published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

This research is an investigation into Hakka shange 客家山歌 (Hakka mountain songs) and their relationship with Hakka ethnicity, with principal discussions on the interplay between music making and ethnic/cultural identity in the Hakka populations. Hakka is a complex ethnic and cultural phenomenon which stepped into the limelight of history beginning in the 19th century. This study includes research into archival materials for an in-depth understanding of Hakka ethnicity and Hakka shange in the context of historical development, aiming to obtain new information/data and insights into historical data and theories documented by earlier studies. In this study, both synchronic and diachronic aspects are covered. Framed in an ethnomusicological paradigm, which posits music as part of culture and social life and utilises ethnography as a major means of gathering data, the study incorporates fieldwork carried out on location in Hong Kong and the Chinese mainland as an essential component. Seeing cultures as fluid and adaptable to outer forces rather than as a monolithic entity, the aim of this study is not to seize the “last opportunity” to preserve records of Hakka shange, before this musical tradition declines further into oblivion, but rather, to account for the processes by which traditional music adapts to the global system at various local levels. It is noteworthy that, in the local-global continuum, a society is not conceived as a static and structured system in which music is performed as a mere cultural marker that connects to or reflects the other structural parts of that society. On the contrary, a society is seen as a flexible and fluid social space in which music plays an active, transformational role. / published_or_final_version / Music / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-294). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiou Ruey Ling.pdf: 4349684 bytes, checksum: 475108ce063388a4bc0b9f7a08fba463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-05 / To present a work about the Chinese immigration there is without a doubt an interest in the study of the subjects put by the immigration and numerous works in the anthropology areas and sociology can be found. No there is, however, a reflection or more study on the etnias that you/they interest us. In the study, Diaspora and Old age of the Immigrant Hakka: the memory of the soul, leaves of the idea of the immigration, the old age, the process of adaptation of Hakka, taking as reference the community from São Paulo. We considered, on a side, short time of the arrival of these groups in Brazil and his concern in maintaining alive the origin traditions and on the other hand, the fact of, contradictory be dipped in a western society in process of fast changes and radicals. In this scenery it is that they are born and the new generations of universes are socialized Hakka / Apresentar um trabalho sobre a imigração chinesa representa, sem dúvida, uma contribuição no estudo das questões colocadas pela imigração, enfocada em numerosos trabalhos que podem ser encontrados nas áreas de antropologia e sociologia. Não há, entretanto, uma reflexão ou mais estudo sobre as etnias que nos interessam. O estudo, Diáspora e Velhice dos Imigrantes Hakka: a memória da alma, parte da idéia da imigração, a velhice, o processo de adaptação dos Hakka, tomando como referência a comunidade de São Paulo. Consideramos, por um lado, o tempo curto da chegada desses grupos ao Brasil e a sua preocupação em manter vivas as tradições de origem e, por outro lado, o fato de, contraditoriamente, estarem mergulhados numa sociedade ocidental em processo de mudanças rápidas e radicais. Neste cenário é que nascem e são socializadas as novas gerações de universos Hakka

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chiou Ruey Ling.pdf: 4349684 bytes, checksum: 475108ce063388a4bc0b9f7a08fba463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-05 / To present a work about the Chinese immigration there is without a doubt an interest in the study of the subjects put by the immigration and numerous works in the anthropology areas and sociology can be found. No there is, however, a reflection or more study on the etnias that you/they interest us. In the study, Diaspora and Old age of the Immigrant Hakka: the memory of the soul, leaves of the idea of the immigration, the old age, the process of adaptation of Hakka, taking as reference the community from São Paulo. We considered, on a side, short time of the arrival of these groups in Brazil and his concern in maintaining alive the origin traditions and on the other hand, the fact of, contradictory be dipped in a western society in process of fast changes and radicals. In this scenery it is that they are born and the new generations of universes are socialized Hakka / Apresentar um trabalho sobre a imigração chinesa representa, sem dúvida, uma contribuição no estudo das questões colocadas pela imigração, enfocada em numerosos trabalhos que podem ser encontrados nas áreas de antropologia e sociologia. Não há, entretanto, uma reflexão ou mais estudo sobre as etnias que nos interessam. O estudo, Diáspora e Velhice dos Imigrantes Hakka: a memória da alma, parte da idéia da imigração, a velhice, o processo de adaptação dos Hakka, tomando como referência a comunidade de São Paulo. Consideramos, por um lado, o tempo curto da chegada desses grupos ao Brasil e a sua preocupação em manter vivas as tradições de origem e, por outro lado, o fato de, contraditoriamente, estarem mergulhados numa sociedade ocidental em processo de mudanças rápidas e radicais. Neste cenário é que nascem e são socializadas as novas gerações de universos Hakka

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Also available in print.

Hakka is an under-developed language. compared with Mandrin and taiwanese. Many fields of Hakka such as ststematic studies of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic theories remain unexploited. This thesis aims to exploring some linguistic phenomena of Hakka by means of the studies on the particle to in Hakka. To is a very versatile morpheme in Makka. It may serve as a main verb, a coverb, a presuppositional particle or a verb ending. Chapter Two explores the functions of to as a main verb and as a coverb. It discusses the three functions of to as a coverb respecitvely. To can occur between two portions in a sentence in which to serves to mark the relation between the two portions. Chapter three explores the relatio- ns between the two portions in such a to construcfion. The status of to in such a construction is also investigated. To can be a verb enaing of a verb compound. Chapter Four aiscusses what a verb+to compound is. It explores the productivity of to as a verb ending. It further explicates the structural ambiguity between a coverb to and a verb ending to. Cmapter Five makes a generalization and draws a conclusion. It is hoped t- hat this thesis may provide a more intensive analysis of some Hakka const- ructions involving to and thus may spark a wider interest in the Hakka la- nguage.

Theatre is a location of cultures, the reflection of our daily lives, the present moment we are living. This thesis focuses on studying performances of the Hakka Contemporary Theatre created by female directors (Hakka and Non-Hakka) in Taiwan to observe how they combine western modern theatre forms with Hakka traditional and cultural elements and further transformed the specifics of Hakka culture on stage and represented various images of Hakka women. Through applying theories in relation to diaspora discourse, the hybridity of post-colonialism and postcolonial feminism and theatre study as the foundation of academic research, I attempted to critically examine the hybrid forms and development of the Hakka Contemporary Theatre to explore in depth the meaning of Hakka culture represented in theatre. In this thesis, I firstly offer performance analysis and draw on hybridity discourse and feminism in relation to post-colonial study to discuss three elements: the interaction and negotiated relationship between Hakka women (including female directors and the Hakka actresses), Hakka culture, and modern theatre forms. Furthermore, as part of my research, I critically reflect upon a practical performance project I have undertaken to illustrate how Hakka culture could be presented as subject and be constructed as the subjectivity of the Hakka ethnic group in post-colonial Taiwan. I hope that this thesis may encourage more Taiwanese to appreciate the value of Hakka culture and offer Taiwanese theatrical practitioners a practice of critical hybridity in associating ethnic and cultural issues of Taiwan in the future.

本論文研究與分析的對象是兩位客家作家，亦即吳濁流與王幼華，嘗試解釋多重認同概念與這兩位作家的關聯，進而再把視野延伸至台灣新文學的發展過程中。 本文的第一章先是由客委會推廣「多重認同」的概念談起，第二章則試著為多重認同的理論意涵進行釐清。於本文的第三章當中，本研究已然指出，《亞細亞的孤兒》裡面已經蘊含了多重認同的想法，而在本文的第四章裡面，吳濁流更提出了類似民主化的論點，期望不同的族群可以藉由認同台灣來解決認同歧異性的問題。就本文的第五章來說，解嚴後崛起的小說家王幼華，其實已經表明自身早已具備了多重認同的思維。而在第六章裡面，王氏的重要長篇小說《廣澤地》與《土地與靈魂》，都可說是一種多重認同概念的體現。循此，從吳濁流到王幼華，這兩位橫跨近百年台灣新文學發展史的客家作家，各自以不同的方式與多重認同的觀念產生了關聯。 多重認同的概念，不論是吳濁流抑或是王幼華，都是他們的身分認同的真實處境。對吳濁流來說，族群認同的問題，不應該構成國家認同的障礙，大家應該秉持民主的精神，共同為台灣的發展而努力，反過來說，不同族群之間的多重認同，應該也可以是促成台灣進一步民主深化的要素。就王幼華來說，由他對於多元文化發展的肯定就可以看出，倘若說多元文化會有助於台灣的民主深化，那麼，多重認同的概念也就會有助於民主化的進展。 / This thesis will investigate and analyze two Hakka writers: Zhuoliu Wu and Youhua Wang. This thesis will also try to explain these two writers’ texts from the viewpoint of multiple identity, and then locate this concept of multiple identity in the development of Taiwan new-vernacular literature. Chapter One discusses the concept of multiple identity spread by Council for Hakka Affairs, and Chapter Two tries to define clearly the theoretical meaning of this concept. Chapter Three suggests that the idea of multiple identity is already embedded in Orphan of Asia. In Chapter Four, Wu brings up an idea similar to the concept of democratization with the expectation that different ethnic groups can resolve the problem of diverse identities by identifying themselves with Taiwan. In Chapter Five, Wang, a writer of the generation after ended martial law, tells us that he has possessed the idea of multiple identity. And in Chapter Six, two important novels, Swampy ground and Land and Soul, represent the concept of multiple identity. Accordingly, Wu and Wang relate the concept of multiple identity in his own way, and the writing course of these two Hakka writers almost stretches over the development of Taiwan new-vernacular literature. For both Wu and Wang, the concept of multiple identity could be viewed as their true situation. For Wu, the problem of ethnic identity should not be an obstacle of national identity, and everyone should try hard to develop Taiwan. In other words, multiple identities among different ethnic groups will contribute the further consolidation of Taiwan’s democratization. For Wang, according to his confirmation of multiculturalism, we can understand that if multiculturalism has a contribution to the consolidation of Taiwan’s democratization, the concept of multiple identity will be conducive to Taiwan’s democratization.

¡@¡@The related researches on voluntary services in Taiwan, instead of focusing on psychological extent, such as personality traits, have mainly been centered on its external fields, including volunteer recruitment, training and management. In terms of the research on personality traits, people usually take the paid staff, such as police officers, medical staff, teachers and leaders as the subject. However, unpaid volunteer is not often to be seen in such study based on the big five personality traits or five factor model (FFM). By questionnaires, the basic statuses of volunteers in Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum have been analyzed in this research, as well as the impact of FFM on the motivations of volunteers. The findings are: ¡@¡@A. Most of the volunteers in Hakka Cultural Museum are usually retired with the average age around 50 years old. The status of them is usually married, having 2 or 3 children. The education level is either college, senior high or vocational high school. Their years of services are more than 5 years, and they would provide voluntary services continuously. ¡@¡@B. In the perspective of personality traits, the volunteers in Hakka Cultural Museum are often full of energy (extraversion), with the preference for adventure and discussing popular issues (openness to experience), with the tendency to be cooperative rather then antagonistic (agreeableness), responsible (conscientiousness) and seldom to experience helplessness (emotional stability). ¡@¡@C. The volunteers who provide services with the motivations for self-fulfillment, willingness of learning and interest have the tendencies of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. As for the volunteers who provide service due to the introduction of family or friend, or with the motivation for killing time, they have the characteristics of openness to experience. Finally, the volunteers with the motivations for material things have the tendency of neuroticism.