Envy is an other-oriented but negative emotion; no research has examined the influence of envy on prosocial behavior. Study 1 examined whether envy and gratitude would promote or inhibit prosocial behavior. I hypothesized that envy would result in less helping behavior than a neutral condition, whereas gratitude would increase helping behavior. Results supported the hypothesis that envy inhibits prosocial behavior. There was not enough evidence to suggest that gratitude promoted helping. Study 2 examined how envy and gratitude affected prosocial behavior when participants were given the choice to help or harm others. I hypothesized that experiencing envy would result in greater likelihood of engaging in harmful behavior, but that gratitude would promote more helpful behavior, even when it meant a less positive outcome for participants. The hypothesis that envy increases harming behavior was supported, while there was not enough evidence to suggest that gratitude promoted helping behavior in this scenario.

Thesis advisor: Jeffrey Bloechl / The idea of moral action seems to contain a paradox. On the one hand, it seems that in performing such an act one is obligated, bound to the act by something external. On the other hand, it seems that such an act must be freely chosen in the sense that the act must be done for its own sake. The source of the moral act therefore seems to be located both within and without the self. I refer to this as the problem of moral motivation. This dissertation proposes to clarify the nature of moral motivation in the context of a phenomenological investigation of the feeling of guilt, one informed by various thinkers, but particularly by the work of Paul Ricoeur. The rationale behind this proposal can be grasped by observing the confrontation between Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche. Kant’s moral philosophy answers the problem of moral motivation by identifying freedom with the determination of the will by the moral law. A crucial aspect of his argument for this identification is his appeal to the experience of respect for the moral law. This feeling, which Kant describes as the incentive of morality, is a feeling of humiliation before reason, but is at the same time the ennobling sense of one’s autonomy. Nietzsche places this liaison between morality and freedom under stern scrutiny, arguing that the two notions are antithetical to one another. In effect, Nietzsche’s attack implies that moral motivation is a chimera. Guilt does not signify the power of the good to motivate one to do right for its own sake. Moral action is better interpreted as the exertion of power: justice is the advantage of the stronger. Provoked by this confrontation, the dissertation argues that the phenomenology of guilt does not permit us to reduce it entirely to internalized aggression and self-deception. Rather, the self-deceptive and manipulative emotional phenomenon that Nietzsche calls bad conscience can be distinguished from guilt per se. The central task of the work is to explicate the distinctive structure of the latter for the sake of two purposes: 1) by distinguishing guilt from bad conscience, to defend the possibility of moral motivation, and 2) to clarify that possibility in terms of its apparently paradoxical relation to the structure of the self. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

A case study of a junior high and high school art classroom that examines students' development of identity and self-awareness through reflective practice in a caring community. This project considers what the role of teaching is and how working through vulnerability to create caring relationships can inspire teachers and aid adolescent students, within an art curriculum, to discover their true selves.

The current dissertation employed a multi-method approach to examine gratitude as a mediator of the well-established relation between agreeableness and relationship quality. Study 1 examined this hypothesis in a sample of 158 same-sex best friend pair recruited from the Introductory Psychology subject pool at the University of Toronto, Mississauga. Each friend made self- and informant ratings of agreeableness and dispositional gratitude. Friends also made self-ratings of friendship quality. Structural equation model analyses with latent factors revealed that dispositional gratitude fully mediated the effects of agreeableness on friendship support, intimacy, and affection. Study 2 extended the findings of Study 1 by examining whether frequency of grateful affect was a more proximal mediator of the relation between agreeableness and marital quality. One hundred and ninety-seven family triads (student, mother and father) were recruited from the Introductory Psychology subject pools at the University of Toronto, St. George and Mississauga. Each member of the triad made self- and informant ratings of agreeableness, dispositional gratitude, frequency of grateful affect, and relationship quality. Structural equation model analyses with latent factors showed that frequency of spouses’ grateful affect fully mediated the effects of spouses’ agreeableness on marital support and intimacy and partially mediated the effect of agreeableness on marital companionship and affection. In sum, the findings of the current dissertation suggest that gratitude is one way in which agreeable individuals maintain good quality friendships and marital relationships. The implications of these results for current theories of gratitude as well as relationship research are discussed.

The current dissertation employed a multi-method approach to examine gratitude as a mediator of the well-established relation between agreeableness and relationship quality. Study 1 examined this hypothesis in a sample of 158 same-sex best friend pair recruited from the Introductory Psychology subject pool at the University of Toronto, Mississauga. Each friend made self- and informant ratings of agreeableness and dispositional gratitude. Friends also made self-ratings of friendship quality. Structural equation model analyses with latent factors revealed that dispositional gratitude fully mediated the effects of agreeableness on friendship support, intimacy, and affection. Study 2 extended the findings of Study 1 by examining whether frequency of grateful affect was a more proximal mediator of the relation between agreeableness and marital quality. One hundred and ninety-seven family triads (student, mother and father) were recruited from the Introductory Psychology subject pools at the University of Toronto, St. George and Mississauga. Each member of the triad made self- and informant ratings of agreeableness, dispositional gratitude, frequency of grateful affect, and relationship quality. Structural equation model analyses with latent factors showed that frequency of spouses’ grateful affect fully mediated the effects of spouses’ agreeableness on marital support and intimacy and partially mediated the effect of agreeableness on marital companionship and affection. In sum, the findings of the current dissertation suggest that gratitude is one way in which agreeable individuals maintain good quality friendships and marital relationships. The implications of these results for current theories of gratitude as well as relationship research are discussed.

Thesis (M.A.)--East Carolina University, 2009. / Presented to the faculty of the Department of Psychology. Advisor: Kathleen Row. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 21, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Even though penalty policies have been adopted as airlines marketing strategies, little academic literature is found. Popular industries which were investigated for penalty policies include cell phone, credit card, hotel, airlines, bank, college, retail store, restaurant, and day care service companies. Notwithstanding the penalty policies commonly adopted in the airline industry, literature for airlines penalty policies is difficult to find and no literature exists to examine the impact of penalties based upon actual data from airlines. This study is the first research to investigate the impact of the penalty policy of airlines concerning the re-purchase behaviour of penalized customers by the actual data collected in the airline company. In this study, a total of 200 cases of data were collected from the airport authority and an international airline company in South Korea. The collected data were reviewed and categorized by demographic factors of customers including gender, and age; by the relationship with the airlines such as customer membership status of the airline loyalty programme; and by the results of the penalty resolution process such as whether the penalty was waived, the reasons for complaints concerning penalty charges, and the results of customers’ repurchase behaviour. To identify the reasons for customer complaints concerning imposing a penalty, all cases of complaints were reviewed and categorized. Attributes of the penalty and concept of perceived justice theory composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice were used to understand which factors play a key influential role in customer re-purchase behaviour. According to coding the table, the categorized data were coded and tested by parametric analysis (logistic regression model) in SPSS 20 program and ANOVA. As a result of the research, the customers’ loyalty programme membership status has been shown to positively influenced the re-purchase behaviour. The factors concerning penalty amount and severity (related to distribution justice) negatively affect customer re-purchase behaviour. The other factors are indicated as not significant to customer re-purchase behaviour. This study suggests that the valuable idea from the impact of penalty for the re-purchase behaviour should be considered by airline executives who should build more effective penalty policies. Especially, imposing a penalty amount is considered as one of the most significant factors affecting the perception of fairness and customer intention to raise complaints. In addition to the penalty amount, the airline loyalty programme membership status has to be considered as a key factor to maintain customer loyalty where penalties have been imposed.

Este estudo examinou, a partir da abordagem construtivista sobre o desenvolvimento moral, como as crianças avaliam: sentimentos do beneficiário diante de uma ação generosa, tipo de relação estabelecida entre esses sentimentos e o benfeitor e a obrigatoriedade ou não de se retribuir um favor. Analisaram-se também suas justificativas sobre a necessidade de se retribuir. Participaram 89 crianças de 5 a 12 anos, distribuídas em três grupos etários. Utilizaram-se duas histórias e, após cada história ser contada, realizou-se uma entrevista clínica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e examinou-se a variação na frequência dos tipos de resposta nos três grupos. As crianças, de modo geral, atribuíram sentimentos positivos ao beneficiário da ação generosa. A maioria das crianças estabeleceu uma relação entre o sentimento positivo do beneficiário e a ação do benfeitor e afirmou que o beneficiário deve retribuir o favor. Todavia, constataram-se diferentes tipos de justificativas para essa obrigatoriedade. / Based on a constructivist approach to moral development, this research examined how children evaluate: recipients’ feelings for the benefactor after having received a generous action; the type of relation established between those feelings and the benefactor; and the obligation (or not) to return the favor. Children’s justifications about whether it was necessary to return the favor were also analyzed. Eighty-nine children, aged from 5 to 12, divided into three age groups, participated in this study. We used two vignettes and, after each vignette was read, the children participated in a clinical interview. The data were subsequently content-analyzed in order to examine variations in the frequency of response types across the three age groups. The children generally attributed positive feelings to the beneficiary of the generous action. It was clear that most children established a relation between the beneficiary’s positive feeling and the benefactor’s beneficial action. Results indicated that most children said that the beneficiary should return a favor to the benefactor. However, there were different types of justification provided for this requirement.

Este estudo transversal investigou os tipos de gratidão expressos por crianças e adolescentes de Porto Alegre, para verificar se diferentes formas de expressar a gratidão aparecem ao longo do desenvolvimento humano. 430 escolares de 7 a 14 anos, de ambos os sexos, escolhidos por conveniência em 2 escolas públicas e 2 escolas particulares responderam às perguntas de Baumgarten-Tramer: "O que tu mais queres?" e "O que tu farias para a pessoa que te desse o que tu mais queres?". Uma análise de conteúdo das respostas à segunda pergunta indicou que a expressão do sentimento de gratidão varia de acordo com a idade, não sendo encontrada diferença significativa na forma como meninos e meninas expressaram a gratidão. Embora tenha sido fortalecida a hipótese de que a gratidão se desenvolve ao longo da infância, muitos estudos restam ser feitos ainda sobre o assunto. / This cross-sectional study investigated the types of gratitude expressed by school children and adolescents of Porto Alegre, aiming to verify whether different forms of expressing gratitude appear during human development. 430 students aged 7-14, of both sexes, chosen by convenience from 2 public schools and 2 private schools responded to Baumgarten-Tramer's questions: "What is your greatest wish?" and "What would you do for the person who granted you this wish?" A content analysis on the answers to the second question suggested that the expression of the feeling of gratitude varies by age. No significant difference was found in the way boys and girls expressed their gratitude. Although the hypothesis that gratitude develops throughout childhood has been supported, more studies should be conducted on this important topic.

Este estudo transversal investigou os tipos de gratidão expressos por crianças e adolescentes de Porto Alegre, para verificar se diferentes formas de expressar a gratidão aparecem ao longo do desenvolvimento humano. 430 escolares de 7 a 14 anos, de ambos os sexos, escolhidos por conveniência em 2 escolas públicas e 2 escolas particulares responderam às perguntas de Baumgarten-Tramer: "O que tu mais queres?" e "O que tu farias para a pessoa que te desse o que tu mais queres?". Uma análise de conteúdo das respostas à segunda pergunta indicou que a expressão do sentimento de gratidão varia de acordo com a idade, não sendo encontrada diferença significativa na forma como meninos e meninas expressaram a gratidão. Embora tenha sido fortalecida a hipótese de que a gratidão se desenvolve ao longo da infância, muitos estudos restam ser feitos ainda sobre o assunto. / This cross-sectional study investigated the types of gratitude expressed by school children and adolescents of Porto Alegre, aiming to verify whether different forms of expressing gratitude appear during human development. 430 students aged 7-14, of both sexes, chosen by convenience from 2 public schools and 2 private schools responded to Baumgarten-Tramer's questions: "What is your greatest wish?" and "What would you do for the person who granted you this wish?" A content analysis on the answers to the second question suggested that the expression of the feeling of gratitude varies by age. No significant difference was found in the way boys and girls expressed their gratitude. Although the hypothesis that gratitude develops throughout childhood has been supported, more studies should be conducted on this important topic.