This thesis examines the Greek institution of proxenia and uses it to explore how inter-polis institutions functioned in shaping the behaviour of both individuals and communities in the ancient world. In response to continuing debate concerning the nature of proxenia, I demonstrate that, throughout the Classical and Hellenistic periods, it was defined as an honorific status by the practical intermediary role which it performed in facilitating interactions between different poleis. As such proxenia was a central element of a broader system of inter-polis institutions which constituted the dominant interstate discourse in the ancient Mediterranean. This thesis shows that Proxenia with its particularly rich epigraphic record allows us to explore how poleis made use of this institutional language of status and legitimacy to assert membership of an interstate system which was conceived of as a society of poleis. In Chapter 1 I propose a new model for reconstructing how proxenia was understood based on the expectations – of what proxenoi should be and do – which poleis communicated in their stereotypical descriptions of honorands in proxeny decrees. Chapter 2 then explores how this abstract understanding of proxenia worked in practice in the political realities of elite competition in the Greek poleis. In Chapter 3 I use proxeny lists to reconstruct the perspective of the polis on proxenia – in the networks of hundreds of proxenoi which even small poleis amassed as a result of constant interaction. Chapter 4 explores the role of proxenia, within a broader system of institutions, in the construction of communal identity within an anarchic interstate system. In Chapter 5 I develop quantitative methods to explore the epigraphic record for proxeny’s decline, arguing that proxenia, along with the other inter-polis institutions, disappeared because the Roman authorities at the centre replaced inter-polis connections as the source of communal identity and prestige.

Esta dissertação trata da interação entre linguagem escrita e figurativa, aproveitando um debate geral, mas concentra-se na experiência grega sobre o tema. Assim, partindo da compreensão antiga dessa aproximação, serão perseguidos os aspectos gráficos (que integravam conceitualmente escrita e desenho - como indica o verbo graphêin), presentes na cerâmica ática ornamentada do período arcaico. Questões sobre a articulação de fontes escritas e materiais na pesquisa arqueológica também serão tratadas. Estruturalmente, este texto se divide em questões teórico-metodológicas relativas à natureza da documentação e seu tratamento no campo da Arqueologia Histórica e Epigrafia; e as justificativas das delimitações espaço-temporais. Depois, uma discussão sobre o gráfico, de forma geral, caminhando para o caso grego. Por fim, a apresentação de questões gráficas e relacionadas, próprias da documentação selecionada; bem como um estudo de caso: as ânforas panatenaicas / This work deals with the interaction between written and figurative languages in the general debate, but concentrates in the Greek experience about this subject. Therefore, we will begin with the ancient understanding of this approach; the graphical aspects present at Attic decorated ceramics of the archaic period will be pursued (due to the fact that these graphical aspects conceptually included writing and drawing, as it is indicated by the verb graphêin). Questions about the relationship between written and material sources in the archaeological research will be also considered. Structurally, this text is divided in theoretical-methodological questions about the nature of the documentation discussed in the field of Historical Archaeology and Greek Epigraphy and the justifications of time and space limits. After that, it is also included a general debate over the graphic, restricting to the Greek example. Finally, there will be a presentation of graphical questions and the ones related to the chosen documentation, as well as a case study: the panathenaic amphorae.

L’objectif de cette étude régionale est de mobiliser la documentation épigraphique locale pour tenter d’appréhender la société chypriote de l’époque hellénistique et les enjeux internes de l’administration lagide. Elle s’inscrit en cela dans la continuité des travaux récents dans le domaine des études chypriotes. L’intégration profonde de Chypre dans la koinè politique et culturelle hellénistique est l’une des principales conséquences de la domination lagide sur Chypre. Parmi les marqueurs importants de l’intégration de l’île dans ce milieu culturel commun, l’adoption de la rhétorique honorifique propre aux cités grecques est particulièrement significative. La mise en évidence d’une notabilité locale constitue un des enjeux principaux de cette étude. L’importance des traditions religieuses dans la société chypriote, l’implantation manifeste des Ptolémées et de leurs représentants dans les grands sanctuaires, invitent également à analyser en détail les relations d’emprise mutuelle décelées entre les cultes locaux et les souverains lagides. L’étude de la représentation honorifique des Ptolémées se révèle, sur ce point, capitale. La longue période hellénistique de Chypre semble in fine s’insérer de façon cohérente dans le système politique et administratif local, fondé de façon traditionnelle sur la coexistence d’un roi et de cités. Les modalités de la négociation entamée par les cités chypriotes avec le pouvoir lagide, si elles ne sont pas entièrement élucidées par la lecture du corpus épigraphique, relèvent d’une interprétation locale, ouverte et affirmée de la relation entre les poleis et les souverains à l’époque hellénistique. / This regional study focuses on Cypriot epigraphic evidence in order to understand the Hellenistic Cypriot society and the local issues of the Ptolemaic administration. The in-depth integration of Cyprus into the Hellenistic political and cultural koine is one of the major consequences of the Ptolemaic conquest. The adoption of common Greek honorific practices is one of the most evident indicators of this process. This study first highlights the presence and the activity of a local elite. The importance of religious traditions in Cyprus, the explicit presence of the Ptolemies and of their officials in the great sanctuaries of the island, encourage to study in detail the relations of reciprocal influence between Cypriot cult and the Ptolemaic kings. The numerous documents regarding the honorary representation of the Ptolemies in Cyprus is crucial. The epigraphical documentation shows the dialogue between local elites and the Ptolemaic administration. The long Hellenistic period of Cyprus seems in fine to fit into the local political and administrative system, traditionally based on the joint existence of king and cities. The subtleties of the negotiation initiated by the Cypriot cities with the Ptolemaic power, though they are not fully elucidated by the epigraphic evidence, prove to be the results of a local, open and self-aware interpretation of the relationship between the poleis and the Ptolemaic kings.

Esta dissertação trata da interação entre linguagem escrita e figurativa, aproveitando um debate geral, mas concentra-se na experiência grega sobre o tema. Assim, partindo da compreensão antiga dessa aproximação, serão perseguidos os aspectos gráficos (que integravam conceitualmente escrita e desenho - como indica o verbo graphêin), presentes na cerâmica ática ornamentada do período arcaico. Questões sobre a articulação de fontes escritas e materiais na pesquisa arqueológica também serão tratadas. Estruturalmente, este texto se divide em questões teórico-metodológicas relativas à natureza da documentação e seu tratamento no campo da Arqueologia Histórica e Epigrafia; e as justificativas das delimitações espaço-temporais. Depois, uma discussão sobre o gráfico, de forma geral, caminhando para o caso grego. Por fim, a apresentação de questões gráficas e relacionadas, próprias da documentação selecionada; bem como um estudo de caso: as ânforas panatenaicas / This work deals with the interaction between written and figurative languages in the general debate, but concentrates in the Greek experience about this subject. Therefore, we will begin with the ancient understanding of this approach; the graphical aspects present at Attic decorated ceramics of the archaic period will be pursued (due to the fact that these graphical aspects conceptually included writing and drawing, as it is indicated by the verb graphêin). Questions about the relationship between written and material sources in the archaeological research will be also considered. Structurally, this text is divided in theoretical-methodological questions about the nature of the documentation discussed in the field of Historical Archaeology and Greek Epigraphy and the justifications of time and space limits. After that, it is also included a general debate over the graphic, restricting to the Greek example. Finally, there will be a presentation of graphical questions and the ones related to the chosen documentation, as well as a case study: the panathenaic amphorae.

This dissertation identifies and addresses key issues in Septuagint lexicography using case studies from the Greek version of Judges. The first chapter outlines the state of the question on the textual history of Judges in Hebrew and Greek, and also presents my lexicographical method and related matters. Chapter two surveys the history of Septuagint lexicography. I demonstrate how data about the meaning of Septuagint vocabulary has been insufficiently or in appropriately derived, expressed, and/or documented. I also highlight debates over the nature of post-classical Greek and the language of the Septuagint, which has predisposed scholars against viewing the Septuagint corpus as part of post-classical Greek in general. By pointing out methodological flaws that have plagued Septuagint lexicography-as well as theoretical problems in a Hebrew-priority view of the language-I argue for a Greek-priority view that evaluates Septuagint vocabulary in light of contemporary sources and emphasizes the importance of documentary evidence. The following chapters provide case studies from Greek Judges that demonstrate the benefits of a Greek-priority view. Many cases of consistent vocabulary disagreement in the textual history of the book cannot be explained on the basis of the Hebrew text nor given the data available in current lexicons. Examination of post-classical Greek evidence demonstrates that the motivation for the language change is multifaceted, but clearly includes matters of style and semantics in Greek independent from the source text. Chapter three focuses on παρατάσσω and παράταξις; chapter four on παιδάριον, παιδίον, νεανίας, and νεάνισκος; and chapter five on ἀπάντησις and συνάντησις. Each chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the evidence for Septuagint lexicography, the motivation underlying the revision of Greek Judges, and the potential of Septuagint vocabulary to inform Greek lexicography in general. Chapter six summarizes my lexical analysis and discusses the benefits of a Greek-priority approach and its value for Septuagint lexicography. I posit a time-frame for the translation and revision of Greek Judges based on linguistic evidence. I conclude by emphasizing the need for renewed efforts in Septuagint lexicography to incorporate literary and nonliterary post-classical Greek sources. To address this need, I provide several sample lexicon entries for words discussed in the preceding study.

La cité de Cyrène offre un visage différent selon le point de vue qu’on adopte pour la considérer : elle est tout à la fois colonie et métropole, tout à la fois capitale régionale de la Cyrénaïque et simple cité du royaume hellénistique des Lagides, tout à la fois cité située aux confins du monde méditerranéen et cité dont la présence en Grèce continentale et en Égée est manifeste.Les études antérieures ayant principalement porté sur l’examen de l’histoire politique de la cité et des modifications du cadre urbain, ce travail se propose donc d’étudier l’évolution du statut de la cité de sa fondation en 631 par des colons venus de Théra à son don par Ptolémée Apion en 96 av. J.-C. à la République romaine, au prisme des relations qu’elle entretint avec le reste du monde grec : nous avons donc cherché Cyrène et les Cyrénéens à l’extérieur de la cité, l’étranger et les étrangers à l’intérieur de la cité, en nous fondant sur les données épigraphiques, numismatiques, papyrologiques et archéologiques. Organisé en trois parties coïncidant avec les trois grandes phases de l’histoire cyrénéenne, ce travail examine les rapports économiques, diplomatiques et culturels existant entre Cyrène et les autres cités grecques et s’attache à en dégager les grandes tendances et à mesurer leur influence sur la cité elle-même. / The city of Cyrene provides different faces depending on the perspective adopted to consider it : it is both a colony and a metropol, both the capital city of Cyrenaica and a mere city in the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies, both a city situated on the borders of the Mediterranean world and a city whose presence incontinental Greece and in Aegea is clear.Since the previous studies focused on the city’s political history and the transformation of the urban landscape, we intend in this work to study the evolution of the city’s status from its foundation in 631 B.C. by colonists fromThera to its gift by Ptolemy Apion to the Roman Republic in 96 B.C., by focusing on the relations which it maintained with the rest of the Greek world : we searched then Cyrene and the Cyrenaeans outside of their city, foreign objects and foreigners inside the city, relying on epigraphical, numismatical, papyrological and archaeological data.Organised in three parts which coincide with the three major phases of Cyrenaean history, this work investigates the economic, diplomatic and cultural relations between Cyrene and the other Greek cities and strives to detect the main trends of those and to measure their influence on the city itself.

Le présent travail est consacré à l’histoire d’une petite cité de Béotie, Chéronée, du haut-archaïsme à l’Empire. Chéronée est surtout connue pour les batailles qui ont eu lieu sur son territoire (ainsi les Grecs coalisés y furent défaits par Philippe de Macédoine en 338 av. J.-C.). Or les sources, notamment épigraphiques, permettent de restituer l’histoire de cette cité de la périphérie occidentale de la Béotie, que la géographie aurait pu rattacher naturellement à la Phocide voisine. On s’est donc interrogé sur la façon dont Chéronée s’est intégrée à l’ethnos béotien et aux structures de la confédération béotienne, dont elle devint un membre de plein droit à la fin du Ve siècle av. J.-C. On a aussi étudié les appartenances politiques successives de Chéronée, de sa soumission à Orchomène, dès l’époque archaïque sans doute, à son intégration dans l’Empire romain. Cité frontalière implantée sur une voie de circulation importante reliant la Grèce centrale à la Grèce du Nord, Chéronée fut en effet projetée, plus brutalement que d’autres cités peut-être, dans la « grande histoire ».L’étude se divise en trois parties. La première est une étude de géographie historique. La deuxième est une étude historique, découpée en quatre chapitres : la naissance de la cité (époque archaïque) ; l’accession de Chéronée au statut de cité indépendante et son intégration à la confédération béotienne (époque classique) ; Chéronée à l’époque du Koinon béotien hellénistique (335-171) ; Chéronée à l’heure de la domination romaine (171 av. J.-C. – IIIe s. ap. J.-C.). La troisième partie présente un catalogue des cultes de Chéronée, qui témoignent aussi de l’histoire et de l’identité de la cité. / This study is devoted to the story of a small Boiotian city, Chaironeia, from archaic to Roman time. Chaironeia is especially well known as a battlefield (for example, the Greeks were defeated there by Philipp of Macedonia in 338 B.C.). The source materials – in particular epigraphic materials – allow us to reconstruct the story of this city, which is situated in the West Boiotian periphery, and which geography could have associated with neighbouring Phocid. So we questioned the way Chaironeia integrated into the Boiotian ethnos and the Boiotian confederation, of which it became a full right member at the end of the 5th century B.C. We also studied its successive political memberships / belongings, from its submission to Orchomenos, probably as soon as archaic time, to its integration into the Roman Empire. As a border city, placed on an important road between Central and Northern Greece, Chaironeia was thrown into « great history », much more than other cities maybe.This study is divided into three parts. The first one is devoted to historical geography. The second one is devoted to the history of Chaironeia and is divided into four chapters : the origins of the city (archaic time) ; Chaironeia becoming an independent city and a member of the Boiotian confederation (classical time) ; Chaironeia at the age of the Boiotian hellenistic confederation (335-171) ; Chaironeia under Roman domination (171 B.C. –3d century A.D.). The third one presents a catalogue of the cults of Chaironeia, which also attest to the history and identity of the city.

L’image que la littérature grecque donne des femmes est souvent négative et l’idéal féminin qui s’en dégage est celui d’une femme silencieuse et peu visible. Or, s’il est vrai que la femme a une place assez réduite dans la cité, elle joue néanmoins un rôle important par ses activités religieuses. L’étude, en s’attachant au facteur socialisant qu’est la pratique rituelle pour les femmes, a alors pour but de montrer le contrôle des rituels féminins par les hommes en confrontant la réglementation qui encadre les femmes à leur représentation littéraire. La recherche vise ainsi à délimiter la place des femmes dans l’espace sacré, en tentant de dégager leur rôle et les règles qu’elles doivent suivre (accès aux sanctuaires, funérailles, participation aux rituels) ; mais elle s’attache aussi aux magistratures religieuses féminines. C’est donc aussi la question de l’implication des femmes dans la cité, par leurs activités rituelles, les magistratures et l’évergétisme, et celle de la « citoyenneté » des femmes qui sont abordées. Un volume d’annexes regroupe le corpus des documents épigraphiques –textes et traductions– utilisés dans ce travail. / Greek literature often gives a pejorative image of women and presents an idealised woman whose qualities are silence and invisibility. If it is true that women had quite a reduced place in Greek city, nevertheless they played an important role through their religious activities. This study, which pays particular attention to the social implications of ritual practices, aims to examin the masculine control over feminine rituals by comparing the rules supervising women with their literary representation.The research intends to establish the woman's place in sacred locations and tries to outline their role and the rules they had to follow (access to sanctuaries, funerals, participation in rituals). It also focuses on religious feminine magistrates. It therefore also deals with the implication of women in cities through their citizenship, ritual activity, office and evergetism. A supplementary volume collects the corpus of epigraphic inscriptions, texts and translations used in this work.

No description available.

Le recensement provincial est une institution centrale de l’Empire romain. Né avec le Principat, il était destiné à estimer les ressources humaines et matérielles des territoires sous domination romaine, et s’est imposé comme la clé de voûte de la fiscalité provinciale. Néanmoins, il demeure mal connu. Cette situation vient de la faiblesse numérique des sources et de leur nature. En dehors de l'Égypte, les cens provinciaux sont essentiellement connus grâce à des inscriptions dédiées aux sénateurs et chevaliers ayant participé à ces opérations. Pour étudier le recensement à l'échelle de l'empire, il nous donc a paru nécessaire de diversifier les points de vue et de ne pas nous limiter à l'approche la plus fréquemment adoptée dans les études consacrées au census, l'analyse prosopographique. Bien que cette dernière s'impose comme la plus naturelle étant donné la nature de la documentation qui nous est parvenue, elle limite le champ d'étude aux seules provinces dans lesquelles sont attestés des censiteurs impériaux et peine à rendre compte de la logique d'ensemble de l'institution comme des modalités selon lesquelles l'information était collectée. Notre objectif était d'écrire une histoire fiscale et politique du recensement, mais aussi une histoire de ses procédures et non pas seulement de ses agents. Nous avons donc choisi d’élargir l’angle d’approche et d'inclure dans notre corpus toutes les sources littéraires, papyrologiques et juridiques susceptibles de nous éclairer sur cette institution. La première partie est consacrée aux aspects fiscaux et tente de comprendre le fonctionnement de l’impôt provincial. Dans quelles mesures le recensement se prêtait-il à la collecte des informations nécessaires à la levée des tributa ? La deuxième s'intéresse au déroulement des opérations dans les diverses provinces. Notre objectif est d'identifier les différents niveaux de collecte de l'information tout en rendant compte des différences régionales dont témoignent les sources. Au coeur de cette partie se trouve une réflexion sur la complémentarité entre le niveau local et le niveau provincial et sur les documents qui étaient produits aux divers échelons. Enfin, nous abordons dans un troisième temps les aspects institutionnels et politiques afin de comprendre dans quelles mesures cette institution était caractéristique du nouveau régime qui vit le jour avec Auguste. Cette partie est également consacrée à l'étude des relations entre les agents en charge des opérations et les provinciaux qui y étaient soumis. / The provincial census is a key institution of the Roman Empire. Instituted by the first Princeps, Augustus, it was aimed at estimating the human and material resources of the territories which were under Roman control, and thus proved to be a cornerstone of the Roman fiscal system. Nevertheless, it remains mostly unknown to this date, which can be explained by the lack of sources and by their nature: apart from Egypt, provincial censuses are mostly attested through inscriptions dedicated to senators and knights who took part in these operations. In this dissertation, we chose to tackle the subject from novel perspectives and not to limit ourselves to the prosopographic approach that remains so far the most frequently adopted one. Despite its relevance given the nature of the sources, it restricts the study to the provinces in which census officials are known, and fails to give a comprehensive idea of the institution and of the methods through which information was collected. Our goal was not only to write a fiscal and political history of the census, but also to describe its process and identify its agents. To this end were included into our corpus all the literary, papyrological and juridical sources that might improve our understanding of this institution. Firstly, we focused on the two main provincial taxes, i.e. tributum soli and tributum capitis, in order to describe the fiscal system at work in the provinces and to identify the criteria on which these tributa were imposed. Secondly, we studied the way information was collected during the census. Our goal was to unravel the levels (local, provincial) through which data transited, their interactions, and the documents each one of them produced. At the same time, we wanted to emphasize the differences that existed between provinces, and to explain them. Finally, we addressed the institutional and political aspects of the provincial census: to what extent was this institution representative of the new regime that appeared with Augustus, and an opportunity for the provincials to initiate a dialog with the Princeps through his representatives?