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The economic impacts of a government-funded, forest-based sequestration program were analyzed under two different payment schemes. The impacts were obtained by developing a regional, static CGE model built to accommodate a modified IMPLAN SAM for a determined region in the United States for 2008. The IMPLAN SAM was modified to accommodate the more conventional factors of production (labor, capital and land) and to account for land heterogeneity using the Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA). The regional aggregation considered included the Southern, Northeastern, Southwestern and Midwestern regions. The two policy scenarios considered consisted of two CO2-offset payment schemes: 1) the government compensates the generation of CO2-offsets only by the land converted to a carbon graveyard and 2) the government additionally compensates the CO2 offsets generated as a by-product by the existing commercial logging activity. By doing an analysis of the model with different budget magnitudes under the two scenarios, two different CO2-offset supply schedules were obtained with their respective CO2-offset price and quantity sets. For a budget allocation of $6.9 billion, approximately 1 billion metric tons of CO2 offsets (15% of U.S. 2008 total GHG emissions) were produced in the first scenario versus 0.8 billion metric tons (11% of U.S. 2008 GHG net emissions) in the second one. Fifty million acres were diverted out of agriculture and commercial forestry land to the carbon graveyard mainly in the Northern, Western and Central Great Plains in the first scenario. Twenty two million acres were diverted out of agricultural land to the carbon graveyard and commercial logging mainly in the Northern and Western Great Plains; and the Eastern and Western boundaries of the Appalachian Mountains in the second scenario. Both scenarios resulted in higher land and agricultural commodity prices, lower consumption of agricultural commodities by households, lower agricultural exports and higher imports. The payment structure of the second scenario benefited the commercial logging industry, increasing its production and exports, and decreasing its imports. The non-agricultural sectors mostly impacted by the two policy scenarios were the manufacturing, construction and government employment sectors.

This project aims to investigate the interplay and function of visual and textual narrative working together to expand and express a story. It will specifically analyze The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman and its accompanying illustrations provided by Chris Riddell and Dave McKean. This investigation will also consider the roles of identity and home, and their impact on the narrative as they are developed in the interplay of images and text. Analysis focused on the aspects of adaptation, form, and the concept of thirdspace will extend and expand the investigation further and raise questions for new research on the subject.

This paper aims to investigate how audiobooks can be used didactically in the EFL classroom. The research questions are: “How do EFL students perceive and visualize the storyworld when listening to audiobooks?”, “Does EFL students’ comprehension differ when listening to an audiobook as opposed to reading a printed book”, and lastly, “What are the benefits of using audiobooks didactically in an EFL classroom?”. A mixed method has been used in conducting a survey with the participation of 30 ninth graders from Östergårdsskolan in Halmstad. The survey is divided into three parts where the first two parts are based on Neil Gaiman's novel The Graveyard Book and the third part focuses on the students’ attitudes towards audiobooks. This paper will draw on the theories of Judith Langer, Lars Elleström as well as those of Iben Have and Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen. The survey used in this paper is theoretically founded on Langer’s five stances of envisionment. The students were divided into two groups where the control group read a printed passage and the other group listened to the passage. The results indicate that the participants had a positive attitude towards audiobooks as they found such affordances as hearing the pronunciation as well as being able to multitask. Previous research indicates that there are didactical advantages of using audiobooks with students. This paper suggests that with the increased growth of digitization, audiobooks should be considered as a learning tool in the EFL classroom.

Due to its sensitive nature, the graveyard is often an avoided problem space within the field of design. This becomes evident from the lack of exploration and analysis in this domain. Anyhow, it represents an opportunity to test how design can mediate between sacred places, technology and people. Moreover, as a very specific context, the graveyard encompasses peculiar ways of interacting and experiencing space that deserve to be taken into account. This work discusses the notions of space and place and how the field of interaction design can benefit from them. In doing so, it investigates the hidden dimensions of the graveyard that make it a complex structure where spatial, personal and socio-cultural dimensions are intertwined. While the fieldwork aims at analysing the graveyard in its different tones of meaning (identity, memorial, cultural differences, on-site interaction) the focus of the work are the practices of memory and the role that the past has in our relation with the deceased. The result of the design process is an interactive audio system composed of a playback circuit based on Arduino and boxed into a seashell. The device is designed to be placed on the grave and store audio content. Once activated, the audio seashell allows listening and eventually recording vocal traces related to the deceased’s past. Taking into account the observed practices, rules and conventions that shape the graveyard, the role of personal and collective rituals and the meanings of all the identified artifacts, the designed system supports the experience of recalling memories in respect to the atmosphere, tempo and rhythm that characterise the graveyard.

Qu’est-ce qu’un cimetière ? La question parait triviale, pourtant depuis plusieurs années elle fait l’objet d’un débat de la part des historiens qui cherchent à déterminer si l’avènement du christianisme est venu modifier en profondeur le rapport que les vivants tissent avec leurs morts.Dans une première partie, le propos consiste à analyser la parole de saint Augustin dans la mesure où celle-ci est considérée comme fondatrice de la doctrine chrétienne en matière d’usages funéraires. Dans cette perspective, le traité qu’Augustin consacré spécifiquement à cette question, le De cura gerenda pro mortuis, est relu à la lumière du système onto-théologique que saint Augustin a construit tout au long de sa vie. Loin d’être un simple guide de bonnes pratiques à l’usage des chrétiens, le De cura apparaît comme un développement de ce système. Augustin y examine la question de la place qui revient aux corps dans la relation qui lie les vivants aux morts. La construction même du De cura désigne le corps comme l’objet qu’Augustin met au cœur de sa réflexion.Empruntant la piste désignée par Augustin, le propos s’applique dans un deuxième temps à comprendre le rôle que tient le corps dans la ritualité funéraire telle qu’elle se laisse saisir dans les sources écrites et archéologiques de l’Antiquité latine et des premiers siècles du Moyen Âge. La relecture de ces sources permet de restituer une suite de gestes funéraires qui composent un véritable cycle au travers duquel la mort d’autrui est mise en forme afin que chacun puisse reconnaître qu’elle a eu lieu. A l’aide de la philosophie, en particulier la phénoménologie, il devient possible de constater qu’il ne s’agit pas seulement d’inscrire le mourir d’autrui dans le temps, mais qu’il s’agit aussi de l’inscrire dans l’espace, c’est-à-dire dans un lieu, ce qui se joue précisément dans l’installation du mort dans un tombeau. Trouver un lieu pour le mort ne signifie pas l’éloigner de la communauté des vivants, mais au contraire l’y inscrire afin que les vivants puissent établir une relation avec lui. Or, ce sont précisément les modalités de cette relation, qui passent par la médiation du tombeau et donc à travers lui par la médiation du corps, qui ne s’accordent pas avec la philosophie de saint Augustin. En définitive, la réunion des sépultures auprès des édifices incarnant la communauté chrétienne signe la faillite de la parole augustinienne devant le souci des membres de cette communauté de faire entrer les morts, corps et âmes, dans la Cité de Dieu. / What is a graveyard ? The question seems rather trivial, however for several years historians have debated numerous time on the subject and seek to determine whether the advent of Christianity has profoundly changed the relationship of the living with the dead.in the first part the purpose is to analyze the word of St. Augustine to the extent that it is considered as a foundation of the Christian doctrine in terms of funeral practices. In this perspective, Augustine's treatise devoted specifically to this question, the De cura gerenda pro mortuis, is re-examined in the light of the ontological-theological system that St. Augustine built throughout his life. Far from being a simple guide to good practices for Christians, the De Cura appears as a development of this system. Augustine examines the question of the place of the body in the relationship between the living and the dead. The very construction of the De cura designates the body as the object that Augustine places at the heart of his reflection.Borrowing the track designated by Augustine, the second part of this thesis is about understanding the role of the body in funerary ritual as it is grasped in the written and archaeological sources of Latin antiquity and the first centuries of the Middle Ages. A fresh examination of these sources makes it possible to restore a series of funeral rites that compose a real cycle through which the death of others is shaped so that everyone can recognize that it has taken place. With the help of philosophy, in particular phenomenology, it becomes possible to note that it is not only a question of recording the death of others in time, but that it is also about inscribing it in space, that is to say in a place, which is precisely what is intended by the act of burying the dead in a tomb.Finding a place for the dead does not mean moving them away from the community of the living, but on the contrary assigning them a place so that the living can establish a relationship with them. Indeed, it is precisely the modalities of this relationship, which pass through the mediation of the tomb and therefore through it through the mediation of the body, which do not fit in with the philosophy of St. Augustine.Ultimately, the meeting of burials with the buildings embodying the Christian community, confirms the failure of the Augustinian word before the concern of the members of this community to bring the dead, body and soul, into the City of God.

The diploma thesis is divided into theoretical and practical section. The introductory theoretical part is a basic overview of current phenomenons and tendencies in the usage and the forms of the funeral objects and spaces with funeral function, in the field of funeral industry, mainly focused on the area of the Czech republic. It also reflects historical cultural and social circumstances as the sources of the current disposition. The thesis maps the relationship that living society has or had with their deceased in the rituals and the way of treating the dead bodies. It also reflects the variety of ways of honouring the deceased by the manners of treating the human remains. The analysis is then applied in the proces of seeking for an author's own form of expression of honouring one's memory through a design of a funeral object.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender a dinâmica cotidiana desenvolvida no Cemitério da Matriz de Porto Alegre, entre os anos de 1772 e 1850. Defendo nesta dissertação o argumento de que é preciso levar em consideração a gênese e o funcionamento deste espaço para melhor estudar os primeiros anos desta cidade, pois vejo no cemitério um espaço privilegiado de análise do social, embora o mesmo não tenha sido tradicionalmente estudado em trabalhos de história local. Com base em uma ampla e exaustiva análise dos livros de óbito das freguesias que utilizavam aquele cemitério, acompanhei diariamente o uso do mesmo, possibilitando por a prova a aplicação ou não da legislação oriunda do Poder Central desejosa de uma maior regulamentação daquele espaço. No primeiro capítulo abordo duzentos anos de trabalhos e pesquisas históricas a respeito da fundação de Porto Alegre, salientando o caráter religioso dessa fundação. No segundo capítulo, calcado principalmente nos registros de óbito, analiso o cotidiano da principal necrópole da cidade, sua geografia tanatológica, e a distribuição da população em diferentes tipos de sepulturas. No terceiro capítulo, embasado pela bibliografia a respeito das mudanças de mentalidade quanto à morte e o morrer no Ocidente, analiso o descontentamento surgido em meados do século XVIII quanto aos cemitérios eclesiásticos, e seu impacto em Porto Alegre, em princípios do século seguinte. Por fim, em um quarto capítulo que abarca o período de 1865 a 2012, analiso os usos que o espaço no qual estivera o cemitério exerceu após o fechamento, e como os mesmos influíram na construção de uma memória daquele local. A partir desse percurso, pretendi demonstrar que é possível realizar a história social de dada comunidade mesmo a partir de um enfoque, a princípio, sem vida ou sociedade. / This paper aims to understand the daily dinamics developed in the Main Church Graveyard of Porto Alegre, between 1772 and 1850. In this dissertation I advocate that is necessary to understand the genesis and the operation of such place to better comprehend the first years of the city. The reason to such analysis stands in the comprehension of the graveyard as a privileged place to study society, although this point of view isn’t very common among social historians. Based on a wide and exhaustive analysis of the death records of all parishes that used the mentioned graveyard, I have followed the daily pratices in this place, allowing to demonstrate if the legislation deriving from the Crown was or was not applyed. In the first chapter I work with 200 years of researches about the creation of Porto Alegre, stressing the religious ethos of its fundation. In the second chapter, in which the death records will be the main source of analysis, I study the daily routine of Porto Alegre’s main graveyard, its thanatological geography, and the distribuition of the population in several types of graves. In the third chapter, based on the bibliography about the changes of mentality on death and dying in Western civilization, I analysed the emergence of discontent on ecclesiastical graveyards on the first half of XVIII century in Porto Alegre. To conclude, in a fourth chapter, which covers the gap between the years of 1865 and 2012, I analyse the secundary uses of the cemetery, after its shutdown, and how those help in the understanding the way its social memory was built. In this research I have intended to show that it is possible to write the social history of such comunity even through the use of sources that speak more of death than life.

The aim of this diploma thesis is a comparative analysis of the image of a forsaken child in the stories written by a popular English writer Neil Gaiman. The survey of a forsaken child in the Gothic, Romantic and Victorian literature (Walpole, Radcliffe, Blake, Dickens, the Brontë sisters) precedes the interpretation. In addition, this diploma thesis considers the separation of the young hero from his family and friends in traditional fairy tales. In this respect, the thesis discusses the role of transitional rituals and their links to the theme of the test in adventurous literature (Gennep, Bachtin). The first, theoretical chapters point out the fact that the transition to a new existence (adulthood) is often accompanied by horror elements or the nearness of death in the adventurous stories. The novel Coraline is a basis for the literary analysis. The psychological characteristic of the main heroine and her family is linked to the function of home and the role of "the other mother" as a source of the Gothic atmosphere and danger. The following chapters analyse other Gaiman's works ("M is for Magic", The Graveyard Book, Odd and the Frost Giants, Fortunately, the Milk, The Ocean at the End of the Zone) in order to study the relations between the reality and dreams, violence and interpersonal relationships, and to describe the heroes' search for the individual identity.