The purpose of this examination was to evaluate relative age effects among junior elite wrestlers across gender, weight class, and competitive rule sets. Using biographical data, this thesis explores trends representing an oversampling of athletes born earlier in the year, accompanied by potential effects for success in sport and an impact on retention rates. Currently, the use of chronological age is the most common form of classifying sports participants, though this type of classification may have potentially negative long- and short-term implications. Thus, the results may provide an evaluation of weight categorization as a less discriminatory competitive format in junior elite wrestlers.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-06-28T12:49:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO HENRIQUE PIACENTE.pdf: 1178258 bytes, checksum: ff6627db41d7b7353cfeec2f755778a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T12:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO HENRIQUE PIACENTE.pdf: 1178258 bytes, checksum: ff6627db41d7b7353cfeec2f755778a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / The encounter of nascent Christianity with classical Greco-Roman culture in the second century AD had points of confluence, dispersion and conjugation. The thought of Irenaeus of Lyons (130-208 AD) in Adversus haereses shows that the relation between Christian religion and classical culture came close to the Christian gnostic groups. These, when evangelized and adept at the good news of Jesus Christ, brought with them their cultural framework, and thus Christianity marked by Jewish customs, was gaining nuances of the diverse cultures, religions, peoples and languages present in the Roman Empire. The research was not intended to value this relation Greco-Roman culture and nascent Christianity, but rather to show the importance and the tensions present in this relation, from the first book of the Demonstration and refutation to the false gnosis. Irenaeus constructed his thought in order to make clear the thinking of the various gnostic groups, in order to refute them, and in the meantime presented a systematization of the Christian faith not yet seen in his time. Its Demonstration and Refutation of the Gnostic theses was not only a way of fighting the controversies that arose in the first centuries of the Church, but was also, as presented in this research, a means of showing the interaction between Christians, especially the thinkers, with The intellectual and cultural environment that they were inserted. As a process of conjugation, Christianity and the classical culture had mutual influences, differences and points in common, in the formation from initial Christian thought. The hermeneutics of the first book of the Adversus haereses, and classical thinking, made it possible to understand and deepen the relationship between culture and religion in the second century AD. / O encontro do cristianismo nascente com a cultura cl?ssica greco-romana, no s?culo II d.C., teve pontos de conflu?ncia, de dispers?o e de conjuga??o. O pensamento de Irineu de Li?o (130-208 d.C) na obra Adversus haereses mostra que a rela??o religi?o crist? e cultura cl?ssica teve uma aproxima??o grande em virtude dos grupos gn?sticos crist?os, que evangelizados e adeptos ? boa nova de Jesus Cristo, traziam consigo seu arcabou?o cultural, sendo assim o cristianismo marcado pelos costumes judaicos, foi ganhando matizes das diversas culturas, religi?es, povos e l?nguas presentes no Imp?rio Romano. A pesquisa n?o pretende valorar esta rela??o cultura greco-romana e cristianismo nascente, mas sim mostrar a import?ncia e as tens?es presentes nessa rela??o, a partir do primeiro livro da Demonstra??o e refuta??o ? falsa gnose. Irineu construiu seu pensamento em busca de tornar claro o pensamento dos diversos grupos gn?sticos, para assim refut?-los, e neste ?nterim apresentou uma sistematiza??o da f? crist? ainda n?o vista no seu tempo. A sua Demonstra??o e Refuta??o das teses gn?sticas, foi n?o s? um caminho de combate ?s controv?rsias, que surgiram nos primeiros s?culos da Igreja, mas tamb?m foi, como apresentado nesta pesquisa, um meio de mostrar a intera??o entre os crist?os, principalmente os pensadores, com o meio intelectual e cultural que estavam inseridos. Como um processo de conjuga??o, o cristianismo e a cultura cl?ssica tiveram influ?ncias m?tuas, diferen?as e pontos em comum, na forma??o desde pensamento crist?o inicial. A hermen?utica do primeiro livro da Adversus haereses, e do pensamento cl?ssico, possibilitou compreender e aprofundar-se na rela??o cultura e religi?o no s?culo II d.C.

The dissertation is intended to show whether it is possible for a Roman traveller to make a journey around the Roman world in the year C.E. 210, within 180 days, in a manner similar to that of Phileas Fogg, a character in Jules Verne's novel Around the World in Eighty Days (1874). The Roman's 180-day adventure to complete the journey within the set time incorporates logistics and itinerary on ancient roads, canals and sea voyages, and quotes Horace, Juvenal, Pausanias, Ovid and Strabo. Verne linked the past, an ancient two thousand year old water system in Aden - with his traveller who also visited the site. The Roman traveller will link the past with the present, viewing ancient building and engineering works such as the Lyonnais aqueducts, and the Greek use of curvature in design when building the Parthenon. Parts of such construction remain in situ for the present-day traveller to view. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / (M.A. (Specialization in Ancient Languages and Cultures))

This thesis adopts a mixed-method approach of quantitative and qualitative analysis to discuss the role of women, especially female speakers and addressees, in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica. In addition to the traditional individual mortal and divine speech roles, discourse categories such as the influence of the Muses, the presentation of female personifications, female collectives, frame and inserted speakers, and goddesses in disguise are also taken into consideration. The study shows that, despite the shared subject matter and greatly overlapping ensemble of speakers, Valerius makes significant changes in nearly all categories of female speech representation. Valerius entirely omits some of Apollonius’ female speech acts, reduces speeches from oratio recta to mere speech summaries, replaces Greek goddesses with similar, but not equivalent Roman speakers, assigns new speech roles to previously silent female characters, adds important new episodes with female speakers that do not occur in Apollonius’ epic, changes the speech contexts, the conversational behaviour and the overall characterization of speakers – in isolated individual instances as well as in more complex character portrayals. Valerius even modifies or transfers entire discourse patterns such as conversational deceit in speech and silence, or divine disguise, from one speaker group to another, usually of the opposite sex. Valerius transforms the Apollonian arrangement of a male-dominated, 'epic' first half following the invocation of Apollo and a second female, 'elegiac' half with many female speech acts and epiphanies, after a revision of the narrator’s relationship with the Muses, into a more traditional portrayal of the Muses and a much more balanced occurrence and continued influence of female speakers. The different female voices of the Argonautica, especially Juno, can continuously be heard in the Flavian epic and provide the reader with an alternative perspective on the events. Even the less prominent female speakers are part of a well-balanced and refined structural arrangement and show influences of several pre-texts, which they sometimes self-consciously address and use to their advantage. There can be no doubt that, like Apollonius, Valerius does not merely use female speech acts to characterise the male protagonists, but follows a clear structuring principle. Whereas Apollonius in accordance with his revised invocation of the Muses concentrates the female speech acts in the second half of his epic, especially the final book, Valerius links episodes and individual characterizations through same-sex and opposite-sex speaker doublets and triplets that can be ascribed to and explained by Jupiter’s declaration of the Fata. From Juno’s unofficial opening monologue to Medea’s emotional closing argument, the female voice accompanies and guides the reader through the epic. The female perspective is not the dominant view, but rather one of many perspectives (divine, mortal, female, male, old, young, servant, ruler, et al.) that complement the primary viewpoint of the poet and the male, mortal protagonists and offer an alternative interpretation.

This thesis investigates the economic culture that fostered the constitutional history and political cosmology of late medieval and early modern Genoa. Genoese economic actors are here studied through their diversified trades and businesses, as they moved from the shores of the Black Sea into the Atlantic. Genoa’s late medieval economic expansion is described through several case studies and briefly compared to the state-run military expansion of Venice’s empire. Genoese colonial history is found to be both peculiar and relevant, as entrepreneurial techniques, institutions and attitudes later transferred to the Atlantic first originated in the private networks built by Ligurian businessmen in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The adaptability and entrepreneurial skills that allowed Genoese merchants and bankers, captains and businessmen, tax collectors and clergymen to enter the Spanish Atlantic in the sixteenth century are linked to the medieval history of the Genoese commune, to the specific idea of libertà progressively defined and protected by its fluid elite, and to the development of Hispanic-Genoese diplomatic and financial relations. Through the study of diverse documents in Italian, Genoese dialect, Venetian dialect, Spanish, Latin, and English, Genoa’s civic ideology and institutions are revealed to be intertwined with Genoese entrepreneurs’ simultaneity of careers, cosmopolitan self-perception, and mimetic imperialism. The thesis closes with a survey of the Genoese economic activities in Spain’s American kingdoms, whose most significant result is the illustration of Genoa’s multifaceted roles in the building of the Hapsburg Atlantic. This work thus constitutes the first chronologically and thematically broad attempt to explain the prolonged Genoese presence on the stage of intercontinental commerce as well as the existence of a modern Ligurian Atlantic.

Os Papiros Gregos Mágicos são uma coletânea de textos sobre magia do Egito Greco-Romano. Seus feitiços mostram uma mistura de várias tradições, em especial a egípcia e a grega. Uma característica dessa coletânea que se destaca é a presença das chamadas voces magicae, palavras mágicas de aspecto misterioso e sem sentido lexical aparente. Esta dissertação se concentra em analisar as voces magicae em seu contexto textual, a fim de compreender melhor como esse elemento ocorre nos encantamentos. Para isso, foi estabelecido um banco de dados com as voces magicae de cada feitiço e as mesmas foram analisadas levando em conta os termos que eram adjacentes à elas. Os tipos de contexto nos quais as palavras mágicas figuram foram discutidos a partir de exemplos retirados do corpus. Com base nessa análise, foi possível levantar algumas hipóteses sobre a natureza das palavras mágicas e o tipo de função que exercem nos feitiços. / The Greek Magical Papyri are a collection of magical texts from Graeco-Roman Egypt. Its contents display a mixture of different traditions, mainly Egyptian and Greek. A noticeable feature in these texts is the so-called voces magicae, mysterious looking words with no apparent lexical meaning. This dissertation focuses on analyzing the voces magicae in their textual context in order to better comprehend how this feature appears on incantations. A database was established with vox magica taken from the spells. The voces magicae were analyzed according to the words next to them. The different contexts in which voces magicae were found were discussed with examples from our corpus. Based on this analysis, it was possible to raise a few hypotheses on the nature of magical words and what kind of function they have on spells.

The thesis analyses the development of social movements in Italy in the period from 1968 to the end of the following decade, with particular reference to the Milanese experience and a focus on the 1968-9 years. It argues that the late ‘60's represent a transitional moment; whilst industrial class conflicts dominated oppositional politics in 1968-9, the student movement anticipated the radical redefinitions of politics brought about by the social movements of the 1970's. The changing relationship between social movements and the conceptualisation of social conflicts is the central theme. The thesis is divided into five parts. Part 1 outlines approaches to the analysis of social protest which are considered especially useful because of their concern with agency and the specific dynamics of social movements; Part 2 gives a historical introduction to the origins of the crisis of 1968-9; Part 3 is a case study of the student movement, and Part 4 of the workers' movement, both concentrating on the 1968-9 developments in Milan. Part 5 outlines their consequences for the formation of oppositional politics in the 1970's. It returns to the theme of 'old' and 'new' political forms, taking the cases of red terrorism, feminism and youth protest. It is argued that the emergence of new social movements has provoked a fundamental questioning of categories of social analysis with important consequences for both political theory and practice.

Representations of the Holy Trinity have increasingly come under scrutiny, exposing two competing paradigms at opposite ends of the theological spectrum: the legitimacy and the illegitimacy of imaging the Triune God with focus on the invisible Father who was imaged as an individual from Late Antiquity and beyond. An overview of these two conflicting views has unveiled a number of inconsistencies in how the Early Christian iconography of God the Father and the Trinity has been interpreted. This thesis provides a unique re-evaluation of the surviving Trinitarian visual material between c.300 to c.730. Primarily, this study collates pictorial evidence preserved in the mediums of sarcophagi, catacomb frescoes, mosaics, illuminated manuscripts and an icon that depicts Divinity. It proceeds to critique modern misconceptions of the identity, form, meaning, function and reception of the depictions. The thesis traces the visual shift amid overt and covert images of Divinity by decoding important artworks such as the Ashburnham Pentateuch and the Codex Amiatinus; Christians visualised explicitly the ' invisibility' of God but created an unprecedented invention, the depiction of the Father through Christ's image. The innovative depiction heralded future visual formulas of Divinity echoing the complexities of Trinitarian material culture of the Mediterranean world.

The thesis investigates the role of the Greek junta in the Cyprus Crisis of 1974 and analyses the invisible and complex components, including the foreign factors, which determined its outcome. Initially it examines the backstage of the intra-Greek collision between Brigadier-General Ioannides in Athens and Archbishop Makarios in Nicosia, as well as the subversive planning, including the possibility of US implication, and the military operations of the Greek coup that dethroned the Cypriot president on 15 July. It analyses the critical preinvasion days (15-19 July), which offered a clear operational forewarning over Turkish strategic intentions, and the Athenian strategic miscalculations, for the timely mobilization of the Greek-Cypriot forces, against the imminent invasion on 20 July. Then it focuses on the analysis of the offensive and defensive operations during the two phases of the Turkish invasion, and examines the difficulties encountered by the Turkish forces as well as the causes that pre-determined the Greek-Cypriot defensive failure. The thesis concludes with the implicating responsibility of foreign powers, which silently acquiesced to the deterioration of a crisis that ended with the military partition of the island Republic: the surprising Soviet silence, the fluctuating behaviour of Whitehall, and the ambiguous role of Washington which, under the dominance of Kissinger, played a critical role in encouraging, rather than deterring, Turkish strategic objectives.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2015-12-11T10:18:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 476702 - Texto Completo.pdf: 850858 bytes, checksum: 2dea0414a021ac0c2425f3dc6bfce76a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-11T10:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 476702 - Texto Completo.pdf: 850858 bytes, checksum: 2dea0414a021ac0c2425f3dc6bfce76a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / This study aims to present John Greco?s agent reliabilism. Acknowledging the difficulties faced by Goldman?s process reliabilism when it makes reliability the locus of justification, Greco attempts to fix this theory by ficusing on agent?s reliability rather than on reliability of the belief-forming processes, faculties, or dispositions they employ. In order to do so, Greco explores an ?intellectual virtue? notion introduced in contemporary epistemology by Renest Sosa in his article ?The Raft and the Pyramid?. This criterion proposed by Greco, besides being externalist, admits intuitions that are cherished by internalists and includes, therefore, responsibilist view of virtue ? therefore making it a weak externalist theory. However, while Greco tries to rescue the process reliabilism theory from its problems, the agent reliabilism criterion doesn?t seem not to be free from criticism. Our purpose is twofold: first, to understand Greco?s initial motivation to propose such a criterion instead of following process reliabilism?s directions; and secondly, to understand how agent reliabilism tries to satisfy intuitions that are important to internalism. / Este trabalho se prop?e a apresentar o confiabilismo do agente (agent reliabilism) proposto por John Greco. Vendo as dificuldades enfrentadas pela teoria do confiabilismo processual por fazer da confiabilidade do processo formador de cren?a o lugar da justifica??o, Greco tenta remediar esta teoria, avaliando a confiabilidade de agentes ao inv?s de avaliar a confiabilidade dos processos, faculdades ou disposi??es que eles empregam. Com este objetivo, Greco explora a no??o de ?virtude intelectual? introduzida na epistemologia contempor?nea por Ernest Sosa, em seu artigo ?The Raft and the Pyramid?. Este crit?rio proposto por Greco, al?m de ser externalista, acolhe intui??es que s?o caras ao internalismo e contempla, portanto, o ponto de vista do responsabilismo da virtude ? tornando-se por esta raz?o um crit?rio de car?ter externalista fraco. No entanto, embora ele tente resgatar a teoria do confiabilismo processual de seus impasses, o crit?rio do confiabilismo do agente n?o parece estar livre de cr?ticas. Procuraremos entender a motiva??o inicial de Greco ao propor um crit?rio deste tipo em vez de seguir na dire??o da teoria do confiabilismo processual, e tamb?m entender como o confiabilismo do agente tenta contemplar intui??es que s?o importantes ao internalismo.