L’enjeu de tout procès pénal est de garantir l’équilibre entre deux intérêts opposés et sacrés : d’une part, la protection de l’ordre public, qui n’est autre que l'intérêt général de la société, et d’autre part, l'intérêt de la personne se trouvant dans les mailles d’un procès pénal, qui exige la certitude d’exercer ses droits de la défense contre l’arbitraire et les abus de l’appareil judiciaire. La sauvegarde de cet équilibre par l'établissement de normes législatives et des mécanismes judiciaires internationaux et nationaux, s’est vue imposer une approche protectrice des droits de l’individu aux prises avec l’appareil juridictionnel afin de déterminer son innocence ou sa culpabilité. En effet, la présomption d’innocence est une supposition fondée sur des signes de vraisemblance ou encore une anticipation sur ce qui n’est pas prouvé, ce qui interdit à toute juridiction de déclarer une personne coupable des faits qu’ils lui sont reprochés tant qu’elle n’a pas été déclarée coupable par celle-ci. Alors que, la présomption de culpabilité est une exception fixée par le législateur ou par la jurisprudence, par opposition au principe de présomption d’innocence, dont la consécration est supralégislative, comme étant une garantie issue du droit à un procès équitable. C’est un devoir de prudence qui s'impose, face à un nouvel ordre mondial caractérisé par une nouvelle forme de criminalité, en particulier le terrorisme, dont la lutte se manifeste par des conventions internationales et régionales sous l’égide de l’ONU, en mettent en place une stratégie fragmentée et sectorielle contre les crimes associés au terrorisme. Or, si le mécanisme de la présomption de culpabilité semble prendre le dessus sur la légalité, la légitimité et la sagesse du principe de présomption d’innocence, sous l’impulsion d’une nouvelle doctrine qui émerge en l’occurrence le ‘’ droit pénal de l’ennemi ‘’ au nom de la lutte contre le terrorisme, le respect des droits de la défense demeure le gardien absolu contre toute dérive et arbitraire judiciaire. Il s’agit ainsi de concilier lutte efficace contre le terrorisme et respect des droits et libertés fondamentales. Ceci étant, les présomptions (d’innocence ou de culpabilité), constituent un thème audacieux dans la mesure où elles incitent à confronter des débats doctrinaux contemporains à l’une des sources du droit pénal et du droit procédural. Ce modeste travail a trait d’un principe de droit universellement reconnu à savoir : la présomption d'innocence, d’où l’intérêt est de savoir à quel point la lutte contre le terrorisme et la protection de la présomption d’innocence, qui sont soumis à une procédure régulière et spéciale, peuvent être homogènes. / The aim of any penal procedure is to guarantee the balance between two opposing and sacred interests: on the one hand, the protection of public order, which is not other than the general interest of society, and on the other hand, the interest of the person in the meshes of a criminal trial, which requires the certainty of exercising his rights of defense against the arbitrariness and abuses of the judicial system. Safeguarding this balance through the establishment of international and national legal norms and judicial mechanisms, has been imposed a protective approach to the rights of the individual struggling with the jurisdictional apparatus to determine his innocence or guilt. In fact, the presumption of innocence is an assumption based on signs of likelihood or an anticipation of what is not proven, which prohibits any jurisdiction from declaring a person guilty of the facts he is accused of so much that he was not convicted yet whereas the presumption of guilt is an exception set by the legislator or by the case law, as opposed to the principle of presumption of innocence, whose consecration is supra-legislative, as being a guarantee resulting from the right to a fair trial. It is an obligation of caution that is needed in a new world order characterized by a new form of crime, especially terrorism, whose fight is manifested in international and regional conventions under the auspices of the United Nations which implements a fragmented sectorial strategy against crimes associated with terrorism. Therefore, if the mechanism of the presumption of guilt seems to override the legality, legitimacy and wisdom of the principle of presumption of innocence, under the impulse of a new doctrine that emerges in this case the "right" criminal of the enemy '' in the name of the fight against terrorism, respect for the rights of the defense remains the absolute guard against any arbitrary judicial drift. It is thus a question of reconciling effective fight against terrorism with respect for fundamental rights and freedoms. That being said, the presumptions (of innocence or guilt) are a daring theme insofar as they incite to confront contemporary doctrinal debates in the light of the sources of penal law and procedural law. This modest work deals with a universally recognized principle of law: namely, the presumption of innocence, hence the interest in knowing how much the fight against terrorism and the protection of the presumption of innocence, which are subject to a regular and special procedure, may be homogeneous.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Morais Oliveira.pdf: 1754658 bytes, checksum: 7acbf59346993b04af6b98136163222f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-22 / This study investigated in a sample of 823 public high school students the influence of two intergroup feelings collective guilt and shame , the levels of identification of non-indigenous to the brazilian nation and the role of contact between indigenous and non-indigenous in the existence of prejudice against indigenous. The collective guilt focuses on the effect of harmful acts, that is, the person feels he/she is responsible for what happened. On the other hand the collective shame implies protection of self-image and therefore the individual perpetrator of harmful acts tend to avoid the damaging event. The results indicate that the prejudice of non-indigenous against indigenous is high and there is a positive correlation between non-contact situation with prejudice. On the other hand, there is a negative correlation between guilt and prejudice and between identity and prejudice. Finally there were higher prejudice, guilt and shame in noncontact situation. These results are discussed emphasizing both the social relevance of this work and its implications for relations between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil. / Este estudo investigou, em uma amostra de 823 estudantes do ensino médio de escolas públicas, a influência de dois sentimentos intergrupais culpa e vergonha coletivas , os níveis de identificação dos não indígenas com a nação brasileira e o papel do contato entre indígenas e não indígenas na existência do preconceito contra indígenas. A culpa coletiva tem seu foco na consequência dos atos danosos, ou seja, a pessoa sente que é responsável pelo ocorrido. Por outro lado a vergonha coletiva implica em proteção da autoimagem e por isso o indivíduo perpetrador dos atos prejudiciais tende a evitar o evento danoso. Os resultados indicam que o preconceito de não indígenas contra os indígenas é alto e que existe uma correlação positiva entre a situação sem contato com o preconceito. Por outro lado, existe uma correlação negativa entre a culpa e o preconceito e entre a identidade e o preconceito. Por fim, o preconceito, a culpa e a vergonha foram mais elevadas na situação sem contato. Esses resultados são discutidos ressaltando tanto a relevância social deste trabalho como suas implicações para as relações entre indígenas e não indígenas no Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilia Simoes Barbosa de Figueiredo.pdf: 1146780 bytes, checksum: 442ce165ef7c9fb0406e53848c0ef0e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work consists in analyzing the medical records of women of Pirituba Pinel Psychiatric Hospital in Sao Paulo between 1920 to 1940 with the objective of investigating how women admitted they felt guilty and how the society in which they lived had influence on your emotions. For it is presented charts of ten women containing brief reports of psychiatrists and patients about their ownlives and the reasons for their hospitalization, the medical impressions and anxieties and conflicts of these women. This set of documents are in the Public Archives of the State of São Paulo, photographed and transcribed this work, as well as newspapers and photographs of the time used for the purpose of contributing to the contextualization of Sao Paulo society where these people lived. The analysis work suggests that our documentation need to organize and moralize the city at the beginning of the twentieth century paved the way for the inauguration of several sanatoriums and diffusion of psychiatric knowledges a way to shape behavior. Having an influence on how these women coped with their emotions and subjectivity / Esse trabalho consiste na análise dos prontuários femininos do Hospital Psiquiátrico Pinel de Pirituba em São Paulo entre as décadas de 1929 a 1940, com o objetivo de investigar a maneira como as mulheres internadas sentiam-se culpadas e de que forma a sociedade em que viviam teve influência sobre suas emoções. Para isso são apresentados dez prontuários de mulheres contendo breves relatos dos psiquiatras e das próprias pacientes sobre suas vidas e os motivos de suas internações, as impressões médicas e as angústias e conflitos dessas mulheres. Esse conjunto de documentos encontra-se no Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo, fotografados e transcritos neste trabalho, além dos jornais e fotografias da época utilizadas com a finalidade de contribuir para a contextualização da sociedade paulistana em que viviam essas pessoas. O trabalho de análise de nossa documentação sugere que a necessidade de organizar e moralizar a cidade no início do século XX abriu espaço para inauguração de diversos sanatórios e difusão do saber psiquiátrico como forma de moldar os comportamentos. Tendo influenciado na forma como essas mulheres lidavam com sua subjetividade e emoções

Cette thèse développe et teste un modèle expliquant les antécédents de la culpabilité post-consommation et ses effets sur la satisfaction et l'intention de réachat. Sur la base d'une étude qualitative et de deux expérimentations, cette recherche doctorale identifie ainsi l'estime de soi, la tendance à culpabiliser, le sexe et le contrôle situationnel comme des antécédents de la culpabilité post-consommation. Elle identifie également le rôle médiateur des stratégies d'ajustement dans la relation entre culpabilité post-consommation et satisfaction, ces stratégies étant modérées par les antécédents de la culpabilité postconsommation. Enfin, le dernier apport de cette thèse renvoie à la construction d'une typologie fondée sur les stratégies d'ajustement et identifiant quatre classes de consommateurs s'ajustant différemment à leur culpabilité / "This dissertation develops and tests a model explaining the antecedents of post-consumption guilt and its effects on satisfaction and repurchase intention. On the basis of a qualitative study and two experiments, this doctoral dissertation identifies self-esteem, guilt proneness, gender and situational control as antecedents of post-consumption guilt. This work also identifies the mediating role of coping strategies in the effect of guilt on satisfaction, these coping strategies being moderated by the antecedents of guilt. Finally, the last contribution of this doctoral dissertation lies in a coping strategies-based typology which identifies four clusters of consumers reacting in different ways to guilt."

The purpose of the study was to, from the perspective of the operation coordinators, highlight guilt- and shame in parents whose children have a disability and are covered by the LSS- effort daily activities. Furthermore, to explore how guilt in shame with parents in face of their disabled child affect the work for operations coordinators within daily activities. We have used a qualitative method with semi structured interviews to collect data. In order to analyze the result, we have used social constructivism as a theoretical perspective as well as the client is the expert and dueling realities as applying theories. From the result it emerges that guilt- and shame feelings are found within some parents towards their disabled children within daily activities. Further it emerged that operation coordinators try to have an understanding towards parents that experience these feelings. The work continues with different tools such as collaboration with other business coordinators and managers in daily activities. Other tools such as clarifying pedagogy also facilitate the work. Furthermore, the result shows that the outcome of the work lies in cooperation between operation coordinator and parents. Finally, the result shows that the use of open dialogue between operation coordinators and parents can result in a reversal of the guilt- and shame feelings towards a future were hope and opportunities are at center. / Syftet med studien var att, utifrån verksamhetssamordnares perspektiv, belysa skuld- och skamkänslor hos föräldrar vars barn har en funktionsnedsättning och omfattas av LSS-insatsen daglig verksamhet. Vidare utforska hur skuld och skam hos föräldrar inför sitt funktionsnedsatta barn påverkar arbetet för verksamhetssamordnare inom daglig verksamhet. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla in data. För att analysera resultatet har vi använt oss av socialkonstruktivismen som teoretiskt perspektiv samt klienten är expert och duellerande verkligheter som tillförande teorier. Ur resultatet framkommer det att skuld- och skamkänslor återfinns hos en delföräldrar gentemot sitt barn med en funktionsnedsättning inom daglig verksamhet. Vidare framkom det att verksamhetssamordnare försöker ha en förståelse för de föräldrar som upplever dessa känslor. Arbetet fortsätter med olika hjälpmedel såsom samverkan med andra verksamhetssamordnare och chefer inom daglig verksamhet. Andra hjälpmedel som tydliggörande pedagogik underlättar även i arbetet. Vidare visar resultatet på att arbetet skall resultera i ett samarbete mellan verksamhetssamordnare och föräldrar. Slutligen visar resultatet att nyttjandet av öppna samtal mellan verksamhetssamordnare och föräldrar kan vända de skuld- och skamkänslor som återfinns till en framtidstro där hopp och möjligheter är i centrum.

This dissertation is a study of non-standard economic behavior. The first chapter concerns two widely observed violations of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives, the Compromise and Attraction effects. I construct a novel method of representing them by reducing the context of a menu to a frame, encompassing the worst option along each attribute in the menu, and observing a collection of preferences indexed by frames. The agent behaves as though a good’s attractiveness along each attribute is judged relative to the frame with declining marginal utility. This allows me to give a novel interpretation of the compromise and attraction effects: they are consistent with indifference curves rotating clockwise as the frame moves down, and counter- clockwise as it goes left. It also allows me to give a representation theorem showing the behavioral axioms associated with a utility representation taking a good and the frame as arguments. The second chapter applies the representation from Chapter One to electoral politics. It shows that incorporating these preferences generates equilibria where extremist candidates enter plurality elections in order to attractively frame their preferred moderate candidate, even if the extremists have probability zero of obtaining office themselves. While such candidates are frequently observed in elections, and there are papers generating equilibria with centrist sure losers (including Solow (2015)), this is the first paper generating equilibria with these extremist candidates without unusual assumptions on election rules, or non single-peaked preferences. This paper creates a four candidate equilibrium with two extremist sure loser candidates, each on the fringes of opinion. The third chapter concerns the effect of guilt on preferences in the circumstance of gift giving. A decision maker who experiences guilt may receive an increase in surplus from a gift card allowing guilt-free indulgence, potentially beyond even the surplus she’d receive from an equivalent cash gift. This paper isolates the behavior of guilt avoidance by exploiting a multi-period setting which incorporates a distinction between the decision maker’s preferences over what she’d receive, and what she would choose. A representation inspired by Kopylov (2009) is adapted to this setting, providing a representation theorem for these preferences.

Among the 19.3 million veterans residing in the U.S., suicide is a primary mental health concern, with risk for suicide among veterans being 21% higher than for the general population. Increased suicide risk for veterans may be linked to strong negative emotions associated with the requirements of being in the military. For instance, many veterans describe feelings of guilt, defined as remorse or responsibility for one's actions, such as for experiences during combat exposure (e.g., having to kill someone). Shame, or the belief that there is something inherently wrong or defective with the self, often occurs following a violation of personal values or morals (e.g. participation in violence, missing important family events during deployment), and frequently coexists with feelings of guilt. As well, many members of the military experience sexual trauma, which may induce shame. For some veterans, suicide may become a viable alternative to these overwhelming negative feelings. However, not all veterans are at risk for suicide, perhaps due to individual-level protective factors. One such factor is self-compassion, which is composed of self-kindness, community, and mindfulness. Positive emotions (i.e. selfcompassion) may buffer against negative feelings about the self or one's actions (i.e. guilt and shame), thereby decreasing suicide risk. Our study aimed to test these associations in the context of moderation analyses. At the bivariate level, we hypothesized that guilt and shame would be negatively related to self-compassion and positively related to suicide risk. Also, we hypothesized that self-compassion would be negatively related to suicide risk. At the multivariate level, we hypothesized that self-compassion would moderate the relations between guilt and suicide risk, and between shame and suicide risk, weakening both associations. Our sample of veterans (N=422) was primarily white (n=366) and male (n=291). Participants completed self-report measures including the Differential Emotions Scale-IV, Self-Compassion Scale Short-Form, and Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Bivariate correlations and multivariate analyses, per Hayes (2013), were conducted covarying age, sex, and ethnicity. In bivariate correlations, guilt and shame were positively related to suicide risk (p

Prevalence of PTSD is higher in veterans compared to the general population, with between 12 and 31% of veterans, across combat eras, developing PTSD during their lifetime, compared to 7-8% of civilians, perhaps as a result of military-related experiences (e.g., combat, sexual trauma). Such experiences contribute to the detrimental cognitive-emotional processes, including shame and guilt, which precipitate and maintain post-traumatic stress disorder. Yet, some persons experiencing trauma also experience post-traumatic growth as a result, exhibiting resiliency and, in some cases, even thriving. The mechanism of action for post-traumatic growth (PTG), which is conceptualized as a positive change following trauma (i.e., finding purpose and meaning in life), is unknown, but may involve adaptive schema restructuring (e.g., temporal shifts). Specifically, PTG may involve changes to time-perspective, or the tendency for a person to consider their life as a function of, or in the context of, the past (e.g., past trauma, nostalgia), present (e.g., positive/negative) or future (e.g., goals). The ability, for instance, to temporally transcend the past or present and focus on a more-adaptive future, may contribute to a reduction in the ruminative processes so often involved in shame and guilt, whereas maladaptive temporal views (e.g., negative past and present) may exacerbate guilt and shame. However, this premise has not been tested. We hypothesized that time perspective would mediate the association between PTG and shame/guilt, such that higher levels of PTG would be associated with higher levels of adaptive temporality/lower levels of maladaptive temporality and, in turn, to lower /higher levels of shame and guilt. Participants (N=545; 70.1% male (n=382); 86.4% Caucasian (n=469), Mean Age=49.86, SD=16.78) were community-dwelling veterans who self-identified as having experienced a trauma, and completed the PTG Inventory, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and Differential Emotions Scale-IV. Bivariate correlations and simple mediation analyses were conducted covarying age, sex, ethnicity, VHA usage, and service era. Supporting hypotheses, in simple mediation analyses (10000 bootstrapped samples), the direct effect of PTG on shame (DE=-.0134, SE=.0098, p=.1720, IE 95% CI=-.0327 to .0059) and guilt (DE=-.0085, SE=.0100, p=.3919, IE 95% CI=-.0281 to .0110) was reduced, and fell out of significance, when future time perspective was added as a mediator, indicating full mediation. The direct effects of PTG on shame and guilt were reduced, but remained significant, when present hedonistic, present fatalistic, past negative, and past positive were added as mediators, indicating partial mediation. Our results suggest that the relation between posttraumatic growth and shame/guilt may be due, in part, to changes in cognitive-emotional processing related to temporality. The PTG process may involve adaptive shifts in time perspective that, in turn, beneficially impact negative emotions associated with trauma exposure. Our findings may have clinical implications. Promotion of acceptance and meaning (e.g., via Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) to foster posttraumatic growth, and encouraging temporal holism (e.g., Cognitive Processing Therapy, Time Perspective Therapy), may reduce shame and guilt associated with trauma in the veteran population.

There has been an increase of research in the area of forgiveness, particularly since the early 1980’s; however, there has been far less research done in the field of addiction and how forgiveness or the lack of forgiveness impact’s a person’s recovery. The profession of social work has a wide array of fields and services, and it is not uncommon for a social worker to work with a person abusing substances at some point in his or her career. While there are many aspects of treating and assisting client’s in their recovery, one topic that may not be discussed with clients is the subject of forgiveness. However, forgiveness renders itself as pertinent in a person maintaining sobriety and thus it is imperative while conducting treatment for social workers to not shy away from this subject with their clients. This study utilized a qualitative analysis consisting of interviews with ten participants who share their experiences of forgiveness in their own recovery. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of forgiveness on 12 step group attendees in order to gain an awareness of how forgiveness or the lack of forgiveness affects one’s ability to maintain sobriety. The findings of this research will be used to increase social workers’ understanding of utilizing forgiveness as a treatment modality, impact future social work policy, practice and research.

While there is considerable research linking trauma to psychological distress, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), among military populations, some service members may develop other variants of psychological difficulties following exposure to traumatic life events. For example, moral injury, a more recently studied outcome within the field of trauma, is conceptualized to occur when a person perceives their response to a morally challenging situation as a transgression that may lead to an incongruence with their morals producing moral emotions (i.e., shame, guilt, and anxiety; Litz et al., 2009). The current study investigated the role of self-compassion in the relationship between moral injury and psychological distress (i.e., PTSD and depression) among a sample of 216 military veterans recruited from TurkPrime online panels. Among these military veterans, a conditional process analysis of our moderated mediation model suggests an indirect effect of moral injury predicting depression symptoms through guilt, Index = 1.469, SE = .460, 95% CI [.602, 2.409] and shame, Index = -.803, SE = .346, 95% CI [-1.552, -.161] was conditioned on different levels of self-compassion. Findings are expected to have important implications for treatment conceptualization for military populations.