本論文「客語打類、忍類及促類動詞中動力學之體現」從物理學中之動力學觀點來審視語言之現象，以Lai (2000)針對客語打類動詞詞彙化類型之研究以及Gao (2001), Gao & Cheng (2002)針對中文與英語中肢體接觸類動詞之研究為基礎，並進一步修正及採用Talmy (2000a)所提出之動力學架構來加以分析客語打類、忍類及促類三類近義動詞。客語之打類動詞涉及內在心理意圖與外在肢體接觸，亦即同時牽涉到心理層面與肢體層面中「力」的作用，忍類動詞中「力」的衝突發生於內在心理層面，亦即本我與自我之間產生衝突，而促類動詞則表現出交互心理層面中「力」的相對關係，亦即藉由溝通等方式與他人產生「力」的對抗。因此，本論文藉由分析此三類動詞，將得已呈現心理肢體(psychophysical)，內在心理(intrapsychological)以及交互心理(interpsychological)三個不同層面中動力學之體現，並能夠進一步檢視語意內涵「力」與此三類動詞之句法表現間之相互關係。 / Based on Lai’s (2000) study of verbs of hitting in Hakka and Gao’s (2001) and Gao & Cheng’s (2002) studies of verbs of physical action by impact in English and Mandarin Chinese, this study modifies the force-dynamic model proposed by Talmy (2000a) to analyze Hakka hitting verbs in psychophysical domain, Hakka refraining verbs in intrapsychological domain, and Hakka urging verbs in interpsychological domain. The analysis proposes that two force-dynamic patterns can be generalized from these three groups of verbs, one ONSET CAUSATION pattern, and the other ONSET DESPITE pattern. Moreover, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and the syntactic manifestation has been examined. This force-dynamic opposition is manifested in syntax as demonstrated by resultative complements, BUN-constructions, LAU-constructions, the potential mode and verb-copying constructions along with the adverbs of duration. In addition, the confirmation of the speaker’s expectation can be achieved by adverbs of evaluation and adverbs of justification. The well-formedness of these syntactic structures and the felicity of the usage of the adverbs depend heavily on the interaction of the Antagonist’s force and the Agonist’s force.

围龙屋是客家人聚族而居的传统建筑，集中分布于广东东北部。它蕴含一套独特的空间构造和象征体系，体现了客家人的社会结构和性别观念。空间作为一项技术，在物质领域和精神领域上划分了两性的界限，并维护着性别关系结构。集体化时期国家对围龙屋进行了全面性改造，女性抓住机会获取村落公共空间的话语权，并在今天成为宗教活动的主导。改革开放之后，经济改革促使当地人搬出围龙屋住进新式楼房，家庭关系也随之改变。 / 本文以梅州一座围龙屋为研究对象，以客家妇女的日常生活实践为核心主题，通过分析围龙屋聚落的历史脉络、空间构造及其社会意义的转变，探讨空间生产过程中女性个体、国家力量和传统文化观念之间的互动与角力，从而理解中国建国后的社会、政治、经济变迁。国家通过改造围龙屋来达成管制目的，客家女性在国家话语下发挥能动性获取更多的生存空间，同时也受到传统文化观念的约束。今天，国家力量借助市场经济以非正式的方式渗透农村，彻底改变了家庭权力结构，并使传统文化滋生出新的表现形式。 / The weilong houses serve as the dwelling places for the Hakka people in Northeast Guangdong. Each weilong house contains elaborate spatial arrangements and a symbolic system that embodies the social order and gender relations of the Hakka. Space draws the boundaries between men and women in both the material and spiritual spheres, maintaining the gender structure of the Hakka society. During the collectivization period when the state reorganized the weilong house, women seized the opportunity to gain power for the control of village public space, and later they became religious leaders, even to the present. The economic reforms since 1978 have induced the villagers to leave the weilong house and move into new double-storey buildings, changing the family relations in the household. / This research is a study of a weilong house in Meizhou, with focus on the daily practices of Hakka women. Taking into account of the history of the weilong house, its spatial structure and the changes in its social meanings, I seek to explore the production and reproduction of space in relation to women, tradition and the state, leading to a deeper understanding of the social-economic and political changes since 1949. The state achieved its rule through the re-arrangement of space, and the Hakka women use their agency to gain more living space under the state discourse, despite being constrained by traditional culture. Today, through market forces, state power has permeated all aspects of village life, transforming the power structure of the family thoroughly and enabling traditional culture to express in new ways. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 駱吉婷. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Luo Jiting. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / 致谢 --- p.iii / 目录 --- p.v / 图、表及照片 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 引论 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 理论框架 --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- 空间与权力 --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- 社会空间的三维辩证法 --- p.9 / Chapter 三、 --- 文献综述 --- p.10 / Chapter 1. --- 空间与性别 --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- 客家妇女研究 --- p.14 / Chapter 3. --- 客家居住建筑研究 --- p.18 / Chapter 四、 --- 研究方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 五、 --- 章节安排 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二章 --- 传统时期围龙屋的空间结构与性别关系 --- p.25 / Chapter 一、 --- 大饶屋的社会历史背景与现状 --- p.25 / Chapter 二、 --- 围龙屋的组成部分 --- p.30 / Chapter 1. --- 围龙屋的核心--堂屋 --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- 围龙屋的住房--横屋和围龙 --- p.35 / Chapter 3. --- 围龙屋的衍生部分--化胎、 水塘、 风水林 --- p.36 / Chapter 4. --- 围龙屋的连接部分--禾坪、 天街、 横厅 --- p.39 / Chapter 5. --- 围龙屋的空间原则 --- p.41 / Chapter 三、 --- 围龙屋的空间划分与性别界限 --- p.43 / Chapter 1. --- p.44 / Chapter 2. --- 象征区分 --- p.48 / Chapter 3. --- 权力的流动 --- p.51 / Chapter 四、 --- 女性的恐惧 --- p.53 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.57 / Chapter 第三章 --- 围龙屋的改造与性别关系的重构 --- p.59 / Chapter 一丶 --- 国家对围龙屋的重整 --- p.60 / Chapter 1. --- 重划居住格局 --- p.60 / Chapter 2. --- 再定义空间功能 --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- 切分劳动空间与家庭空间 --- p.66 / Chapter 二、 --- 客家妇女与国家的互动 --- p.68 / Chapter 1. --- 性别分工与妇女掌权 --- p.68 / Chapter 2. --- 沉重的工作负担 --- p.71 / Chapter 三、 --- 国家力量与传统文化的角力 --- p.73 / Chapter 1. --- 分离 --- p.73 / Chapter 2. --- 碰撞 --- p.74 / Chapter 四、 --- 改革开放后的围龙屋 --- p.75 / Chapter 1. --- 家庭生产 --- p.75 / Chapter 2. --- 邻里关系 --- p.76 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.78 / Chapter 第四章 --- 女性与宗教空间 --- p.80 / Chapter 一、 --- 围龙屋的崇拜 --- p.81 / Chapter 1. --- 个体家庭崇拜 --- p.81 / Chapter 2. --- 围龙屋的集体崇拜 --- p.84 / Chapter 二、 --- 宗教组织及其运作 --- p.90 / Chapter 三、 --- 神庙的商业化与围龙屋的崇拜 --- p.93 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.97 / Chapter 第五章 --- 现代居住格局与家庭权力关系的变迁 --- p.100 / Chapter 一、 --- 新居的建立 --- p.101 / Chapter 1. --- 分地 --- p.101 / Chapter 2. --- 年轻女性的推动 --- p.103 / Chapter 二、 --- 新的居住格局 --- p.105 / Chapter 1. --- 家庭内部格局 --- p.105 / Chapter 2. --- 村落公共空间 --- p.108 / Chapter 三、 --- 家庭权力关系 --- p.109 / Chapter 1. --- 夫妻 --- p.109 / Chapter 2. --- 婆媳 --- p.111 / Chapter 3. --- 外嫁的女儿 --- p.113 / Chapter 4. --- 长幼 --- p.114 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.117 / Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.120 / p.128

本篇論文旨在從優選理論（Optimality Theory）的架構觀點分析海陸客語中 的三個音韻現象：變調（Tone Sandhi）、介音（Pre-nuclear Gliding）及音節連併（Syllable Contraction）。 　　在變調方面，由於海陸客語中上聲與陰入聲助數詞不因環境而變調，在利用之前文獻解釋時必須另外設定條件來說明海陸助數詞的特殊變調行為，本文建議利用優選論的制約來分析，本文所提出的一組制約，可以成功的解釋海陸客語中的上聲與陰入聲變調現象。 　　在介音方面，本文選擇以端木三所提出的音節結構為海陸客語音節結構，因為海陸客語中介音所呈現的行為較似起首子音的次發音特徵，因此本文亦提出了一組制約解釋海陸介音在音節中的歸屬。 　　在音節連併方面，本文檢驗了之前文獻所提出的方法，發現無法全面解釋海陸音節連併的現象，因此，提出一組關於音段與聲調的連併之制約將海陸音節連併現象以優選理論呈現。 　　本文是第一篇嘗試以優選理論解釋海陸客語音韻現象的研究，希望能從不同於之前文獻的角度討論海陸客語音韻的問題。之前理論運作的缺陷與不足，在本文的分析下，均可以成功的以優選理論之制約層級來說明。 / This thesis aims to explore three issues in Hai-lu Hakka Phonology in terms of Optimality Theory (OT). The three issues are tone sandhi, pre-nuclear gliding and syllable contraction. 　　Hai-lu Shang Toned and Yin-ru Toned numerals preserve their base tones in any case. Thus, previous studies would need to add an additional condition for the special tone sandhi behaviors of Hai-lu numerals. This thesis offers a set of OT constraints to explain tone sandhi in Hai-lu. The OT constraints can successfully operate Hai-lu tone sandhi without additional conditions. 　　Pre-nuclear glides in Hai-lu behave like the secondary articulations of the onsets. This thesis suggests Duanmu's (1990) syllable structure for Hai-lu syllables. A set of constraints are proposed to explain the pre-nuclear gliding in Hai-lu syllables. 　　The approaches previous studies suggest for syllable contraction are not across-the-board in Hai-lu. Thus, a set of segmental and tonal constraints are proposed to explain Hai-lu syllable contraction. The OT constraints operate syllable contraction in Hai-lu without difficulties. 　　This thesis is a pioneering study which aims to examine Hai-lu phonology in terms of OT. With OT constraint rankings, this thesis explains the remaining problems from previous studies successfully.

基於保障少數族群傳播權益的理念下，全球第一家客家電視台於2003年七月一日成立後，經一年半的歷程中，有需要了解到底哪樣的人在收看客家電視？本研究旨在利用收視率的分析，勾勒客家電視台核心觀眾輪廓並探其變化。 本研究的主要目的 （一）依據特定人口學變項,勾勒客家電視台核心觀眾的基本輪廓。 （二）分析客家電視台核心觀眾在六季、週間、假日收視行為變化。 （三）以戲劇、綜藝、新聞類核心節目中，針對觀眾收視行為分析。 研究結果發現 1.客家電視台在整體收視以及六季收視變化，呈現出一樣的核心觀眾輪廓：「男性50歲以上」，「小學或以下」、「退休或無業」、「桃竹苗地區」、「常說客語族群」。 2.客家電視台週間假日收視情形，男性收視略優於女性收視率，女性在週間晚間八點到十點間收視率為一天之最，週間假日以50歲以上為主要收視群，其次為35-49歲的觀眾。 3.週間假日觀眾教育程度幾乎落在小學以下有較高的收視率，其次是國/初中，「工作狀況」來區分觀眾收視率情形，以無業退休較居高，家庭主婦其次。 4. 週間假日觀眾收視差異：假日時段整體收視表現較週間高，平均假日收視率是週間兩倍。收視波段在週間呈現多段的收視高峰，而在假日則是明顯以早、中、晚三波段的收視高峰呈現。 5. 週間假日觀眾收視差異：假日早上高峰時段，皆較週間往後推移一個小時，週間晚間收視高峰可以持續到晚上11點，而假日收視高峰在9點以後急速下降。 6.在核心節目觀眾的性別輪廓，戲劇類的「油桐花之戀」節目，較受女性觀眾青睞，綜藝類「鬧熱打擂台」、新聞類節目「非常短評」的收視觀眾性別，男性高於女性收視率。 7.在核心節目觀眾的年齡輪廓，戲劇類的「油桐花之戀」有年輕化趨勢，35-49歲女性人口收視率具可塑性。綜藝節目「鬧熱打擂台」、新聞類節目「非常短評」觀眾的年齡落在50歲以上男性女性為主要觀眾。 8.在核心節目觀眾的教育程度，新聞類節目「非常短評」以大專以上人口收視為多，綜藝類「鬧熱打擂台」、戲劇節目「油桐花之戀」的觀眾以小學以下和國初中為主要收視群。 / In compliance with the ideal as to safeguard the broadcasting rights for the ethnic minorities in Taiwan, a Hakka TV station, the first of its kind in the world, was founded on July 1, 2003. Since its inception one and a half year ago, however, people know little about the majority of its audience and whether its programs have met the requirements of Hakka community. This study has, through analysis of rating and reception quality, come up with a profile of Hakka TV station’s core audience as well as its audience flow. Upon comparison with that of the target audience, the data has provided Hakka TV station a vaulable reference tool for improvement in its future program productions. This study has managed to : 1.Work out a profile of the core audience of Hakka TV station. 2.Define how the profile of core audience of Hakka TV station changes with viewing time (segments of the day, seasons of the year, etc.) Discussions on the difference between them and audience flow have also been held. 3.Analyze the profile of core audience of the most popular programs in each season. Explore their difference as well as audience flow. Analysis was done through discussion on varied theories, documents and academic works , supplemented by data and information gathered from Hakka TV station itself. The secondary analysis was based on rating surveys by some broadcaster groups and on reception quality surveys conducted by market survey companies in their hometowns. These survey shows that the core audience of Hakka TV station during the 1-1/2 year period following its establishment had a profile as follows: male over 50 years of age (54%); with primary educational level or lower (49%); retired or unemployed (36%); living in the counties of Taoyuan, Xinzhu and Miaoli (46%); ethnic group speaking Hakka dialect frequently (44%). The definition of audience ’ speaking Hakka dialect frequently’ can be interpreted as that Hakka dialect has been their mother tongue. In a sense, dialect the audience use is considered the most important contributory factor to the core audience of Hakka TV station.

本研究以新竹縣尖石鄉前山地區的旮旯牌與尖石兩個客家聚落的經濟活動為研究範疇，藉由史料爬梳與深度訪談建構兩個移居聚落的形成過程、產業類型及社會關係網絡的樣貌，細緻地討論兩者的經濟活動如何運作，並於原鄉經濟發展的不同階段中扮演角色；同時，運用鑲嵌理論討論經濟活動與社會關係如何交織互動。本研究有三個主要的研究發現：一、在平地人無法輕易取得原鄉土地所有權的情況下，地權狀態與地理區位對於移居聚落的經濟活動與社會關係形塑具有決定性影響；二、不同時期出現的平地人聚落處在原鄉經濟發展的不同位階上，從早期作為泰雅族人的佃農與第一線山林資源採伐的勞動者，轉變為平地商品與山林產物交換的中介者；三、Polanyi與Granovetter對於經濟與社會鑲嵌的討論，提供本文不同的觀察尺度來解釋兩聚落中出現的不同鑲嵌型態；此外，本研究以兩個聚落雜貨店交換行為為例，指出經濟活動的「鑲嵌標的」，以及作為「交換媒介的物品特質」皆可成為觀察鑲嵌性質的指標。整體而言，本文突破以原（被剝削者）漢（剝削者）的二元架構來解釋原鄉中經濟關係的討論模式，並對鑲嵌理論的實際運用提出新的思考方向。 / This study focuses on the economic activities of Ga La Pai Community and Jian Shi Community in the front-mountain area of Jianshi Township, Hsinchu County. Adopting the methods of literature review and in-depth interview, this study retraces the history of the forming of these two communities, explores the industries and social relationships within, reveals how their economic activities operated, and the roles they played in different development stages of this region. Base on the concept of embeddedness, this study also discusses the role of social relations in economic activities. There are three main findings in this study. First, the land tenure and location of settlement area have significant impacts on the residents’ economic activities and social relations. Second, non-indigenous settlement are in different stratums of indigenous economy in different periods. They were at once peasants of Tayal people and workers of forest logging, but later they transformed into agents for the exchanges of forest products and commodities from urban area. Third, the different concerns of embeddedness from Karl Polanyi and Mark Granovetter provide multiple scales of view to approach several types of embeddedness occurred in each community. Besides, the comparison of exchange systems between two grocery shops respectively from Ga La Pai Community and Jian Shi Community points out that both of “the subject of embeddedness” and “the nature of medium for exchange” can be the indexes reflecting the characteristics of embeddedness. In general, this study makes a breakthrough in elaborating the roles of non-indigenous in indigenous economy other than the “Han-Chinese (exploiter)/ indigenous people (exploited)” dichotomy. Furthermore, this study makes additional remarks to the concept of embeddedness after practice case studies.

This study investigates the cultural identity of Chinese overseas in Sweden, especially the identity of Chinese culture. A Hakka family in Sweden from Kolkata, India was a target of a case study in this thesis from the viewpoint of life history research and semi-structured interviews for the three female members in this family.The Indian Hakka Chinese, though spending more than 100 years in India, emigrate to other countries commonly. During the migration, this family well sustain their Chinese culture.This research reveals the following findings. Firstly, the identities in the family of this case show the differences between generations. The main deciding factor of their identities is based on both the ethnic identity of Chinese and Chinese culture. The second generation of immigrants in Sweden reveals the dual identities of Chinese culture and Swedish culture, which is consciously decided by them under the social and cultural background of the country of residence.Secondly, this case's family demonstrates a strong atmosphere of Chinese cultural identity in their daily life. The most significant symbol is that family members use Hakka to communicate at home. Furthermore, their cultural values follow a Chinese tradition of family-centred and ethical cultural values. However, in this case, Chinese culture is not as complete as the Chinese mainstream society. It also includes foreign elements in the country of residence. This clearly shows the process of Chinese overseas adapting and integrating with the country of residence.Thirdly, the influencing factors to this case's Chinese cultural identity include the Chinese community in Kolkata India, usage of Chinese language, Chinese education, intermarriage, and the external environment of Swedish society based on democracy multi-culturalism and popularization of internet information under globalization. The key factor in constructing and maintaining the Chinese cultural identity, in this case, is that the elders consciously insist on preserving Chinese tradition in this family.To sum up, this study's results contribute to the knowledge and understanding of Chinese overseas' cultural identity in Sweden. / 本论文以瑞典一个来自印度加尔各答的客家华人家庭进行个案研究，采用生命史研究的视角、半结构式的深度访谈法访问三位家庭女性成员，探讨瑞典的海外华人的文化认同，尤其是中国文化的认同。在海外延续百年的印度客家华人再度从印度移出已是常态，而此个案家庭中国文化的传承未曾中断。个案研究结果发现：首先，个案的身份认同呈现出世代的差异，身份认同以中国人的族群认同及中国文化认同为最主要的决定因素，移民瑞典第二代显示出中国及瑞典文化的双重文化认同，是历经所处的社会文化环境选择的文化认同。其次，此个案展现出浓厚的中国文化认同形式，以客家话的使用最为显著，也展现出以家庭为中心、注重伦理的文化价值观，然而不像中国主流社会文化的完整，而是包含了居住国的外国元素，显见海外华人在居住国适应、融合的过程。最后，影响个案维护中国文化认同的因素，包括：印度加尔各答的华人社区、世代的传承、中文的使用、中文教育、族内通婚、以民主为基础的多元文化瑞典社会的外部生存环境、全球化下网际网络资讯的普及等因素，而家中长辈有意识地传承与坚持，是文化认同建构及维护最重要也是最主要的因素。总之，本论文的研究结果可为瑞典海外华人的文化认同增添知识与理解。

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published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Music / Master / Master of Philosophy

本論文以優選理論分析六家饒平客語和寧都田頭客語雙音節詞之連讀變調，並藉由聲調內部結構說明變調的動機。在六家饒平客語方面，主要是呈現位置變調(positional tone sandhi)，較有標(more marked)的聲調位於前字時發生變調。另外，此方言的陽平和陽去因歷史演變，兩者的本調(citation tone)同為HH，但兩者因不同的變調形式而產生不同的變調(sandhi tone)。陽去的變調形式為位置變調，而陽平的變調形式為環境變調(contextual tone sandhi)。本文採用聯合制約(Local Constraint Conjunction)捕捉環境變調制約運作的環境。另外，運用「詞素特定音韻」(morpheme-specific phonology)標記聯合制約，解釋陽平和陽去不同的變調規則。在寧都田頭客語方面，變調受詞法結構影響，且兩個音節皆有可能發生變調。本文利用標記制約理論(indexed constraints approach)解釋不同結構的變調情形。另藉由位置信實制約不同的排序，嘗試說明聲調的保留屬於類型差異(typological differences)。而此方言的變調類型包含位置變調和環境變調，同樣要求較有標的聲調改變，並使用聯合制約說明在環境變調的情況下制約運作的環境。 / This thesis investigates the tone sandhi in Liujia Raoping Hakka and Ningdu Tiantou Hakka under the framework of Optimality Theory. The internal structure of the tone reveals the motivation and the mechanism of tone sandhi. In terms of the tone sandhi in Liujia Raoping Hakka, the universal tonal markedness tendency could be regarded as the motivation triggering the positional tone sandhi in the left syllable. Moreover, the morpheme-specific phonology is adapted to account for the tone sandhi of historical merged tones, Yangping and Yangqu. Yangping and Yangqu are both high level tones; however, they display different tone sandhi patterns. Yangping displays the contextual tone sandhi whereas Yangqu displays the positional tone sandhi. Local conjunction constraints are posited to restrict markedness constraints to specific contexts in order to account for the mechanism of contextual tone sandhi. On the other hand, in terms of the tone sandhi in Ningdu Tiantou Hakka, the tone sandhi is construction sensitive and takes place in both syllables. The indexed constraint approach is adopted to explain the tone sandhi in different constructions. In addition, the preservation of tone is argued to be the typological difference according to different rankings of the positional faithfulness constraints. Finally, the tonal markedness tendency motivates the positional tone sandhi and the conjoined constraints are posited to govern the contextual tone sandhi in this dialect.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education