由實務現象可觀察到有愈來愈多的企業採取在同一個產品類別裡，推出多個品牌的模式，亦即以品牌組合的策略來和競爭對手抗衡。而進一步分析這些擁有多個品牌的企業歷史可發現有三項因素會影響到其品牌組合的內涵，即其所採行的企業成長策略、所累積的企業品牌之品牌權益，以及品牌組合所欲追求的目標。 本研究以三種企業成長策略：密集式、整合式、多角化，與五項目標追求：綜效、槓桿運用品牌資產、維持和消費者的相關性、打造強勢品牌、創造產品的明確性，分別檢視六家多品牌企業的品牌組合內涵。 研究方法採用個案研究法，選定六家個案企業：黑松、味全、王品、花王、郭元益、豐田等進行深入訪談並蒐集各類型的次級資料，整理出各個品牌的市場表現及形成背景，還有目前各企業品牌的品牌權益表現，以及從創立到現在採行過的成長策略、策略選擇的背景、所要追求的目標，以及達成的效果；此外更進一步了解個案企業如何將有限資源分配到各品牌以及各品牌如何發揮其角色與功能。 研究發現：(1)成長策略會直接影響品牌組合策略之內涵;(2)「成長策略影響品牌組合策略」之關係會受到企業品牌之品牌權益調節；(3)品牌組合目標之設定有優先順序之別；(4)企業的成長策略會直接影響品牌組合目標之達成；(5)品牌組合目標會直接影響品牌組合策略之內涵；(6)品牌組合目標之追求會直接影響企業成長策略之選擇；(7)企業品牌擔任背書品牌的前提為企業品牌擁有高品牌知名度與極佳的知覺品質認知；(8)形成「共同推動之副品牌」的前提為此副品牌擁有高品牌知名度與極佳的知覺品質認知；(9)主品牌、副品牌、品牌差異者、策略性品牌、增色品牌、品牌活化者愈多時，愈能提升企業品牌之品牌知名度；(10)一企業採行密集式之成長策略有先後關係。 / From practice can observe there is more and more companies take multi-brand strategy in a single product category. In other words, they compete with others by brand portfolio strategy. Further analyze these companies can find there are three factors will influence the content of their brand portfolio strategy: corporate growth strategy, brand equity of corporate brand, and the brand portfolio objectives. This study is trying to examine the content of brand portfolio strategy of six multi-brand companies with three kind’s corporate growth strategy: intensive, integrative, and diversification. And with five types of brand portfolio objectives: synergy, leverage, relevance, strong brand and clarity. This investigation is based on a case study research. The cases include Hey-Song, Wei-Chuan, Wang-Steak, Kao, Kuo-Yuan-Ye, and Toyota. By depth interview and gathering multi-kinds of secondary data, the study gets each company’s contents of brand portfolio, such as current performance, background, brand equity, corporate growth strategy, and brand portfolio objectives. Besides, this study also finds out each case how to allocate the limited resource and how to define each brand’s role and function. The result reveals: (1) growth strategy will directly influence the content of brand portfolio strategy; (2) the relationship between growth strategy and brand portfolio will be adjusted by equity of corporate brand; (3) the brand portfolio objectives have priority; (4) growth strategy will directly influence the effectiveness of brand portfolio objectives; (5) brand portfolio objectives will directly influence the content of brand portfolio strategy; (6) brand portfolio objectives will directly influence the choosing of growth strategy; (7)the premise of corporate brand as endorser brand is that the corporate brand owns high brand awareness and excellent quality perception; (8)the premise of being co-brands is this sub-brand owned high brand awareness and excellent quality perception; (9)the more master brand, sub-brand, brand differentiation, strategic brand, silver brand or brand energizer, the higher brand awareness of corporate brand will be; (10) there is priority when a company taking intensive corporate growth strategy.

The theoretical part of diploma thesis is aimed at breeding, growth and molting events in crayfish. Thesis is also aimed at life cycle and reproduction of three indigenous crayfish species (Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius torrentium, Pontastacus leptodactylus) and two introduced crayfish species (Faxonius limosus, Pacifastacus leniusculus). The results show apparent linear dependence between female size (POCL), abdomen surface (1M: y = -1061,2 + 65,4*x; r2 = 0,9829; p10-5; 2M: y = -1160,4 + 68,7*x; r2 = 0,8732; p < 10-5) and fertility (1M: y = -194,4 + 12,8*x; r2 = 0,4104 p = 0,0042; y = -330.9 + 15,9*x; r2 = 0.4372; p < 10-4) in once (1M) and twice (2M) molted females. As the length of carapax increase, the area of the abdomen increase and fertility increase in both groups of females. Furthermore, the differences in fertility, carapax length, abdomen surface, and weights in once and twice molted females of signal crayfish. In group of once molted females fertility (t-test, t = -3.12, p = 0.003), carapax length (t-test, t = -3.17, p = 0.003) = -3.24; p = 0.002) and the weight (t-test, t = -3.35; p = 0.002) was higher than in twice molted group of female. Consequentially evaluation of egg size of females. The size of the eggs did not differ between groups of females (1M and 2M) (t-test, t = -0.975, p = 0.335). The mean egg size for both groups of females was 2.71 ? 0.18 mm. Evaluation of post-ovulation conditions of the ovary, including visible signs of females that resorbed unovulated oocytes. Evaluating how much unovulated oocytes were found in the ovaries. Only in 46.4% of the total number of females were ovaries completely empty. In once and twice molted females were found in average 2.2 ? 3.8 and 1.9 ? 2.6. unovulated oocytes, respectively. In once molted, three females didn't lay eggs, two females lost the clutch of eggs. In twice molted females, six females did not lay the eggs and four females lost the clutch.

The diploma thesis deals with a new growth strategy of the company Škoda Auto a.s., which aims to increase sales to over 1.5 mil. cars a year by the year 2018. This growth strategy is based on four pillars: sales over 1.5 million vehicles targeting on EU and RIC-markets, profitability and financial strength, strategic "spearhead" focused on price/value, practicality and spaciousness and eventually top employer with global talent pool. The goal is to analyze the whole growth strategy. The work is divided into three chapters. The introductory chapter focuses on an automotive history. The second chapter deals with the current situation of the automotive industry and the last part analyzes the particular pillars of the new growth strategy.

La hauteur des arbres est un trait écologique majeur représentant l'intensité de la compétition pour la lumière. De plus, la croissance des arbres est le résultat de multiples compromis afin de maintenir leur orientation verticale et leur stabilité mécanique tout en assurant les autres fonctions écophysiologiques. Le contrôle de l'orientation de la croissance est réalisé par deux mécanismes: la croissance différentielle au niveau du méristème apical et la formation de bois de réaction au cours de la croissance secondaire. Cependant, la modélisation simultanée de la croissance et des rétroactions biomécaniques dépasse le cadre classique de la mécanique des structures. En effet, le concept de configuration de référence devient imprécis dû à l'apparition de nouveaux points matériels libres de contraintes sur une surface déformée au cours de la croissance. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau formalisme mathématique est proposé à partir de la théorie des poutres et modélise simultanément les effets de la croissance et de la biomécanique de l'arbre. Afin de résoudre le système d'équations aux dérivées partielles, de nouvelles méthodes numériques sont développées et tiennent compte de la dépendance entre l'espace et le temps. Enfin, deux problèmes de contrôle optimal sont analysés, modélisant les stratégies d'allocation dynamique de la biomasse pour la croissance primaire et secondaire, en fonction de différents contextes écologiques. Ce travail offre de nouvelles perspectives sur les mathématiques de la mécanique de la croissance et ses applications en biologie. / Height is a major ecological trait for growing trees, representing the intensity for light competition. Moreover, tree height results from a trade-off between different functions, including tree mechanical stability. Trees develop growth strategies to maintain their vertical orientation and mechanical stability, in addition to other ecophysiological functions, through differential primary growth near the shoot apical meristem and formation of reaction wood during secondary growth. However, this coupling is a problematic issue since the progressive addition of new material on an existing deformed body makes the definition of a reference configuration unclear. This thesis presents a new mathematical framework for rod theory modelling simultaneously the interactions between the growth process and tree biomechanics. In order to solve the obtained system of partial differential equations, new numerical methods are developed and take into account the dependence between space and time, which is a specific feature of surface growth problems. Finally, the present work addresses the mathematical formulation of two optimal control problems characterising tree's growth strategies. Growth strategies are analysed with respect to the ecological context, through two variables, which are the ratio of biomass allocated to primary growth and the distribution of biomass allocated to secondary growth along the growing stem. This work gives new insights to the mathematical framework of surface growth mechanics and its applications in biology.

[pt] Transformação Digital deveria estar na pauta de praticamente todas as discussões estratégicas das empresas hoje em dia. Não se trata apenas de tecnologia da informação, mas também de um tema multidisciplinar que, sob a ótica da estratégia empresarial, face às profundas mudanças nas relações com clientes, fornecedores e concorrentes, muitas vezes resulta em ações inovadoras e, em muitos casos, até mesmo na reinvenção do próprio negócio da empresa. Nesse contexto, essa pesquisa qualitativa visou identificar o estágio de maturidade de transformação digital de uma empresa nacional de tecnologia, de acordo com uma série de fatores e direcionadores propostos por modelos teóricos da literatura pesquisada, tais como: a intensidade do uso de tecnologias digitais, o grau de digitalização dos concorrentes, o comportamento digital do cliente, as estratégias dos gestores, a estrutura organizacional, a cultura organizacional, o grau de investimento em novas tecnologias, entre outros. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com roteiro semiestruturado, que nortearam o estudo de caso, com 12 colaboradores que ocupavam cargos distintos em diferentes posições hierárquicas na companhia. O material das entrevistas foi submetido à análise de conteúdo e discutido com a literatura pesquisada. Concluiu-se que os modelos teóricos considerados e a pesquisa de campo realizada mostraram-se adequados à realidade da empresa, ajudando a diagnosticar sua situação atual e sugerindo caminhos de continuidade na sua jornada de transformação digital. / [en] Digital Transformation should be on the agenda of virtually every strategic discussion in companies today. It is not just about information technology, but also about a multidisciplinary issue that, from the perspective of business strategy, in the face of profound changes in relationships with customers, suppliers and competitors, often results in innovative actions and, in many cases, even in the reinvention of the company s own business. In this context, this qualitative research aimed to identify the stage of digital transformation maturity of a middle-sized brazillian national company, according to a series of factors and drivers proposed by theoretical models of the researched literature, such as: the intensity of the use of digital technologies , the degree of digitalization of competitors, the customer s digital behavior, the manager s strategies, the organizational structure, the organizational culture, the degree of investment in new technologies, among others. In-depth interviews were carried out with a semi-structured script, which guided the case study, with 12 employees who occupied different positions in different hierarchical levels in the company. The material from the interviews was submitted to content analysis and discussed with the researched literature. It was concluded that the theoretical models considered and the field research carried out proved to be adequate to the company s reality, helping to diagnose its current situation and suggesting paths for continuity in its digital transformation journey.

Med ökande globalisering, digitalisering och internationell konkurrens tvingas företag hitta nya sätt genom vilka de kan skapa, leverera och appropriera värde på för att vara fortsatt konkurrenskraftiga på en allt tuffare marknad. Ett koncept kopplat till detta, och vars förekomst blivit allt vanligare, är tjänstefiering och i synnerhet Product-as-a-Service (PaaS). Dock förutsätter detta i vissa fall kostsamma investeringar. Lantbruk är ett exempel på en kapitalkrävande bransch inom vilken PaaS inte är nämnvärt etablerat men där potentialen är desto större. Majoriteten av de publicerade studierna om tjänstefiering tar dock ett inside-out- perspektiv, det vill säga att företagets förutsättningar att leverera ett PaaS-erbjudande undersöks först. Dock har ingen korrelation mellan tjänstefiering och lönsamhet identifierats. Denna studie tar, i kontrast till dessa tidigare studier, ett outside-in-perspektiv och undersöker således efterfrågan och behovet av PaaS på marknaden i första hand. Denna fallstudie syftar till att undersöka huruvida tjänstefiering systematiskt kan användas som en tillväxtstrategi för Väderstad och i sådant fall vilken affärsmodells-rekonfiguration detta skulle kräva.  Denna fallstudie bygger dels på en kvalitativ litteraturstudie, dels på en kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjustudie, vilka har kompletterat varandra och bearbetats på ett abduktivt vis för att på bästa sätt kunna besvara studiens syfte. I studien undersöks teoretiska drivkrafter för och barriärer mot PaaS ur både ett kund- och leverantörsperspektiv i syfte att kunna jämföra dessa med empiriska data inhämtade från intervjustudien. Vidare studeras marknaden i syfte att ta fram relevanta marknadssegment till vilka ett PaaS-erbjudande kan anpassas och väntas bli framgångsrikt. Som komplement till detta genomfördes även en kartläggning av företagets nuvarande affärsmodell liksom en hypotetisk konstruktion av den potentiella affärsmodell som skulle krävas för att erbjuda PaaS. För att kunna analysera insamlade data på ett systematiskt sätt konstrueras en analysmodell genom vilken teoretiskt och empiriskt material jämförs och bearbetas på ett abduktivt sätt.  Studien visar på att det finns betydande drivkrafter för ett PaaS-erbjudande ur både ett kund- och leverantörsperspektiv men att det i dagsläget också förekommer flertalet barriärer mot PaaS. För att avgöra huruvida ett PaaS-erbjudande kan komma att bli framgångsrikt eller inte krävs dock att frågan undersöks utifrån ett marknadsperspektiv. Ett PaaS-erbjudande bedöms kunna bli framgångsrikt om det riktas till rätt kundsegment och anpassas därefter för att på bästa sätt möta de olika kundsegmentens respektive behov. Detta förutsatt att vissa rekonfigurationer av affärsmodellen genomförs. Från studiens resultat framgår således att PaaS kan användas som en tillväxtstrategi för att nå helt nya kunder, men framgår även att en PaaS-modell kan nyttjas för att skapa en mer lönsam affär runt den redan existerande kundbasen. Genom att kombinera en outside-in-analys med en marknadssegmenteringsstrategi kan mer exakta kundsegment identifieras och således även mer exakta erbjudanden anpassas, vilket i sin tur visar på den affärsmodellsrekonfiguration som förutsätts för en PaaS-implementation. Sammantaget bekräftar studien att det inte finns en allmängiltig koppling mellan tjänstefiering och lönsamhet, men påvisar samtidigt att det på ett systematiskt sätt går att undersöka om det är en lämplig strategi eller inte för ett visst företag. / With the ever-increasing globalisation and digitalisation, companies are forced to develop new ways in which they create, deliver, and appropriate value to stay competitive as international competition grows more substantial. One solution becoming more and more common is servitization, and particularly the concept of Product-as-a-Service (PaaS). However, in some cases, this requires heavy financial investments. Agriculture is one example of a capital- intensive industry in which PaaS is not yet particularly well-established, but where the potential is all the greater. Most of the published studies about servitisation is based on an inside-out- perspective where it primarily is the company’s capability to deliver a PaaS-offer that is being investigated. However, no correlation between servitisation and profitability has been identified. In contrast to this previous research, this study is based on an outside-in-perspective and thus primarily investigates the market demand and need of PaaS. The aim of this study is to investigate whether servitisation can be used in a systematic way as a growth strategy for the case company Väderstad Group, and in that case, what business model reconfiguration this would require.  This study is partly based on a qualitative literature study, partly on a qualitative semi-structured interview study that have been integrated in an abductive process to answer the purpose of the study in an accurate way. Theoretical drivers for and barriers against PaaS are investigated both from a customer and supplier perspective, with the purpose of comparing these with the empirical data collected from the interview study. In addition to this, the market is studied to identify relevant market segments to which a PaaS-offer can be adjusted and expected to become successful. Furthermore, the company’s current business model is mapped out and a hypothetical PaaS-model is constructed. To be able to analyse the collected data in a systematic way, a model of analysis is designed and applied to compare theoretical and empirical material in an abductive manner.  The study shows that there are significant drivers for a PaaS-offer from both a customer- and supplier perspective, but also that there are several barriers against PaaS. To be able to determine whether a PaaS-offer could be successful or not, the question needs to be investigated from a market perspective. A PaaS-offer is deemed to be expected successful if it is aimed at the right customer segment and adjusted accordingly to meet the specific customer profile of the segments respectively. This, however, requires for some reconfiguration of the current business to be done. The results of the study thus show that PaaS can be used as a growth strategy to reach new customers, but it also becomes clear that a PaaS-model can be used to create more profitable business around the already existing customer base. By combining an outside-in-analysis with a market segmentation strategy, more distinct customer segments can be identified, and thus more accurate offers can be created, which in turn imply what business model reconfiguration is needed for the delivery of these offers. In conclusion, the study confirms that there is no general connection between servitisation and profitability, but it shows that it is possible to systematically examine whether it is an appropriate strategy for a specific company in its unique context.

80年代末期，全球經濟中出現一種特殊的國際企業，其在創業初期或在創業很短的時間內就開始涉入國際市場，而且國際化的程度相當高。文獻將這種類型的國際企業稱之為「國際新創事業」 (International New Venture)，同時證實這種新出現的國際企業類型非但不是特例，甚至越來越為普及。由於這類廠商通常規模較小，但卻能成功的在國際市場中與設立已久的大型廠商成功競爭，顯示現象背後必然存在相當值得探討的管理意涵。台灣廠商整體而言具備了兩大特色－高度的國際化及旺盛的創業精神－此二特色正符合學界對國際新創事業的概念性定義。另外由於「國際化」與「創業」領域結合的研究議題在學界正方興未艾，在學界對國際新創事業的認識仍存有落差的情況下，針對台灣國際新創事業之現象，具體描繪這些廠商的輪廓、瞭解這些廠商國際化的績效意涵、探討這些廠商的優勢策略、市場策略及後續成長等議題，在理論及實務上都具有相當重要之意義與價值。 本研究在國際新創事業日益普及，但文獻研究卻相對缺乏的研究背景下，嘗試探討影響國際新創事業績效之因素。本研究先以國際化理論之觀點，發展國際化程度、研發投資及廣告投資對國際新創事業績效影響之相關假說；同時另以創業觀點對台灣國際新創事業進行市場進入策略之分類，發展各種策略型態的報酬與風險關係之假說，並針對廠商脫離創業期之後的策略演化進行描繪。 假說驗證上，本研究以行政院主計處1986、1991及1996年針對製造業抽查的資料庫之資料，進行各項假說驗證。統計實證結果大致支持本研究各項假說，即台灣國際新創事業：(1)國際化程度與績效間，呈先增後減的∩型曲線關係；(2) 研發密集度高於低度國際化廠商的研發密集度；(3) 研發密集度與其績效間，呈先減後增的∪型曲線關係；(4) 採取不同市場進入策略，在績效上無顯著之差異；(5) 採取不同市場進入策略在事業風險上有顯著之差異，「技術創業」廠商的風險最高，「後進模仿創業」廠商的風險最低；然而，有關台灣國際新創事業的廣告密集度與其績效間呈負向線性關係之假說，並未能獲得支持。 除以量化統計方式進行分析外，為進一步瞭解國際新創事業國際化的動態歷程及市場策略的演化軌跡，本研究另以個案研究方式進行相關問題之探討。針對四家個案廠商深度訪談的研究結果，除大致呼應量化分析中的各項假說關係外，另亦呈現部分台灣國際新創事業異於西方文獻所預測及描繪的特點，包括海外投資地理範疇的高度集中、國際化與績效關係轉折點跟海外直接投資 (FDI) 有密切關係、利基能力的建構與台灣產業環境間的配適，以及國際化因素對創業廠商績效的調節作用等。 在理論貢獻上，本研究具體完成影響台灣國際新創事業績效的各項因素之探討，補充過去國際新創事業相關文獻中較為缺乏的規範性意涵。此外，透過橫跨1986-1996年的縱斷面分析，本研究具體呈現台灣國際新創事業在特徵屬性、市場進入方式及成長策略上的演化動態，並據以檢驗這些因素的演化型態與廠商績效間之關係，提供學界一個關於國際新創事業更加完整的形態 (posture) 與勢態 (strategic move) 之描繪。最後，本論文以台灣國際新創事業做為研究樣本，也有助於相關理論外部效度之拓展。在實務意涵上，由於本研究跳脫描述性的研究架構，實證結果證實各項策略因素對國際新創事業具有重要之意涵，因此研究結果可做為台灣國際新創事業在制訂國際化策略、優勢策略、市場進入策略及後續成長策略上之參考。

策略的資源基礎觀點(resource-base view),主張有價值、稀少、不易模仿(包括不易替代)的資源具有創造優異績效的潛力(e.g.Barney,1991:1995)；而基礎資源是企業結合和轉換實體輸入資源的方式，在提供持續性競爭優勢方面特別重要，因為它們具有難以模仿的本質，有助於持續性差異化，在企業的發展過程，扮演不可或缺角色！ 本研究主要以晶華國際酒店集團為對象，依據其過去成長軌跡，分成三階段，在多角化的成長策略，所顯示出來的現象，做一個分析與整理。透過探討學理的論點及個案研究方法，將企業的沿革資料，營收及存益額之統計，以成長三階段: 集團基礎鞏固期、資源能力移動期、創新資源期分段，以既有資源之擴大延伸、水平延伸創造新資源之分類，歸納企業成長模型，並做出解析和討論。 本研究認為以企業成長階梯觀念，不論在哪一個階段，能保持企業穩定中求成長的最佳模型將是: 1.先建立核心優勢，打下企業紮實根基，形成核心資源； 先將資源移動至相關多角化產業，使基礎事業階段有所支撐，並循序擴大事業版圖；適度發展非相關產業，才能擴充新的領域和機會。 結論將綜合由晶華在旅館事業的核心資源發展出來的新事業，在未來經營上參考吳思華(1994)提出以資源為基礎的策略分析架構， 確認並評估所有資源：企業在進行策略規劃時，首先應掌握現有資源，但有些資源是有內隱或模糊的特性，並未顯示在財務報表中，必須仔細加以辨識，才能掌握清楚。 2.檢測價值，設定核心資源：應依據策略性資源的三個特性:獨特性、專屬性與模糊性來辨識具有競爭優勢價值的資源。 3.制定企業未來的發展策略： 企業的策略應能充分有效使用核心資源，以創造出最大準租。 4.強化核心資源： 企業除運用自己的資源外，並應配合未來策略發展需求，確認資源差距，努力加以補足。 本研究希望藉晶華國際集團個案研究結論所闡述觀念，希望能帶給企業多角化、國際化成長策略有興趣者，從資源優勢延伸角度切入，一個參考模式。將來在資源的配置與策略的運用上，獲得最佳組合，以創造卓越的成長績效。 / From the viewpoint of Resource-base View, valuable, rare and non-substitutive resources are potential to contribute outstanding performance. And resource-base is the methods for a business to link up and transfer the existence and input the resources. This study is base on Formosa International Hotels Corporation, form the Dynamics point of view, do analysis according to its three different development phases. Through the case research methodology, summarize the different resources for different development phase and provide analysis explanation and suggestion. This research believes in the business development ladder consciousness. No matter which stage it is, the best model will be as the following: Establish the core strength as foundation of the business as the core resource. Move the resource to the Dynamics of the business in order to explore the business territory. Find the proper area to expand the territory and opportunities. Conclude the new business developed from Grand Formosa Regent’s core resource, and take the strategic analysis structure of Professor Wu as reference, Firstly, identify and evaluate all the resources. Secondly, Access the value, and set the core resources. Thirdly, Establish the future strategy for the business. Fourthly, reinforce the core resources. The research is based on the study of Formosa International Hotels Corporation, and wish to bring to those enterprise, which has interest in internationalization and dynamics some model regarding resources allocation and utilization. Through the best combination of resources, excellent performance will be reached.

台灣半導體業自1970年代發展至今，垂直分工完整，從上游的IC設計、製造，到下游的封測與配銷，都有眾多企業投入。本研究著眼於台灣半導體產業中，最上游的IC設計公司之競爭策略與經營模式，主要有幾個原因： 1.台灣有超過300間IC設計公司，吸納了眾多理工相關人才。 2.在全球範圍內，近年的產業結構劇變導致IC設計公司消長迅速。 3.IC設計可靠著正確的產品崛起，但也容易後續乏力，是高風險高獲利的產業。 4.經20餘年發展，世界前20大IC設計公司中，台灣企業已佔到5席。此時回顧IC設計公司的發展歷程，探究其成長策略，當可做為未來其他新進業者參考。 企業成長的策略模式是多樣化的，本研究整理相關文獻與個案發展歷程，針對四家台灣不同領域的IC設計公司所做分析，提出IC設計公司成長策略的擬定，可以由「市場面」、「技術面」，和「策略面」出發。目的在於，探討台灣IC設計業在成長過程中，面對外部競爭環境如何擬定競爭策略以建立、維持競爭優勢。 本研究實證結果摘要以下幾點： 1.技術面：新創IC設計公司資源不足，專攻特定技術可盡速累積經驗與未來發展資源。為了補足資源缺口，可以考慮緊跟產業標準制定者，進行產品規劃。 2.市場面：透過挑選指標型客戶，建立穩定的訂單來源，以及市場聲譽。 3.策略面：引進重要客戶或業界龍頭入股，加深合作關係。 關鍵字：IC設計、競爭模式、創新策略、成長策略、競爭優勢。 / Since 1970s, the semiconductor industry in Taiwan has formed a complete vertical specialized system which consisted of numerous companies from the upstream IC design, manufacturing, assembly & testing to the downstream IC distribution. The reasons why this study focused on the competitive patterns and business models of IC design includes: 1.There are more than 300 fabless IC design house in Taiwan and the whole industry attracted lots of young engineering talents and became remarkable to Taiwan economy. 2.Significant structural transformations changed the whole industry recently. 3.IC design house can rise rapidly by just one right product and fall even faster if they missed the right timing. So the industry is about high operation risks with high return on investments. 4.To learn the successful stories of Taiwanese IC design could be reference classes for the coming start-ups. The growth strategies of corporations are quite diversified, therefore, this study induced the related documents and generalized the history of four case companies to find how they develop growth strategies. This study proposed the growth strategies could be formulated out of three dimensions: the market orientation, the technology orientation and the strategy orientation as below: 1.Technology orientation: In order to accumulate necessary resources for future growth, IC design start-ups may concentrate on core technologies and keep in step with the industry standard setters to plan their product line. 2.Market orientation: Collaborate with key clients to gain stable purchasing orders and reputations. 3.Strategy orientation: Leverage key clients or industry leaders to do market development. Keywords: Fabless IC Design, Competitive Patterns, Innovation Strategy, Growth Strategy, Competitive Advantage.

Diversity of the soil microbial community and its functional aspects were investigated in man-influenced environments, such as colliery spoil heaps in post mining sites and upland pasture used for outdoor cattle husbandry. The study was based on the cultivation of bacteria and streptomycetes as well as culture-independent approaches. Cultivated bacteria and streptomycetes were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic means. The culture-independent approaches were based on an analysis of environmental DNA in terms of both qualitative and quantitative parameters.