Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Before, understood as a space for discussion and limited to people qualified to represent other individuals, today the public sphere has expanded and it allows more people to participate in the deliberative process of decision making. The media have enhanced the change, through their strategic social mediation, as do social movements involved in this process, which seek to support people so that they engage themselves for a cause and thus may widen the discussion on an issue. Likewise, social movements develop strategies so that their objectives have visibility in the media, by spectacular activists actions, for example. Thus being placed, social movements give visibility to their scope of work and, through the circularity of ideas, generate debate the matters in question in the public sphere. Thus, the paper aims to understand how the activists strategies of Greenpeace collaborate in expanding the debate in the public sphere on the environment. The goal is to analyze how the activists strategies of Greenpeace expand and contribute in sustaining the debate in the public sphere in relation to the environment. It is therefore proposed to verify the three major newspapers in Brazil, in 2010, to identify in these newspapers and the institutional site of Greenpeace, as activists echo the strategies developed by the organization about their scopes of work in Brazil in the first half of 2011, and from there, build theoretical support for the field of communication from the analysis. The methodology used is content analysis and technical analysis categories, according Bardin (1977). The corpus of the research is delimited to the news regarding the activists actions of Greenpeace held in Brazil in the first half of 2011, for the five scopes of work developed by the organization in the country and comments made by readers in available spaces regarding these matters, if they exist. The subjects were drawn from three major newspapers in Brazil and the site of Greenpeace. According to the contents of Circulation Control Institute (CCI), published by the National Newspaper Association (NNA), newspapers are: Super Notícia (MG), Folha de São Paulo (SP) and O Globo (RJ), respectively, as the top three. Although they are different vehicles in their logical production and functionality, was aim to verify how the assumptions of visibility and debate necessary for the formation of public sphere, are present in these vehicles from their agendas for the actions of Greenpeace. According to the analysis, one can perceive that the organization can sustain the debates in the public sphere to give visibility to their actions and generate debate about them. / Antes, entendida como um espaço físico de discussão e limitada às pessoas habilitadas a representar os demais indivíduos, hoje, a esfera pública ampliou-se e possibilita que mais pessoas possam participar do processo deliberativo de tomada de decisões. Os meios de comunicação têm potencializado a mudança, através de sua mediação social estratégica, assim como o fazem os movimentos sociais envolvidos neste processo, os quais buscam dar suporte aos cidadãos a fim de que eles engajem-se por uma causa e, dessa forma, possam ampliar o espaço de discussão sobre determinado assunto. Da mesma forma, os movimentos sociais criam estratégias para que os seus objetivos tenham visibilidade na mídia, por meio de ações ativistas espetaculares, por exemplo. Assim posto, os movimentos sociais dão visibilidade aos seus escopos de trabalho e, por meio da circularidade de ideias, geram discutibilidade dos assuntos em questão na esfera pública. Assim sendo, a problemática deste trabalho pretende entender como as estratégias ativistas do Greenpeace colaboram na ampliação do debate, na esfera pública, sobre o meio ambiente. O objetivo é analisar como as estratégias ativistas do Greenpeace contribuem na ampliação e na sustentação do debate, na esfera pública, em relação ao meio ambiente. Para tanto, propõe-se verificar os três jornais de maior circulação no Brasil, em 2010; identificar, nestes jornais e no site institucional do Greenpeace, como repercutem as estratégias ativistas desenvolvidas pela organização sobre os seus escopos de trabalho, no Brasil, no primeiro semestre de 2011; e, a partir daí, construir subsídios teóricos para o campo da comunicação a partir da análise realizada. A metodologia utilizada é a análise de conteúdo e a técnica, a análise categorial, conforme as compreendem Bardin (1977). O corpus de pesquisa delimita-se às notícias relativas às ações ativistas do Greenpeace realizadas no Brasil, no primeiro semestre de 2011, referentes aos cinco escopos de trabalho desenvolvidos pela organização no país e aos comentários feitos por leitores nos espaços disponíveis para manifestação a respeito destas matérias, quando existirem. As matérias foram extraídas dos três jornais de maior circulação no Brasil e do site do Greenpeace. De acordo com os índices do Instituto Verificador de Circulação (IVC), divulgados pela Associação Nacional de Jornais (ANJ), os jornais são: Super Notícia (MG), Folha de São Paulo (SP) e O Globo (RJ), respectivamente, como os três primeiros colocados. Embora sejam veículos completamente distintos em suas lógicas de produção e funcionalidade, almeja-se verificar como as premissas da visibilidade e da discutibilidade, necessárias à formação da esfera pública, estão presentes nestes veículos a partir de suas pautas referentes às ações ativistas do Greenpeace. De acordo com as análises, pôde-se perceber que a organização consegue sustentar os debates na esfera pública ao dar visibilidade às suas ações e gerar discutibilidade sobre elas.

Esta dissertação tem como tema a relação entre o potencial de comunicação da Internet e seu uso pela sociedade civil organizada. A proposta emerge das discussões acerca do paradigma da comunicação em rede, instaurado a partir da década de 90, que contempla posições tão díspares, como a visão dos entusiastas das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) que a compreendem como um meio revolucionário e democrático; e a perspectiva de outros teóricos, para os quais a rede é apenas mais um meio de comunicação que replica a ideologia do sistema econômico vigente. Para estudar um aspecto da relação entre Internet e sociedade organizada, foi escolhido como objeto de estudo a organização não-governamental Greenpeace, entidade civil criada no Canadá, em 1971, que conta com escritórios no Brasil desde 1992. Com esse recorte busca-se atingir o objetivo geral deste trabalho que é investigar como se dá o ativismo do Greenpeace através da rede, especificamente por meio do site do Greenpeace Brasil (www.greenpeace.org.br) / The topic of this dissertation is the relation between the Internets potential of communication and its use by the organized civil society. The purpose originated from some discussions about paradigm of the communication at net, emerged in the 90s and which include significantly different points of view, like the enthusiastic theoretics of Information and Communication Technologies which understand the Internet like the revolutionary and democratic medium; and others which see the Internet like the medium that also reinforce the present economic system ideologys. In order to study an aspect of the relationship between the Internet and the civil society, it was selected the non governmental organization Greenpeace, founded at Canada, in 1971, which hold offices in Brazil since 1992. The general purpose of this dissertation is to investigate like is o activism of Greenpeace by the Internet, specially by the website Brazil Greenpeace (www.greenpeace.org.br)

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Ball State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 07, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-117).

This thesis examines how non-governmental organisations (NGOs) claim legitimacy in the UK national context with the aim of increasing the understanding of how NGOs’ access to power is justified. The thesis argues that the limits of current theories on NGOs and legitimacy do not enable proper scrutiny of the organisational complexities involved and proposes that Beetham’s approach to legitimacy is more fruitful. A Beethamite analysis is based on scrutinising NGOs’ legitimacy-in-context. This involves examining NGOs’ normative structures and internal organisation of power in order to explain and assess their legitimacy claims. It explores the legitimacy claims of three UK NGOs by applying a Beethamite analysis to interrogate their legitimacy claims. The NGOs that are my unit of analysis are enmeshed in complex organisational hierarchies that extend beyond the UK territory. Understanding the internal organisation of power in these hierarchies is important for identifying legitimacy sources that underpin NGOs’ legitimacy claims. The three NGOs are Amnesty International UK, Greenpeace UK and Cafod. The case study of Amnesty International UK shows how the legitimation of power is justified internally where the members of the UK section legitimise the representational powers of the International Secretariat. This is contrasted with the normative sources of legitimacy that are more commonly used to justify Amnesty International UK's legitimacy claims and which ignore members as an important source of authority. The analysis in the case study of Greenpeace UK demonstrates how it is a representative unit of Greenpeace International. It also highlights how scientific knowledge has become a legitimacy source that justifies Greenpeace UK's legitimacy claims with implications for how to assess their legitimacy claims. The case study of Cafod analyses how Cafod claims legitimacy as a Catholic agency and how it is institutionally embedded in the Holy See. Cafod is primarily a social agency of the Catholic Church in England and Wales. The case study demonstrates how Cafod's sources of legitimacy are primarily Catholic and that this causes legitimacy problems when Cafod uses secular rather than theological sources of legitimacy to justify its policies. One of the main conclusions of the thesis is that a differentiated approach is needed for analysing NGOs’ legitimacy claims, one that takes into consideration the context of NGOs’ legitimacy claims, their internal process of legitimation and their sources of legitimacy, when assessing their access to power. The lack of an appropriate regulatory framework, and in particular the systematic exclusion of politically oriented NGOs by UK regulators, hinders the advancement of proper assessment and understanding of NGOs’ role in society.

I denna uppsats har miljöorganisationerna Naturskyddsföreningen, Greenpeace Sverige och Världsnaturfonden WWFs perspektiv på plastfrågansamt arbetssätt identifierats och analyserats. Detta har utförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt med en kompletterandesemistrukturerad intervjustudie. De tre miljöorganisationernas perspektiv kring plastfrågan skiljer sig åt. Naturskyddsföreningen ser på plastfråganfrämst ur ett perspektiv där fokusen finns på de negativa effekterna som plast och plastkemikalierna bidrar med till människors hälsa, där barnenshälsa är det främsta fokusområdet. Greenpeace Sverige ser på plastfrågan ur ett perspektiv där fokusen finns på både de farliga effekterna somplasten och plastkemikalierna bidrar med till människors hälsa men även på dess negativa effekter på havens ekosystem och de marina djurarterna.Världsnaturfonden WWF ser på plastfrågan ur ett perspektiv där fokusen finns på de negativa effekterna plasten och plastkemikalierna ger påhavens ekosystem och de marina djurarterna. Samtliga av de tre organisationerna arbetar genom att utföra kampanjer, ta fram underlag och föradialoger med politiker. Den organisationen som främst skiljer sig i arbetssätt från de övriga två är Greenpeace Sverige. Greenpeace använder sigäven av aktioner, protester och demonstrationer, främst mot företag. Naturskyddsföreningen och Världsnaturfonden WWF är inte aktivistbaseradeorganisationer och använder sig inte av dessa arbetssätt. Det som samtliga av dessa tre organisationer strävar efter och vill uppnå är en ändradlagstiftning där politikerna och industrierna tar ett större ansvar gällande plastproblematiken. / In this essay have the environmental organizations, Naturskyddsföreningen, Greenpeace Sweden and Världsnaturfonden WWF’s perspective onthe plastic issue and working methods regarding this issue been identified and analyzed. This has been done using a qualitative content analysis aswell as a supplementary semistructured interview study. The three environmental organizations’ perspective on the plastic issue is different foreach organization. Naturskyddsföreningen sees on the plastic issue primarily from a perspective where the focus is on the negative effects thatplastic and the chemicals in plastic contribute to the human health, where children’s health is the main focus area. Greenpeace Sweden sees on theplastic issue from a perspective where the focus is on both the dangerous effects that plastic and the chemicals in plastic contribute to the humanhealth, but also it’s negative effects on the marine ecosystems and the marine species. Världsnaturfonden WWF sees on the plastic issue from aperspective where the focus is on the negative effects the plastic and the chemicals in plastic have on the marine ecosystems and the marinespecies. All of the three organizations uses working methods where they conduct campaigns, develop evidence and conduct dialogs withpoliticians. The organization that differs mainly from the two other organizations regarding working methods is Greenpeace Sweden. GreenpeaceSweden also uses actions, protests and demonstrations, primarily against companies. Naturskyddsföreningen and Världsnaturfonden WWF arenon-activist organizations and do not use these kinds of working methods. What all three of these organizations aim for and want to achieve is achanged legislation in which politicians and the industry take a greater responsibility for the plastic issue