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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caractérisation du rôle du récepteur P2X7 dans le transport du glucose par les cellules épithéliales intestinales et le contrôle de la glycémie et du métabolisme

Bourzac, Jean-François January 2015 (has links)
Dans l’intestin, le récepteur P2X7, un membre unique de la famille P2X, est fortement exprimé à la surface des cellules épithéliales intestinales le long des villosités, ce qui suggère un autre rôle pour ce récepteur que l’induction de l’apoptose des cellules à l’apex des villosités. Dans des modèles de cellules intestinales, nous avons mis en évidence qu’à la suite de l’activation du récepteur P2X7, la translocation à la membrane de GLUT2, le transporteur facilité du glucose, du fructose et du galactose dans l’intestin, était diminuée. Cette diminution d’expression s’accompagne d’une diminution d’absorption dans les cellules IEC-6 et d’une diminution du transport transcellulaire à travers une monocouche de cellules Caco-2 différenciées. En fait, comme nous l’avons montrée, l’internalisation de GLUT2 est induite par une voie de signalisation impliquant les protéines PI4K, PLC[gamma]-1, PKC[delta] et PKD1. Nous avons alors entrepris une série d’études pour déterminer quel était l’impact d’une délétion du gène P2rx7 sur le métabolisme du glucose dans un modèle de souris pour lequel l’expression de P2rx7 est invalidée (P2rx7-/-). Dans ce modèle, nous avons mesuré que les souris P2rx7-/- ont une masse significativement plus grande dès le sevrage. Des tests de tolérance au glucose sur des souris âgées de 3 semaines montrent une hyperglycémie qui se traduit par une concentration maximale de glucose sanguin plus élevé que le maximum de glycémie mesuré chez les souris normales. Cet état évolue à l’âge de 12 semaines avec une glycémie qui reste plus forte jusqu’à 90 min dans les souris P2rx7-/- par rapport aux souris contrôles. Nous avons également observé chez ces souris un taux d’insuline et de triglycérides significativement plus haut. La glycémie à jeun est aussi plus haute de façon significative à partir de 12 semaines. Cette différence de glycémie peut s’expliquer par une expression plus importante du transporteur GLUT2 à la surface apicale des cellules épithéliales dans le jéjunum des souris mutantes. Cette insertion systématique du transporteur semble favoriser une absorption rapide du glucose et le transport transcellulaire de celui-ci dans le sang. Enfin, l’augmentation de la glycémie a des conséquences sur le foie puisque les souris P2rx7-/- ont la voie de la lipogenèse active au sevrage et développent une stéatose hépatique avec accumulation croissante avec le temps de gouttelettes lipidiques dans le cytoplasme des cellules. L’ensemble des données suggère que le récepteur P2X7 joue un rôle majeur dans l’homéostasie du glucose.
2

Superexpressão de Slc2a2/GLUT2 induzida por alta concentração de glicosse em células tubulares renais IRPTC envolve ativação de HNF4A e FOXA2 mediada por AKT / High glucose concentration-induced overexpression of Slc2a2/GLUT2 in renal tubular cells involves AKT-mediated activation of HNF4A and FOXA2.

Lins, Bruna Bezerra 05 November 2015 (has links)
No rim, a maior parte da carga de glicose filtrada é reabsorvida na porção inicial do túbulo proximal, no qual são co-expressos os transportadores: SGLT2 e GLUT2. No diabetes mellitus ocorre aumento no fluxo transepitelial de glicose, o que decorre de aumento na expressão desses transportadores, e pode ser revertido pelo tratamento com insulina. Os fatores transcricionais HNF1A, HNF4A e FOXA2 são descritos como potenciais reguladores do gene Slc2a2. A proteína AKT medeia efeitos da insulina, e é capaz de ativar fatores transcricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar em linhagem celular IRPTC, o efeito da alta concentração de glicose e da insulina sobre a expressão de Slc2a2/GLUT2 e Slc5a2/SGLT2, assim como a participação da AKT e dos fatores transcricionais. Observamos que a alta concentração de glicose aumentou a expressão do Slc2a2/GLUT2 e a atividade de ligação dos fatores transcricionais HNF4A e FOXA2 na região promotora do gene Slc2a2, por mecanismo mediado pela AKT. A insulina reverteu o efeito sobre o Slc2a2, porém não alterou o conteúdo de GLUT2. / Glucose filtrated load is reabsorbed in renal proximal tubule by the coordinate action of the glucose transporters SGLT2 and GLUT2. In diabetes, renal glucose reabsorption increases; that involves overexpression of the glucose transporters, and is reversed by insulin therapy. The transcription factors HNF1A, HNF4A and FOXA2 have been proposed as modulators of Slc2a2 gene expression. The AKT protein is an important mediator of insulin action, and has been able to activate transcription factors. The present study investigates in immortalized rat proximal tubule cells the effects of high glucose and insulin concentrations upon the Slc2a2/GLUT2 and Slc5a2/SGLT2 expression, as well as the participation of AKT, HNF1A, HNF4A and FOXA2. On the other hand, 25 mM glucose increased the expression of Slc2a2GLUT2, which was accompanied by increased HNF4A and FOXA2 binding in the Slc2a2 promoter, in an AKT-mediated way. Insulin reversed the Slc2a2 mRNA regulation, but did not alter GLUT2 content.
3

Superexpressão de Slc2a2/GLUT2 induzida por alta concentração de glicosse em células tubulares renais IRPTC envolve ativação de HNF4A e FOXA2 mediada por AKT / High glucose concentration-induced overexpression of Slc2a2/GLUT2 in renal tubular cells involves AKT-mediated activation of HNF4A and FOXA2.

Bruna Bezerra Lins 05 November 2015 (has links)
No rim, a maior parte da carga de glicose filtrada é reabsorvida na porção inicial do túbulo proximal, no qual são co-expressos os transportadores: SGLT2 e GLUT2. No diabetes mellitus ocorre aumento no fluxo transepitelial de glicose, o que decorre de aumento na expressão desses transportadores, e pode ser revertido pelo tratamento com insulina. Os fatores transcricionais HNF1A, HNF4A e FOXA2 são descritos como potenciais reguladores do gene Slc2a2. A proteína AKT medeia efeitos da insulina, e é capaz de ativar fatores transcricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar em linhagem celular IRPTC, o efeito da alta concentração de glicose e da insulina sobre a expressão de Slc2a2/GLUT2 e Slc5a2/SGLT2, assim como a participação da AKT e dos fatores transcricionais. Observamos que a alta concentração de glicose aumentou a expressão do Slc2a2/GLUT2 e a atividade de ligação dos fatores transcricionais HNF4A e FOXA2 na região promotora do gene Slc2a2, por mecanismo mediado pela AKT. A insulina reverteu o efeito sobre o Slc2a2, porém não alterou o conteúdo de GLUT2. / Glucose filtrated load is reabsorbed in renal proximal tubule by the coordinate action of the glucose transporters SGLT2 and GLUT2. In diabetes, renal glucose reabsorption increases; that involves overexpression of the glucose transporters, and is reversed by insulin therapy. The transcription factors HNF1A, HNF4A and FOXA2 have been proposed as modulators of Slc2a2 gene expression. The AKT protein is an important mediator of insulin action, and has been able to activate transcription factors. The present study investigates in immortalized rat proximal tubule cells the effects of high glucose and insulin concentrations upon the Slc2a2/GLUT2 and Slc5a2/SGLT2 expression, as well as the participation of AKT, HNF1A, HNF4A and FOXA2. On the other hand, 25 mM glucose increased the expression of Slc2a2GLUT2, which was accompanied by increased HNF4A and FOXA2 binding in the Slc2a2 promoter, in an AKT-mediated way. Insulin reversed the Slc2a2 mRNA regulation, but did not alter GLUT2 content.
4

Implication du transporteur intestinal GLUT2 dans l'absorption des sucres et la fonction entéroendocrine / Intestinal GLUT2 role in sugar absorption and enteroendocrine function

Schmitt, Charlotte 25 November 2016 (has links)
L'épithélium intestinal, en constant renouvellement, assure de nombreuses fonctions vitales comme l'absorption des nutriments et le maintien d'une barrière entre le milieu extérieur et l'organisme. L'absorption intestinale des sucres est assurée par de nombreux transporteurs au niveau de l'intestin proximal. Parmi eux, GLUT2, localisé dans les entérocytes et les cellules endocrines de l'intestin, transporte le glucose, le fructose et le galactose. Les cellules L entéroendocrines produisent le GLP-1, un puissant stimulateur de la sécrétion d'insuline en réponse au glucose. L'objectif de ma thèse a été d'élucider le rôle de GLUT2 intestinal dans l'absorption des sucres et la fonction entéroendocrine grâce à l'étude d'un modèle murin spécifiquement invalidé pour ce transporteur dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales. La délétion intestinale de GLUT2 entraîne une malabsorption intestinale modérée des sucres associée à une distribution retardée du glucose aux tissus périphériques. Le retard spatial et temporel de l'absorption des sucres provoque une dysbiose intestinale au profit de bactéries ayant un rôle protecteur de l'homéostasie intestinale. De façon surprenante, l'invalidation de GLUT2 intestinal s'accompagne d'une chute de la densité de cellules L entéroendocrines, sans modification des niveaux plasmatiques de GLP-1. Cette étude met en exergue le rôle primordial de GLUT2 intestinal dans l'absorption des sucres et la fonction endocrine de l'intestin. Elle permet d'envisager le criblage de molécules capables d'inhiber l'activité de GLUT2 intestinal, pour atténuer la prise de poids et limiter les perturbations métaboliques induites par des régimes riches en sucres. / The constantly renewing intestinal epithelium handles various essential functions including nutrient absorption and persistence of a barrier between our internal and external environments. Several transporters mediate sugar absorption in the proximal intestine. Among them, GLUT2, a very efficient glucose, fructose and galactose transporter and receptor, is located at the membranes of enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. The enteroendocrine L-cells produce GLP-1, a strong activator of glucose-induced insulin secretion. This thesis aimed to further decipher the role of intestinal GLUT2 in sugar absorption and enteroendocrine cell function. To address this question, mice lacking GLUT2 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells have been generated and studied. Intestinal GLUT2 invalidation alters intestinal glucose absorption and delays glucose biodistribution to peripheral tissues. This spatial and temporal sugar absorption delay provokes intestinal dysbiosis, favoring gut microbiota having a protective impact on gut homeostasis. Surprisingly, intestinal GLUT2 deletion leads to a strong loss in enteroendocrine L cell density, with no impact on GLP-1 plasma levels. This study highlights critical roles for GLUT2 in sugar absorption and enteroendocrine cell function management. The use of specific GLUT2 inhibitors could be considered to limit body weight gain and metabolic disorders induced by sugar rich diets.
5

Chickens from lines artificially selected for juvenile low and high body weight differ in glucose homeostasis and pancreas physiology

Sumners, Lindsay Hart 30 January 2015 (has links)
Early pancreatectomy experiments performed in ducks and pigeons at the end of the 19th century revealed that avians, unlike mammals, do not display signs of diabetes. Relative to mammals, birds are considered hyperglycemic, displaying fasting blood glucose concentrations twice that of a normal human. While circulating levels of insulin are similar in avians and mammals, and structure and function of the insulin receptor are also conserved among vertebrate species, birds do not experience deleterious effects of chronic hyperglycemia as observed in mammals. Understanding avian glucose homeostasis, particularly in chickens, has both agricultural and biomedical implications. Improvement of feed efficiency and accelerated growth in poultry may come from a greater understanding of the physiological processes associated with glucose utilization in muscle and fat. The chicken has also recently been recognized as an attractive model for human diabetes, where there is a great need for preventative and therapeutic strategies. The link between type 2 diabetes and obesity, coupled with the inherent hyperglycemic nature of chickens, make chickens artificially selected for juvenile low (LWS) and high (HWS) body weight a favorable model for investigating glucose regulation and pancreas physiology. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests revealed differences in threshold sensitivity to insulin and glucose clearance rate between the lines. Results from real-time PCR showed greater pancreatic mRNA expression of four glucose regulatory genes (preproinsulin, PPI; preproglucagon, PPG; glucose transporter 2, GLUT2; and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, Pdx1) in LWS, than HWS chickens. Histological analysis of pancreas revealed that HWS chickens have larger pancreatic islets, less pancreatic islet mass, and more pancreatic inflammation than LWS chickens, all of which presumably contribute to impaired glucose metabolism. In summary, results suggest that at selection age, there are differences in pancreas physiology that may explain the differences in glucose regulation between LWS and HWS. These data pave the way for future studies aimed at understanding the developmental regulation of endocrine pancreas function in chickens, as well as how aging affects homeostatic control of blood glucose in chickens. / Ph. D.
6

Rôle des mouvements membranaires dans la régulation de la production endogène de glucose / Role of membrane movements in the regulation of endogenous glucose production

Chilloux, Julien 05 March 2012 (has links)
La production endogène de glucose est une fonction cruciale au maintien de l’homéostasie glucidique dont les 2 dernières étapes sont la production de glucose par la glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) et la sortie du glucose hors de la cellule par le transporteur facilité GLUT2. Les mécanismes dépendants de mouvements membranaires régulant ces deux étapes ont été étudiés. La régulation de la G6Pase par l’AMPc dépend de mouvements membranaires. Cependant les mécanismes moléculaires de cette régulation restaient à caractériser. Nous avons étudié l’hypothèse d’une phosphorylation directe des sous-unités de la G6Pase par la PKA. La PKA est capable d’induire l’activité G6Pase. Cependant, aucune phosphorylation des sous-unités G6Pase n’a pu être mise en évidence par phosphorylation in vitro, mutations dirigées de sites potentiels de phosphorylation ou analyse par spectrométrie de masse. En absence de Glut2, le glucose produit de novo sort des hépatocytes par une voie dépendante de mouvements membranaires, dont le mécanisme moléculaire n’est pas caractérisé. Cette voie vésiculaire n’est pas impliquée dans la sortie du glucose glycogénolytique. À l’inverse, 50% du glucose néoglucogénique sort des hépatocytes par une voie vésiculaire, probablement dépendante de la cavéoline-1. Par microscopie confocale à fluorescence, nous avons montré que la G6Pase se déplace dans la cellule vers la membrane plasmique et co-localise avec une partie de la cavéoline1 cellulaire. Les vésicules composées de cavéoline-1 et contenant la G6Pase pourrait donc constituer un lien entre le réticulum endoplasmique, lieu de production du glucose et la membrane plasmique, lieu de libération du glucose / Endogenous glucose production is a crucial function to maintain glucose homeostasis whose last two steps are glucose production by glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and glucose output by GLUT2. Regulations of both steps depend on membrane movements. In this work, we characterized the mechanisms of these regulations. Regulation of G6Pase by cAMP depends on membrane movements; however the molecular mechanisms of this regulation still have to be characterized. We hypothesized that PKA directly phosphorylated G6Pase subunits. We showed that PKA was able to enhance G6Pase activity. However, no phosphorylation of G6Pase subunits was evidenced by in vitro phosphorylation, directed mutagenesis of potentiel phosphorylation sites or mass spectrometry. In the absence of Glut2, the gluconeogenic glucose produced by hepatocytes is released through a pathway depending on membrane movements, which has not been characterised yet. This vesicular pathway was not involved in the output of glycogenolytic glucose. However, half of gluconeogenic glucose was released through a vesicular pathway, probably depending on caveolin-1. By confocal microscopy, we showed that G6Pase moved in cells and co-localized in part with cellular caveolin-1. Caveolin-1 vesicles containing G6Pase could thus constitute a link between the endoplasmic reticulum, site of glucose production, and the plasma membrane, site of glucose output
7

Régulation transcriptionnelle du récepteur P2X[indice inférieur 7] et son rôle dans le trafic membranaire du transporteur à glucose Glut2 dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales

L'Ériger, Karine January 2009 (has links)
Le récepteur ionotropique P2X[indice inférieur 7] (P2X[indice inférieur 7]R) est impliqué dans divers rôles physiologiques tels la prolifération, l'apoptose, la réponse inflammatoire et le trafic membranaire dans plusieurs types cellulaires. Cependant, peu est connu quant aux rôles physiologiques du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales (CEIs). Dans la littérature scientifique, le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R est connu pour activer la protéine kinase Dl (PKD1/PKC[mu]) qui est impliquée dans le transport des protéines membranaires. Comme l'un des rôles physiologiques majeurs des CEIs est le transport et l'absorption du glucose, le transporteur à glucose de type 2 (Glut2) a été ciblé afin d'étudier son transport membranaire suite à l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R. Glut2 est un élément clé dans le métabolisme du glucose par les CEIs. Une hypothèse stipulant que le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R serait impliqué dans le trafic membranaire de Glut2 par une voie dépendante de la PKD1/PKC[mu] a été émise. Les objectifs majeurs de l'étude étaient de déterminer le profil d'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R selon le stade de différenciation des CEIs, d'élucider les mécanismes moléculaires régulant l'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R, d'étudier la signalisation intracellulaire affectant l'expression membranaire de Glut2 induite par l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R. D'abord, le profil d'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R en fonction de la différenciation des CEIs a été déterminé par immunofluorescence indirecte sur des sections de jéjunum de souris normales et par immunobuvardage de type western sur des lysats de cellules Caco-2/15 prolifératives et différenciées. Ensuite, la signalisation induite par l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R a été étudiée en stimulant des cellules IEC-6 avec de l'ATP ou du BzATP, deux agonistes du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R, et en prétraitant les cellules avec de l'oATP, un antagoniste du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R. Différents inhibiteurs pharmacologiques tels le UO126 (MEK1/2) et la rottlerine (PKC[delta]) ont été utilisés pour déterminer l'ordre des protéines dans les voies de signalisation. Également, différents chélateurs de calcium, comme le BAPTA-AM et l'EGTA, ont été utilisés pour étudier la dépendance des voies trouvées au calcium. L'expression de Glut2 à la membrane plasmique suite à la stimulation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R a été étudiée par immunofluorescence indirecte et par biotinylation des protéines membranaires de surface. Finalement, la régulation transcriptionnelle du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R dans les cellules HEK 293T et Caco-2/15 a été étudiée par des essais luciférase qui permettent de visualiser l'interaction entre le promoteur du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R et des facteurs de transcription cibles comme Cdx-2, GATA-4, HNF-4[alpha], C/EBP[alpha] et C/EBP[bêta]. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que l'expression du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R augmente en fonction de l'état de différenciation des cellules Caco-2/15, ce qui coïncide avec sa localisation dans les deux tiers supérieurs de la villosité de jéjunum de souris normales. Aussi, l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R amène une augmentation de la phosphorylation des protéines PKD1/PKC[mu], PKC[delta], ERK1/2, MEK1/2, SAPK/JNK, p90RSK et CREB. Également, la PKC[delta] est en amont des protéines MEK1/2 et ERK1/2 qui elles-mêmes sont en amont de la PKD1/PKC[mu]. Cette voie PKC[delta]/MEK/ERK/PKD est également indépendante du calcium extracellulaire et intracellulaire. Aussi, il y a internalisation et diminution de l'expression membranaire de Glut2 suite à l'activation du P2X[indice inférieur 7]R par le BzATP. Finalement, le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R est régulé au niveau transcriptionnel par les facteurs de transcription HNF-4[alpha], C/EBP[alpha] et C/EBP[bêta] mais pas par Cdx-2 et GATA-4. En résumé, les résultats démontrent que le P2X[indice inférieur 7]R est impliqué dans l'internalisation et la diminution de l'expression membranaire de Glut2 par un mécanisme qui semble dépendant de la voie PKC[delta]/MEK/ERK/PKD calcium-indépendante.
8

Treinamento aeróbio de intensidade moderada mantém a viabilidade celular de ilhotas pancreáticas e previne a perda da resposta secretora de insulina à glicose em camundongos alimentados com dieta hipercalórica. / Moderate aerobic training maintains pancreatic islet cellular viability and prevents glucose stimulated insulin secretion impairment in mice fed a hypercaloric diet.

Véras, Katherine Maria de Araujo 01 November 2016 (has links)
Os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio moderado sobre a viabilidade celular e a GSIS das ilhotas pancreáticas foram investigados em camundongos C57BL/6 alimentados com dieta rica em lipídios (60%) e sacarose (20%) (HFDS). Os grupos foram: HFDS, dieta controle (C), HFDS treinado (HFDSTR), controle treinado (CTR). Após 8 semanas, houve aumentada massa corporal e adiposidade e diminuída tolerância à glicose e sensibilidade à insulina no HFDS; tais efeitos foram atenuados em HFDSTR. Houve menor percentual de células viáveis e prejudicada GSIS no HFDS do que no HFDSTR e C. As expressões do GLUT2 e da CuZn superóxido dismutase-1 (SOD1) foram diminuídas em HFDS, mas não no HFDSTR. As respostas observadas nas ilhotas do grupo HFDSTR foram semelhantes ao grupo C. O treinamento aeróbio de 8 semanas preveniu os efeitos deletérios da HFDS sobre a sensibilidade à insulina, viabilidade celular e GSIS e manteve o conteúdo enzimático antioxidante endógeno, sugerindo que o treinamento aeróbio possa ser benéfico na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios de uma HFDS. / This study investigated the aerobic training effects on GSIS and pancreatic islet cellular viability in C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat (60%) and sucrose (20%) diet (HFDS). The groups were: HFDS, control diet (C), HFDS + training (HFDSTR) and control trained (CTR). After 8 weeks the HFDS significantly increased body mass and adiposity, decreased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and impaired GSIS and cellular viability; these effects were attenuated in HFDSTR. There were less viable pancreatic islets cells and impaired GSIS in HFDS than in HFDSTR and C. The decreased GLUT 2 and CuZn-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protein expression in HFDS were increased in HFDSTR. Most pancreatic islet responses were similar between HFDSTR and C. Eight weeks aerobic training prevented deleterious effects of HFDS on insulin sensitivity, cellular viability and GSIS, and maintained endogenous antioxidant enzyme content, thus suggesting that aerobic training may be beneficial to prevent adverse metabolic effects associated with westernized diet consuming.
9

O treinamento resistido promove modulações gênica e proteica de sinalizadores do metabilismo glicolítico no fígado de ratas ovariectomizadas

Tomaz, Luciane Magri 12 July 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6406.pdf: 2384873 bytes, checksum: 540107ae0b5b377c4dd745fed9717832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-12 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Menopause is associated with higher risks of metabolic changes that may compromise women s life quality. Glicemia is regulated by the liver which is responsible for glucose storage at postprandial and for glucose efflux in a fastened state. The absence or the reduction of stradiol levels cause glucose intolerance and deregulated insulin output in bloodstream, setting of the insulin resistance process (RI). Hepatic glucose regulation is directly related to the accurate control of gene expression which encodes different isoforms of oxidation proteins and glucose input proteins. Studies suggest that Resistance Training (TR) prevents RI on ovariectomized (Ovx) rats liver. However there are few molecular events that support TR. Objective: To investigate the Ovx and TR effects over protein and gene expression of biomarkers associated with insulin signalization and glucose oxidation in rats liver. Methods: Adults Sprague-Dawley were divided into 4 groups (n=6 each group): Sedentary Sham-surgical (Sham-Sed); Sedentary-Ovx (Ovx-Sed); (Sham-Tr) and (Ovx-Tr). Tr protocol included 1.1 m vertical climbing with tied weight to the rats tail. Each session consisted of 4 to 9 climbing and 2 minutes of resting between the exercises. Training was performed 3 times a week during 10 weeks. Gene expression was analysed using real time quantitative PCR and protein assays by Western Blotting technic. Results: GLUT2 gene and protein expression and PGC-1α gene expression increased significantly; and p-Akt Ser473 protein expression decreased in Ovx group. TR promoted a greater increase of PGC-1α gene expression and further repair of GLUT2 gene and protein expression and p-Akt Ser473 protein expression. Conclusions: The results show the ovariectomy promotes overexpression of molecular markers that induced RI. These findings suggest that TR may play an important role on the RI prevention in Ovx animals through gene and protein expression repairment of the glycolytic metabolism signalling molecules. / A menopausa está associada ao risco aumentado de diversas alterações metabólicas que podem comprometer a qualidade de vida. A glicemia é regulada pelo fígado o qual é responsável pelo armazenamento de glicose no período pós-prandial e pelo efluxo da glicose no jejum. A ausência ou redução dos níveis de estradiol provocam liberação desregulada de insulina na circulação sanguínea e intolerância à glicose, desencadeando o processo de resistência à insulina (RI). A regulação dos níveis de glicose hepática está diretamente relacionada ao controle preciso da expressão dos genes que codificam as diferentes isoformas de proteínas de oxidação e captação de glicose. O treinamento resistido (TR) pode prevenir a RI no fígado de ratas ovariectomizadas (Ovx). No entanto ainda há poucos eventos moleculares que fundamentam o TR no modelo experimental de menopausa. Objetivo: investigar os efeitos da Ovx e do TR sobre a expressão gênica e proteica de biomarcadores relacionados à sinalização da insulina e oxidação da glicose no fígado de ratas. Métodos: Ratas Sprague Dawley adultas foram divididas em 4 grupos (n = 6 por grupo): sham operado sedentário (Sham-Sed), Ovx sedentário (Ovx-Sed), Sham-Tr e Ovx-Tr. O protocolo TR exigiu dos animais a escalada vertical de 1,1 m com pesos atados as suas caudas. Cada sessão consistiu de 4-9 escaladas, com intervalo de 2 minutos entre as escaladas, realizados 3 vezes por semana durante 10 semanas. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada por PCR-RT pelo método ΔΔCt e as análises proteicas pela técnica de Western Blotting. Resultados: Aumentou significativamente expressão gênica e proteica de GLUT2 e gênica de PGC-1α, também a diminuição da quantificação proteica de Akt-p(Ser473) no grupo ovariectomizados sedentário. A diminuição da expressão gênica e proteica de GLUT2, o aumento da expressão gênica de PGC-1α e proteica de Akt-p Ser473 nos grupos treinados em relação ao grupo controle e ovariectomizados. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a ovariectomia promove a superexpressão de sinalizadores moleculares que induz a RI e o TR foi capaz de promover a restauração desta sinalização. Estes achados sugerem que o TR exerce efeitos notórios na modulação dos sinalizadores que podem induzir a RI em animais Ovx, por meio da restauração da expressão gênica e proteica das moléculas que sinalizam o metabolismo glicolítico.
10

The Fast Lane of Hypoxic Adaptation: Glucose Transport Is Modulated via A HIF-Hydroxylase-AMPK-Axis in Jejunum Epithelium

Dengler, Franziska, Gäbel, Gotthold 10 January 2024 (has links)
The intestinal epithelium is able to adapt to varying blood flow and, thus, oxygen availability. Still, the adaptation fails under pathologic situations. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the epithelial adaptation to hypoxia could help to improve the therapeutic approach. We hypothesized that the short-term adaptation to hypoxia is mediated via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and that it is coupled to the long-term adaptation by a common regulation mechanism, the HIF-hydroxylase enzymes. Further, we hypothesized the transepithelial transport of glucose to be part of this short-term adaptation. We conducted Ussing chamber studies using isolated lagomorph jejunum epithelium and cell culture experiments with CaCo-2 cells. The epithelia and cells were incubated under 100% and 21% O2, respectively, with the panhydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) or under 1% O2. We showed an activation of AMPK under hypoxia and after incubation with DMOG by Western blot. This could be related to functional effects like an impairment of Na+-coupled glucose transport. Inhibitor studies revealed a recruitment of glucose transporter 1 under hypoxia, but not after incubation with DMOG. Summing up, we showed an influence of hydroxylase enzymes on AMPK activity and similarities between hypoxia and the effects of hydroxylase inhibition on functional changes.

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