Cette thèse est consacrée aux propriétés géométriques des opérations de tores algébriques dans les variétés affines. Elle est issue de trois prépublications qui correspondent aux points (1), (2), (3) ci-après. Soit X une variété affine munie d’une opération d’un tore algébrique T. Nous appelons complexité la codimension de l’orbite générale de T dans X. Sous l’hypothèse de normalité et lorsque le corps de base est algébriquement clos de caractéristique 0, la variété X admet une description combinatoire en termes de géométrie convexe. Cette description, obtenue en 2006 par Altmann et Hausen, généralise celle classique des variétes toriques. Notre but consiste à étudier des problèmes nouveaux concernant les propriétés algébriques et géométriques de X lorsque l’operation de T dans X est de complexité 1. (1) Dans la première partie, un résultat donne une manière explicite de déterminer la clôture intégrale de toute variété affine définie sur un corps algébriquement clos de caractérisque 0 munie d’une opération de T de complexité 1 en termes de la description combinatoire d’Altmann-Hausen. Comme application, nous donnons une classification complète des idéaux intégralement clos homogènes de l’algèbre des fonctions régulières de X et généralisons un théorème de Reid-Roberts-Vitulli sur la description de certains idéaux normaux de l’algèbre des polynômes à plusieurs variables. (2) Les calculs de la première partie suggèrent une démonstration de la validité de la présentation d’Altmann-Hausen sur un corps quelconque dans le cas de complexité 1. Ce qui est fait dans la deuxième partie. Dans la situation non déployée, la descente galoisienne d’une variété affine normale munie d’une opération d’un tore algébrique de complexité 1 est décrite par un nouvel objet combinatoire que nous appelons diviseur polyédral Galois stable. (3) Dans la troisième partie, lorsque que le corps de base est parfait, nous classifions toutes les opérations du groupe additif dans X normalisées par l’action de T de complexité 1. Cette classification généralise des travaux classiques de Flenner et Zaidenberg dans le cas des surfaces et de Liendo dans le cas où le corps ambiant est algébriquement clos de caractéristique 0. / This thesis is devoted to the study of geometric properties of affine algebraic varieties endowed with an action of an algebraic torus. It comes from three preprints which correspond to the indicated points (1), (2), (3). Let X be an affine variety equipped with an action of the algebraic torus T. The complexity of the T-action on X is the codimension of the general T-orbit. Under the assumption of normality and when the ground field is algebraically closed of characteristic 0, the variety X admits a combinatorial description in terms of convex geometry. This description obtained by Altmann and Hausen in the year 2006 generalizes the classical one for toric varieties. Our purpose is to investigate new problems on the algebraic and geometric properties of the variety X when the T-action on X is of complexity 1. (1) In the first part, a result gives an effective method to determine the integral closure of any affine variety defined over an algebraically field of characteristic 0 with a T-action of complexity 1 in terms of the combinatorial description of Altmann-Hausen. As an application, we provide an entire classification of the homogeneous integrally closed ideals of the algebra of regular functions on X and generalize the Reid-Roberts-Vitulli's theorem on the description of certain normal ideals of the polynomial algebra. (2) The calculations of the first part suggest a proof of the validity of the presentation of Altmann-Hausen in the case of complexity 1 over an arbitrary ground field. This is done in the second part of this thesis. In the non-split situation, the Galois descent of normal affine varieties with a T-action of complexity 1 is described by a new combinatorial object which we call a Galois invariant polyhedral divisor. (3) In the third part, when the base field is perfect, we classify all the actions of the additive group on X normalized by the T-action of complexity 1. This classification generalizes classical works of Flenner and Zaidenberg in the surface case and of Liendo when the base field is algebraically closed of characteristic 0.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissABML.pdf: 4339605 bytes, checksum: b2fcb2bbac41c9e9cc7c77720f7b0b4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-01 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The search for alternatives sources to fossil fuel has stimulated the technological development of solid oxide fuel cell. Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for this application. However, due to technical reasons, alternatives fuels to hydrogen such as methanol and natural gas has been tested. Therefore, the use of these fuels makes necessary the substitution of the anode materials that are normally used with hydrogen. The anode materials substitution must be based on the knowledge about the relationship between anode microstructure and its performance during cell operation. This knowledge makes possible introduce new materials besides new fabrication process for solid oxide fuel cell anodes. The main characteristics of anode are: high chemical activity and durability. The durability of the anode can be attained using FGM material that makes possible to match the thermal expansion of the interfaces. Ni-8YSZ cermet is normally used as anode material. In this work it was studied the cermets Ni-8YSZ as electrodes on the YSZ electrolyte. Two types of electrodes were prepared: with and without compositional gradient along the electrode thickness. This work was developed in two steps. The first one was the development of the powder 8YSZ-NiO suspension with the appropriated rheological characteristics. The second one was the electrodes characterization by impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that electrodes containing layers with ≤30 vol% Ni are inefficient to promote the reactions because de Ni particles are not percolated. / A busca por fontes alternativas aos combustíveis fósseis para geração de energia tem estimulado a tecnologia para a fabricação de células a combustível (CaC). Gás hidrogênio é o combustível ideal para CaC porém outros combustíveis, tais como metanol e gás natural, são testados. O material de anodo utilizado, quando se emprega hidrogênio como combustível, é o compósito Ni-8YSZ. O anodo deve atender dois requisitos: alta atividade química das reações e durabilidade. O conceito de material FGM (gradação funcional) é aplicado a eletrodo com o objetivo de aumentar a durabilidade pela compatibilização da expansão térmica do eletrólito e coletor de corrente. Nesta dissertação foram estudados eletrodos compósitos Ni-8YSZ, em eletrólitos de 8YSZ, com e sem gradiente composicional ao longo da espessura. Este trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas: desenvolvimento do processamento cerâmico e caracterização elétrica dos eletrodos. A primeira etapa consistiu no desenvolvimento de suspensões da mistura 8YSZ-NiO com características adequadas ao processo de deposição por jato de suspensão e cujo filme granular resultante fosse livre de defeitos. A segunda etapa consistiu na caracterização dos eletrodos, com e sem gradação de composição, por espectroscopia de impedância e microscopia eletrônica. Eletrodos contendo camadas ≤30%vol Ni são ineficientes para promover as reações de anodo pois as partículas de níquel não estão percoladas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pre-textuais.pdf: 99837 bytes, checksum: 26af6e9b202afa9fa60be43b442df83a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The finite element method has been traditionally applied in solving problems of elasticity and heat transfer, being widely used in cases with homogeneous isotropic materials. With the advent of new technologies, it has been more frequent to use components with more than one material, aiming to get the most out of each phase. A common example is the application of coating films, with optimal properties, on a substrate. These coating films may be homogeneous or functionally graded (FGM). The latter presents a continuous variation of properties through the geometry, allowing to reduce differences at the interface with the substrate. It is important to analyze the behavior of stresses along the interface between film and substrate, a region prone for the occurrence of failure. As current commercial finite element programs have limitations to handle FGM's, especially at the interfaces, one of the motivations of this dissertation is to develop a method for stress and flux nodal recovery, adequate to work with this type of material. The work presents the analysis of a component made of steel or aluminum coated with a titanium nitride film (homogeneous or FGM) under thermo-mechanical loading. The thermal part of the problem is set in an Eulerian description, leading to heat transfer by conduction and convection in the solid. The mechanical (elasticity) part is set in the usual Lagrangean description. A staggered thermo-mechanical approach is implemented and promising results are obtained. / O método de elementos finitos tem sido tradicionalmente aplicado na solução de problemas de elasticidade e transferência de calor, sendo amplamente utilizado em casos com materiais homogêneos e isotrópicos. Com o advento de novas tecnologias tem sido mais freqüente a utilização de componentes com mais de um material, onde se procura obter o máximo proveito de cada fase. Um exemplo comum é a aplicação de filmes de revestimento com propriedades ótimas sobre um substrato. Estes filmes de revestimento podem ser homogêneos ou funcionalmente gradados (FGM), sendo que o último tem variação continua de propriedades ao longo da geometria, permitindo atenuar diferenças na interface com o substrato. A análise do comportamento das tensões ao longo da interface entre filme e substrato é de suma importância, pois esta é uma região potencial para ocorrência de falhas. Dado que programas comerciais de elementos finitos atuais apresentam limitações para lidar com FGM s, principalmente na região de interface, uma das motivações desta dissertação é desenvolver um método de pós-processamento de tensões e fluxos capaz de trabalhar adequadamente com este tipo de material. O trabalho apresenta a análise de um componente de aço ou alumínio revestido com filme de nitreto de titânio (homogêneo ou funcionalmente gradado), sob carregamento termomecânico. A parte térmica do problema é descrita usando uma abordagem Euleriana, que resulta em condução de calor por convecção e condução no sólido. A parte mecânica (elasticidade) é descrita pela tradicional abordagem Lagrangeana. Um procedimento de solução termomecânica aninhada (staggered) é implementado e resultados promissores são obtidos.

A madeira de floresta plantada se destaca no setor florestal e da construção civil, diante das restrições para o uso em larga escala das espécies tropicais. Devido ao rápido crescimento e as características inerentes às árvores, as propriedades mecânicas de espécies de floresta plantada são influenciadas pelas características de secagem e de crescimento. A norma brasileira ABNT NBR 7190: 1997 está em fase de revisão e, dentre os itens discutidos pela comissão científica estão os métodos de classificação visual e mecânica e a caracterização de resistência para peças em dimensões estruturais. O trabalho teve como objetivo propor classes de resistência de três espécies de madeira de floresta plantada (Eucalyptus urograndis, Pinus taeda e Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá)) para uso estrutural. Foram realizados os ensaios de classificação visual e mecânica para peças estruturais e os ensaios de caracterização de resistência para que fosse possível estimar as propriedades mecânicas por meio da classe de resistência atribuída na classificação visual e mecânica. Os resultados foram testados estatisticamente para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas das classes de resistência de cada espécie e compará-las com as normas estrangeira e internacional. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nas análises estatísticas realizadas, foram propostas três classes de resistência para o Eucalyptus urograndis, duas classes de resistência para o Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá) e para o Pinus taeda. / Timber from reforestation species are been used for civil construction, considering the restrictions on the large-scale use of tropical species. The mechanical properties of reforestation species are influenced by the drying and growth characteristics, due to the fast growth and the inherent characteristics of the trees. The Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190: 1997 is under review and among the items is being discussed by the scientific committee are the methods of visual and mechanical grading and the full-size testing for structural elements. The aim of this work was to propose strength classes of three timber species from reforestation species (Eucalyptus urograndis, Pinus taeda and Schizolobium amazonicum - Paricá) for structural use. Grading tests based on the visual and mechanical characteristics were performed and compared with the strength and stiffness properties making possible to estimate the mechanical properties by of the strength classes assigned in the visual and mechanical grading. The results were statistically tested to evaluate the mechanical properties for the strength classes of each species and to compare them with the foreign and international standards. According to the results obtained and the statistical analysis three strength classes were proposed for Eucalyptus urograndis, two strength classes for Schizolobium amazonicum (Paricá) and Pinus taeda.

Orientador: Cassio Eduardo Lima de Paiva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T01:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CarlosEduardoDelBenda_M.pdf: 2624680 bytes, checksum: 91c83d7e53e4678b23d6c80b5cb76bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A malha rodoviária brasileira tem grande importância para o desenvolvimento do País. Observando-se que esta malha é predominantemente de pavimento flexível, o estudo das propriedades de misturas betuminosas se toma indispensável. Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico de asfaltos, novas aplicações estão se mostrando viáveis e tecnicamente interessantes. Em algumas dessas aplicações, espera-se que estas misturas tenham uma permeabilidade adequada para o escoamento das águas precipitadas. Para caracterizar estas propriedades, desenvolveu-se, no Laboratório de Estradas de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Campinas UNICAMP, um estudo da permeabilidade de 4 tipos de misturas betuminosas que pudessem caracterizar o amplo leque de misturas de graduação aberta. A partir dos resultados de permeabilidade obtidos, propõe-se a adoção do ensaio em novos projetos de misturas asfálticas durante a fase de elaboração e viabilização do mesmo, verificando se o tipo de mistura adotada é apropriado ou não com relação à precipitação característica do local e promovendo, acima de tudo, a segurança aos usuários. Propõe-se, ainda, a continuação do estudo para novos tipos de misturas asfálticas porosas, salientando-se que a utilização destas misturas ganha espaço no cenário nacional / Abstract: Brazilian highway network plays a huge importance for country development. Since most of this roads is formed by flexible pavement, a proper characterization of this bituminous mixture is indispensable. Following the development of new asphalt binders the altemative applications are becoming economic feasible. One of these applications is permeable wearing course that helps to drain off rainfall. In order of understand such bituminous mixtures a research was undergone in University of Campinas' Road Laboratory of Civil Engineering - UNICAMP where four different open coarse gradations were characterized, presenting a wide range of cases. As a result of this research new test methods for mixture design are proposed. It will be useful for selecting the right mixture for that place (amount of rain) in order to ensure user safety mainly. The continuation of this research includes other open graded mction coarse design since the adoption of this solution is growing nationwide / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

O objetivo deste trabalho é controlar a incidência de fissuras em fibrocimentos aplicando o conceito de materiais com gradação funcional através da protensão química gerada pela aplicação de silicato de sódio alcalino entre as camadas dos fibrocimentos. Atualmente é bastante comum os fibrocimentos apresentarem fissuras ao longo das bordas devido aos gradientes de umidade gerados durante a estocagem das pilhas de telhas no pátio das indústrias. O potencial da protensão química foi avaliado através da porosidade total, da quantificação das fases hidratadas, da retração por secagem e do desempenho mecânico. A aplicação de silicato de sódio alcalino no ligante CPII F provocou retração por secagem 1,5 vezes maior que a referência aos 91 dias. O módulo de ruptura (MOR) não sofreu alteração, mas o limite de proporcionalidade da matriz (LOP) aumentou em torno de 95%. O módulo de elasticidade dinâmico foi 13 % maior. O aumento da retração por secagem e o ganho de desempenho mecânico apontam o potencial da protensão química para o controle da fissuração em fibrocimentos produzidos pelo processo Hatschek. / The objective of this work is controlling the incidence of cracks in fiber cement, using the concept of functionally graded materials through the chemical prestressing, generated by application of alkaline sodium silicate among fiber cement layers. Currently, its very common the fiber cements present cracks along the edges due to moisture gradients, caused during storage of piles of tiles in the courtyard of the industry. The chemical prestressing potential was evaluated through of the total porosity, the quantification of hydrate phases, the drying shrinkage and the mechanical performance. The application of alkaline sodium silicate in the cement CPII F caused drying shrinkage 1,5 times greater than the reference to 91 days. The modulus of rupture (MOR) didnt suffer change, but the proportional limit of matrix (LOP) increased by around 95%. The dynamic modulus of elasticity was 13% higher. The increase of drying shrinkage and the mechanical performance gain indicate the chemical prestressing potential to control the cracking in fiber cement produced by the process Hatschek.

Orientadores: Adriano Adrega de Moura, Vyjayanthi Chari / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T03:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bianchi_AngeloCalil_D.pdf: 2798335 bytes, checksum: bc4f008ee1c7b89870e5bf16c8ab0a67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho é dedicado ao estudo de alguns assuntos da teoria de representações de certas álgebras que podem ser vistas como generalizações do conceito de álgebras de Kac-Moody am. De modo geral, o trabalho é dividido em duas partes: na primeira delas, abordamos questões sobre as representações de dimensão finita das hiperálgebras de laços torcidas e, na outra, abordamos certas propriedades homológicas da categoria de representações de uma álgebra de Lie multi-graduada, as quais são extremamente úteis para obter uma generalização do conceito de módulos de Kirillov-Reshetikhin / Abstract: This work is dedicated to the study of some aspects of the representation theory of certain algebras which can be regarded as generalizations of the concept of affine Kac- Moody algebras. The work is divided into two parts: the first is concerned with the finite-dimensional representations of twisted hyper loop algebras and the other focuses on certain homological properties of the category of representations of a multigraded Lie algebra which are useful to study a generalization of the concept of Kirillov-Reshetikhin modules / Doutorado / Matematica / Doutor em Matemática

Orientador: Plamen Emilov Kochloukov / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_ManueladaSilva_D.pdf: 983599 bytes, checksum: c9cf8976bde9d56083976fba17e385d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Matematica / Doutora em Matemática

Les propriétés idéales d’un matériau de blindage sont la combinaison d’une extrême dureté pour casserles noyaux des projectiles et d’une grande ductilité pour résister à l’impact et arrêter les fragments du projectile. Or cettecombinaison de propriétés est incompatible avec un matériau unique. Pour pallier ce problème, les concepteurs de blindageassocient un matériau dur (céramique) à un matériau ductile (métal). Une autre solution serait de réaliser un matériauprésentant un gradient de propriétés mécaniques : dans le cas présent, d’une très grande dureté de la face avant à une grandeductilité de la face arrière. Les technologies non conventionnelles de frittage telles que le Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)permettent d’assembler ou de fritter/assembler des matériaux aux caractéristiques aussi différentes et complémentaires. Ils’agit donc d’étudier les conditions d’assemblage ou de cofrittage de tels matériaux (dans le cas présent, Al2O3 et Ti) ainsique l’influence de la microstructure résultante de l’ensemble sur sa performance balistique.La première partie de ce travail a porté sur la caractérisation de l’alumine et du titane. Cinq poudres d’alumines ontété étudiées d’un point de vue comportement au frittage. Trois d’entre elles sont retenues en raison de leurs microstructuresintéressantes, proches en termes de densité et de taille de grains. Ces alumines ont été caractérisées mécaniquement (dureté,ténacité, résistance à la rupture) et balistiquement pour n’en garder qu’une dans la deuxième partie du travail. Le titane, frittédans les mêmes conditions que l’alumine, a montré qu’il n’avait malheureusement pas les propriétés attendues (absence deductilité).La seconde partie du travail a montré que l’obtention de MGFs sains à partir de Al2O3 et Ti uniquement est délicate,que ce soit avec un intercalaire sous forme de monocouche ou de multicouche. La forte affinité du titane avec l’oxygène(formation d’oxyde ou en insertion) et le carbone (formant des carbures), ainsi que sa réactivité avec l’alumine (produisantdes intermétalliques) rend le MGF fragile et incapable d’accommoder les contraintes résiduelles d’élaboration. L’insertiond’une faible proportion de nickel (plus ductile et moins réactif vis-à-vis de l’oxygène que le titane) dans les composites apermis d’obtenir des MGFs sains, dont le comportement balistique a pu être évalué. / The objective is to improve ballistic performance of armors. A perfect armor combines ductility to resistto the impact and high hardness to stop projectile’s fragments. However, such an association of properties is inconsistent witha single material. The solution is to perform a functionally graded material (FGM) with a ductile metal at the back side of thesample and a hard ceramic on the top side. Non-conventional technologies like Spark Plasma Sintering allow joining orsintering all types of materials with different and additional properties. Furthermore, with this technique, high heating ratescan be achieved, limiting grain growth and resulting in a fine microstructure. The goal is to study joining conditions or cosinteringof such materials (in this case, Al2O3 and Ti), as well as the resulting microstructure on the ballistic efficiency.The first part of the study focused on the characterization of alumina and titanium. Five powders of alumina werestudied from a sintering point of view. Three of which were selected because of their interesting microstructures, close indensities and grain sizes. These ceramics have been characterized mechanically (hardness, toughness and strength) andballistically. One of them is adopted to realize FGM. Titanium, sintered with the same conditions, unfortunately, doesn’t haveexpected properties (absence of ductility).The second part of the work showed that the preparation of FGM without cracks from Al2O3 and Ti only ischallenging, with an interlayer with one or more layers. The strong affinity of Ti with oxygen (formation of oxides orinsertion) with C (forming carbides) and its reactivity with alumina (forming intermetallics) make the FGM brittle and enablethe release of residual stresses during the process. By adding a low amount of nickel (more ductile and less reactive withoxygen and titanium) in composites, FGMs almost without cracks were obtained. The latter were evaluated ballistically.

The mm-wave frequency range is being increasingly researched to close the gap between 100 to 1000 GHz, the least explored region of the electromagnetic spectrum, often termed as the 'THz Gap'. The ever increasing demand for compact, portable and reliable THz (Terahertz) devices and the huge market potential for THz system have led to an enormous amount of research and development in the area for a number of years. The Gunn Diode is expected to play a significant role in the development of low cost solid state oscillators which will form an essential part of these THz systems.Gunn and mixer diodes will 'power' future THz systems. The THz frequencies generation methodology is based on a two-stage module. The initial frequency source is provided by a high frequency Gunn diode and is the main focus of this work. The output from this diode is then coupled into a multiplier module. The multiplier provides higher frequencies by the generation of harmonics of the input signal by means of a non-linear element, such as Schottky diode Varactor. A realistic Schottky diode model developed in SILVACOTM is presented in this work.This thesis describes the work done to develop predictive models for Gunn Diode devices using SILVACOTM. These physically-based simulations provide the opportunity to increase understanding of the effects of changes to the device's physical structure, theoretical concepts and its general operation. Thorough understanding of device physics was achieved to develop a reliable Gunn diode model. The model development included device physical structure building, material properties specification, physical models definition and using appropriate biasing conditions.The initial goal of the work was to develop a 2D model for a Gunn diode commercially manufactured by e2v Technologies Plc. for use in second harmonic mode 77GHz Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems for automobiles. This particular device was chosen as its operation is well understood and a wealth of data is available for validation of the developed physical model. The comparisons of modelled device results with measured results of a manufactured device are discussed in detail. Both the modelled and measured devices yielded similar I-V characteristics and so validated the choice of the physical models selected for the simulations. During the course of this research 2D, 3D rectangular, 3D cylindrical and cylindrical modelled device structures were developed and compared to measured results.The injector doping spike concentration was varied to study its influence on the electric field in the transit region, and was compared with published and measured data.Simulated DC characteristics were also compared with measured results for higher frequency devices. The devices mostly correspond to material previously grown for experimental studies in the development of D-band GaAs Gunn devices. Ambient temperature variations were also included in both simulated and measured data.Transient solutions were used to obtain a time dependent response such as determining the device oscillating frequency under biased condition. These solutions provided modelled device time-domain responses. The time-domain simulations of higher frequency devices which were developed used modelling measured approach are discussed. The studied devices include 77GHz (2nd harmonic), 125 GHz (2nd harmonic) and 100 GHz fundamental devices.During the course of this research, twelve research papers were disseminated. The results obtained have proved that the modelling techniques used, have provided predictive models for novel Transferred Electron Devices (TEDs) operating above 100GHz.