trade policy. The South African government introduced the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) in 1995, to create the necessary levels of competitiveness, promote world class manufacture practices, increase levels of investments and exports that would consequently lead to the successful reconstruction and development of this sector of the South African economy. Subsequent research has shown that the successful adoption of world-class manufacture (or lean production) processes in the South African automotive industry is necessary not only for survival, but also for increased competitiveness of the industry and the improved economic performance of automotive firms. However, complicated links exist between the adoption of world-class manufacture for improved levels of operational competitiveness. for firm-level success, on the one hand, and long-term sustainability of the industry, on the other hand. Combined firm level economic success and long-term sustainability of the industry depend on factors such as international trends, connectivity to global value chains, modern technological capabilities, lean production and enterprise systems, substantial investments, increased exports, world-wide quality standards, as well as customer satisfaction, human resource development, advanced education, skills development, worker participation, government policy and institutional support. This is borne out by a recent study of the auto component sector, utilising a lean , production 'market driver' toolkit. The study found that although component manufacturers significantly improved their operational competitiveness, they have not necessarily experienced improved economic performance levels. More important is connectedness and integration into global value chains, via intermediaries, mergers and acquisitions. The changing political economy of automotive value chains is also important in shaping fum-level operational success and industry sustainability. In this research paper, we review global automotive industry trends which influenced the introduction of the government's visionary MIDP. We then discuss their impact on the performance of the South African assembly and component sectors at industry and finn level. This leads to a series of recommendations for improved performance to world-class manufacture, world-wide quality standards and global competitiveness

Magister Commercii - MCom / Political and economic sanctions between 1970 and 1994 isolated the inward-oriented economy of South Africa from global trends. A variety of factors, such as a challenging new global competitive environment, production overcapacity, falling protectionist tariff barriers in a period of liberalisation, world-class manufacture and globalisation, are contributing to the reform of the economy and the automotive industry. The South African automotive industry therefore faces a major reform in trade policy. The South African government introduced the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) in 1995, to create the necessary levels of competitiveness, promote worldclass manufacture practices, increase levels of investments and exports that would consequently lead to the successful reconstruction and development of this sector of the South African economy. Subsequent research has shown that the successful adoption of world-class manufacture (or lean production) processes in the South African automotive industry is necessary not only for survival, but also for increased competitiveness of the industry and the improved economic performance of automotive firms. However, complicated links exist between the adoption of world-class manufacture for improved levels of operational competitiveness. for firm-level success, on the one hand, and long-term sustainability of the industry, on the other hand. Combined firm level economic success and long-term sustainability of the industry depend on factors such as international trends, connectivity to global value chains, modern technological capabilities, lean production and enterprise systems, substantial investments, increased exports, world-wide quality standards, as well as customer satisfaction, human resource development, advanced education, skills development, worker participation, government policy and institutional support. This is borne out by a recent study of the auto component sector, utilising a lean , production 'market driver' toolkit. The study found that although component manufacturers significantly improved their operational competitiveness, they have not necessarily experienced improved economic performance levels. More important is connectedness and integration into global value chains, via intermediaries, mergers and acquisitions. The changing political economy of automotive value chains is also important in shaping fum-level operational success and industry sustainability.

This master thesis seeks to investigate how an Argentinean institute support its members to learn Global Value Chains and Life Cycle Assessment. Two important methodologies that can be used as a basis to form sustainable strategies based on analyses of products or services. A Global Value Chains and Life Cycle Assessment course is held to the institute’s members who wishes to learn them. This case study has analysed the course design, the outcome and the institute’s organizational structure for professional development based on a 15-factor framework and relevant learning theories. Course evaluations, data analysis, group interviews and questionnaires were the research methods used to gather data for this case study. The thesis reveals that several important factors for professional development that facilitate the learning of GVC and LCA can be found at the institute. But, the current course design and the institute’s restriction of access to data prevents good learning outcomes for the course participants. Several suggestions regarding the course design and organisational structure were presented, based on the findings of this study. / Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka hur ett argentinskt institut stöder sina medlemmar att lära sig om globala värdekedjor (GVC) och livscykelanalys (LCA). Två viktiga metoder som kan användas som utgångspunkt för att bilda hållbara strategier baserade på analyser av produkter eller tjänster. En GVC och LCA kurs hålls för institutets medlemmar som vill lära sig metoderna. Denna fallstudie har analyserat kursdesignen, utfallet och institutets organisationsstruktur för kompetensutveckling baserad på en 15-faktors ramverk och relevanta lärteorier. Kursutvärderingar, dataanalyser, gruppintervjuer och frågeformulär var de undersökningsmetoder som användes för att samla data för denna fallstudie. Studien visar att flera viktiga faktorer för kompetensutveckling underlättar lärandet av GVC och LCA på institutet. Det framgår däremot att den nuvarande kursdesignen och institutetss begränsning av tillgång till data förhindrar goda läranderesultat för kursdeltagarna. Flera förslag om kursdesign och organisationsstruktur presenteras, baserat på resultaten från denna studie. / Esta tesis de maestría busca investigar cómo un instituto argentino apoya a sus miembros para aprender las Cadenas Globales de Valor (CGV) y la Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Dos metodologías importantes que pueden usarse como base para formar estrategias sostenibles basadas en análisis de productos o servicios. Se realiza un curso de CGV y ACV a los iembros del instituto que deseen aprenderlos. Este estudio de caso ha analizado el diseño del curso, el resultado y la estructura organizacional del instituto para el desarrollo profesional basado en un marco de 15 factores y teorías de aprendizaje relevantes. Las evaluaciones de los cursos, el análisis de datos, las entrevistas grupales y los cuestionarios fueron los métodos de investigación utilizados para recopilar datos para este estudio de caso. La tesis revela que en el instituto se pueden encontrar varios factores importantes para el desarrollo profesional que facilitan el aprendizaje de CGV y ACV. Sin embargo, el diseño actual del curso y la restricción de acceso del instituto a los datos impiden buenos resultados de aprendizaje para los participantes del curso. Se presentaron varias sugerencias sobre el diseño del curso y la estructura organizacional, basadas en los hallazgos de este estudio.

In dieser Doktorarbeit geht es um den Kleinbergbau (ASM) und wie dieser Leben und Landschaften verändert. ASM ist eine von vielen informellen Lebensgrundlagen, die in kapitalistische Wertschöpfungsketten eingebunden ist. ASM ist für schätzungsweise 40 Millionen Menschen im globalen Süden zu einer der wichtigsten nichtlandwirtschaftlichen Lebensgrundlagen geworden. Schlechte Arbeitsbedingungen, Umweltverschmutzung, Umweltzerstörung und Machtasymmetrien machen ASM jedoch zu einer prekären Lebensgrundlage, die Nachhaltigkeitstransformationen in Frage stellt. Daher wird mehr Forschung über die Nachhaltigkeitspotenziale von ASM gefordert. Wissenschaftler betonen insbesondere die Notwendigkeit, sich mit den Perspektiven von ASM-Akteuren sowie den Dynamiken der ASM-Wertschöpfungsketten auseinanderzusetzen. Auf der Grundlage einer sechsmonatigen ethnografischen Feldforschung in der Region Geita in Tansania untersuche ich in der Dissertation skalenübergreifende Beziehungen zwischen Akteuren und Agenden innerhalb von ASM und diskutiere die Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten für einen nachhaltigeren Sektor. Die Arbeit ist zwischen Anthropologie, Human- und Wirtschaftsgeographie, politischer Ökologie und Landsystemwissenschaft situiert. Ich setze qualitative Methoden ein, darunter Interviews, teilnehmende Beobachtung und gemeinschaftliches Filmen, und beziehe dabei ein breites Spektrum von Akteuren ein. In vier Hauptkapiteln beschreibt die Arbeit die Ambivalenzen von ASM, die Hoffnung und Chancen, aber auch Prekarität und Degradierung die ASM mit sich bringt. Die Arbeit zeigt, wie konkurrierende Visionen und Machtasymmetrien die Ungleichheit verstärken, aber auch zum Widerstand und zu alternativen Visionen der Globalisierung aufrufen. / This thesis is about artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) and how it transforms lives and landscapes. ASM is one of many informal livelihoods spun in capitalist value chains. Engaging estimated 40 million people, ASM has become one of the most important non-farm rural livelihoods in the Global South. However, poor work conditions, pollution, environmental degradation and power asymmetries make ASM a precarious livelihood that challenge sustainability transitions. Consequently, calls have been made for more research on the sustainability potentials of ASM. Particularly, scholars emphasise the need for engaging the perspectives of ASM actors, along with a better understanding of the value chain dynamics of ASM. Based on 6 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Geita region of Tanzania, I explore the cross-scalar relations between actors and agendas within ASM, and discuss the challenges and possibilities for a more sustainable sector. The thesis is situated between anthropology, human and economic geography, political ecology and land system science. I engage qualitative methods, including interviewing, participant observation and collaborative filmmaking, encompassing a broad range of actors. Through four core chapters, the thesis describes the ambiguities of ASM, creating hope and opportunity, but also precarity and degradation. It shows how competing visions and power asymmetries reinforce inequality, while also invoking resistance and alternative visions of globalisation.

La présence chinoise en Amérique latine et Caraïbes (ALC), tout comme dans d’autres régions du monde, a fortement augmenté depuis une quinzaine d’années. Au-delà des motifs traditionnels de cette expansion au niveau économique (la recherche de ressources et de nouveaux marchés), la Chine représente un partenaire particulier pour les pays latino-américains en raison des frontières floues entre les formes de propriété publique et privée, et des objectifs stricts de son gouvernement en matière de politique industrielle et de développement sur le long terme. En outre, des disparités régionales sont apparues entre l’Amérique du Sud, longtemps favorisée par l’augmentation de la demande chinoise en matières premières, et le Mexique, qui s’est rapidement retrouvé en situation de concurrence ouverte avec la Chine sur différents segments de son secteur secondaire, et dont la dynamique d’intégration en Amérique du Nord fut profondément impactée par l’arrivée des entreprises chinoises sur le marché des États-Unis. En combinant une analyse approfondie des bases de données disponibles sur les investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE) de la Chine en ALC et trois études de cas originales d’entreprises chinoises installées dans le domaine manufacturier au Mexique, cette thèse montre que ces opérations présentent des modalités inédites notamment en termes de rythme d’expansion et de capacités d’adaptation aux environnements locaux. Cependant, les externalités positives ou négatives des IDE chinois demeurent tributaires des interactions entre le contexte institutionnel du pays d’accueil et les stratégies des entreprises. / Chinese footprint in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), as in other parts of the globe, has surged in the last fifteen years. Beyond the traditional drivers of this expansion from an economic perspective (securing resources and new markets), China represents a special partner for Latin-American countries because of grey lines delimiting public and private ownership, strict industrial policy and long-term development goals. Besides, regional discrepancies have appeared between South America, which benefited from the boom of Chinese demand for raw materials, and Mexico, which found itself in direct competition with China on different segments of his secondary sector, and whose integration dynamic in North America was deeply impacted by the growing shares of Chinese companies in the US market. Combining an extensive analysis of existing databases about foreign direct investments (FDI) from China in LAC and three original case studies of Chinese companies located in the manufacturing industry in Mexico, this dissertation shows unique features in these operations such as an accelerated growth path and relative adaptive skills to foreign environments. Nevertheless, the positive or negative externalities of Chinese FDI remain dependent upon the interactions between the institutional context of the host country and the companies’ strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACF37B.pdf: 868805 bytes, checksum: ccd08d33ecb19b054e219ff0d3537c92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / In recent years, clusters have become a central part in discussions about local and regional economic development, as well as in the elaboration of public policies for generating jobs and income. Concurrent with the discussions about clusters, the subject globalization has also received growing attention from the media in the academic and government fields. Different aspects are considered in the discussions regarding globalization and one of the subjects is the insertion of local economies into international commerce. One of these ways of insertion is by global value chains. This term began to be used at the end of 90s, and refers to the productive value chains dispersed throughout the world, but with integrated production and commercialization. The aim of this thesis is to understand how the exportation process influences the development of fashion clusters, this being done by the insertion of these clusters into the global value chains. Each year, the Brazilian fashion sector seeks to broaden their participation in the global economy by means of insertion into the global value chains. This insertion, however, has caused impacts in specialized clusters of garment manufacturers, such as beach fashion, jeans and women¿s clothing. As a way of identifying these impacts, three cluster manufacturers were studied in the state of Rio de Janeiro, namely Cabo Frio, São Gonçalo and Niterói. The impacts of internationalization on the companies integrated into these three clusters were explored by means of a six-month field study, including semistructured interviews. This internationalization occurs either by direct exportation or by means of inserting these companies into the global value chains. The results of the study points out the opportunities and threats to these companies, as well as shows the importance of more adequate public policies for the development of Brazilian fashion clusters. Among these threats, the possibility of inserting these cluster companies into the global value chains in a captive manner (Gereffi, Humphrey, Sturgeon, 2005) was singled out, placing them ¿under control¿ of the exporting companies. As for opportunities, the participation of government support agencies and improvements in fashion show good alternatives for inserting these companies into the global value chains, making possible autonomous and competitive performance. / Recentemente, os arranjos produtivos locais (APLs) figuram no centro dos debates sobre desenvolvimento econômico local e regional e na elaboração de políticas públicas de geração de emprego e renda. Concomitantemente com o debate sobre APLs, o tema globalização também vem recebendo destaque crescente da mídia, do meio acadêmico e dos governos. Vários aspectos são abordados pelo debate a cerca da globalização e um dos temas é a inserção de economias locais no comércio internacional. Um dessas formas de inserção se dá por meio das cadeias globais de valor (global value chains). Esse termo começou a ser cunhado no final da década de 1990 e refere-se às cadeias produtivas de valores dispersas pelo mundo, mas com produção e comercialização integradas. Essa dissertação enfoca como o desenvolvimento de APLs do setor de moda é influenciado pela atividade exportadora, sendo essa feita por meio da inserção desses APLs em cadeias globais de valor. O setor de moda brasileiro vem buscando a cada ano uma maior participação na economia global por meio da inserção em cadeias globais de valor. Essa inserção, contudo, tem causado impactos em APLs produtores de artigos de vestuário específicos, tais como moda-praia, jeans e vestuário feminino. Como forma de identificar esses impactos foram selecionados três APLs produtores desses artigos de vestuário no estado dos Rio de Janeiro, sendo esses respectivamente Cabo Frio, São Gonçalo e Niterói. Por meio de uma pesquisa de campo com duração de um mês e da realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas foram investigados os impactos da internacionalização das empresas integrantes desses APLs. Essa internacionalização ocorre via exportação direta ou por meio da inserção dessas empresas nas cadeias globais de valor. O resultado da pesquisa aponta para oportunidades e ameaças para essas empresas, bem como sinaliza a importância de políticas públicas mais adequadas para o desenvolvimento de APLs de moda brasileiros. Dentre essas ameaças, se destaca a possibilidade de inserção das empresas desses APLs em cadeias globais de forma cativa (Gereffi, Humphrey, Sturgeon, 2005) se tornando ¿comandadas¿ pelas empresas exportadoras. Quanto às oportunidades, a atuação institucional e o aprimoramento do design sinalizam como forma de inserção virtuosa dessas empresas nas cadeias globais, possibilitando uma atuação autônoma e competitiva.