INTRODUÇÃO: A perda óssea acelerada é uma das reconhecidas complicações da hemiplegia pós-acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), mas pouco se sabe sobre o ritmo de perda na fase crônica e seus determinantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução tardia da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em pacientes hemiplégicos crônicos, bem como identificar possíveis fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal envolvendo pacientes ambulatoriais com hemiplegia há mais de 12 meses. Pacientes com doenças e outras condições associadas à perda óssea foram excluídos. Avaliações clínica e densitométrica foram realizadas no início e após aproximadamente 16 meses, e foram analisados fatores de risco para perda óssea. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e sete pacientes foram estudados, sendo 40 do sexo masculino, com média de 59,3 anos e tempo médio de hemiplegia de 33,4 meses. Ao comparar os hemicorpos acometido e não acometido, foi observada perda óssea mais acentuada em antebraço acometido (p=0,001), mas não em fêmur acometido. Foi observada perda óssea significativa em 56% dos pacientes em antebraço e 22,6% em fêmur, no lado acometido. Maior tempo de AVE foi protetor para a perda óssea em antebraço (OR = 0,96, IC 95%: 0,92 0,99; p=0,015), e o uso de anticoagulantes e/ou anticonvulsivantes (OR = 5,83, IC 95%:1,25 27,3; p=0,025) e espasticidade moderada/intensa (OR = 8,29, IC 95%:1,10 62,4; p=0,040) foram determinantes para perda óssea em fêmur. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo evidenciou que a perda óssea é comum e frequente em antebraço acometido em pacientes com hemiplegia crônica, com tendência à estabilização da perda com o passar do tempo. Espasticidade mais intensa e uso de anticoagulantes e/ou anticonvulsivantes foram associados à perda óssea em fêmur. Estes achados indicam que pacientes hemiplégicos crônicos devem ser monitorados e tratados para perda óssea, com atenção para os determinantes identificados, e que o membro superior acometido deve ser incluído na avaliação da DMO / INTRODUCTION: Accelerated bone loss is a well-known early complication of hemiplegia. However, less is known about chronicphase bone loss and its determinants. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in chronic hemiplegic patients, and investigate possible related factors. METHODS: A longitudinal study involving chronic stroke-related hemiplegic patients was conducted. Clinical and densitometric evaluations were performed at baseline and after approximately 16 months, and risk factors for bone loss were analyzed. RESULTS: Fiftyseven patients were studied (40 males) with a mean of 59.3 years and with mean time since hemiplegia of 33.4 months. Decrease in BMD was more pronounced in affected forearms compared to the nonaffected forearms (p=0.001). No difference was found between affected and non-affected femurs. Bone loss was observed in 56% of the affected forearms and 22.6% of the affected femurs. Longer time since stroke was protective for bone loss in the forearm (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92 0.99; p=0.015), and the use of anticoagulation/antiepileptic drugs (OR = 5.83, 95% CI: 1.25 27.3; p=0.025) and moderate/severe spasticity (OR = 8.29, 95% CI: 1.10 62.4; p=0.040) were associated to bone loss in the femur. CONCLUSIONS: Bone loss is common and more frequent in the affected forearm in chronic hemiplegic patients with tendency to stabilize over time. Greater spasticity and use of anticoagulation and/or antiepileptic drugs were proved to be associated with bone loss at the femur. Our findings indicate that chronic hemiplegic patients should be monitored and treated for bone loss, with attention to the identified determinants, and that the upper paretic limb should be included in BMD evaluation

INTRODUÇÃO: A perda óssea acelerada é uma das reconhecidas complicações da hemiplegia pós-acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), mas pouco se sabe sobre o ritmo de perda na fase crônica e seus determinantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução tardia da densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em pacientes hemiplégicos crônicos, bem como identificar possíveis fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal envolvendo pacientes ambulatoriais com hemiplegia há mais de 12 meses. Pacientes com doenças e outras condições associadas à perda óssea foram excluídos. Avaliações clínica e densitométrica foram realizadas no início e após aproximadamente 16 meses, e foram analisados fatores de risco para perda óssea. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e sete pacientes foram estudados, sendo 40 do sexo masculino, com média de 59,3 anos e tempo médio de hemiplegia de 33,4 meses. Ao comparar os hemicorpos acometido e não acometido, foi observada perda óssea mais acentuada em antebraço acometido (p=0,001), mas não em fêmur acometido. Foi observada perda óssea significativa em 56% dos pacientes em antebraço e 22,6% em fêmur, no lado acometido. Maior tempo de AVE foi protetor para a perda óssea em antebraço (OR = 0,96, IC 95%: 0,92 0,99; p=0,015), e o uso de anticoagulantes e/ou anticonvulsivantes (OR = 5,83, IC 95%:1,25 27,3; p=0,025) e espasticidade moderada/intensa (OR = 8,29, IC 95%:1,10 62,4; p=0,040) foram determinantes para perda óssea em fêmur. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo evidenciou que a perda óssea é comum e frequente em antebraço acometido em pacientes com hemiplegia crônica, com tendência à estabilização da perda com o passar do tempo. Espasticidade mais intensa e uso de anticoagulantes e/ou anticonvulsivantes foram associados à perda óssea em fêmur. Estes achados indicam que pacientes hemiplégicos crônicos devem ser monitorados e tratados para perda óssea, com atenção para os determinantes identificados, e que o membro superior acometido deve ser incluído na avaliação da DMO / INTRODUCTION: Accelerated bone loss is a well-known early complication of hemiplegia. However, less is known about chronicphase bone loss and its determinants. The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in chronic hemiplegic patients, and investigate possible related factors. METHODS: A longitudinal study involving chronic stroke-related hemiplegic patients was conducted. Clinical and densitometric evaluations were performed at baseline and after approximately 16 months, and risk factors for bone loss were analyzed. RESULTS: Fiftyseven patients were studied (40 males) with a mean of 59.3 years and with mean time since hemiplegia of 33.4 months. Decrease in BMD was more pronounced in affected forearms compared to the nonaffected forearms (p=0.001). No difference was found between affected and non-affected femurs. Bone loss was observed in 56% of the affected forearms and 22.6% of the affected femurs. Longer time since stroke was protective for bone loss in the forearm (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92 0.99; p=0.015), and the use of anticoagulation/antiepileptic drugs (OR = 5.83, 95% CI: 1.25 27.3; p=0.025) and moderate/severe spasticity (OR = 8.29, 95% CI: 1.10 62.4; p=0.040) were associated to bone loss in the femur. CONCLUSIONS: Bone loss is common and more frequent in the affected forearm in chronic hemiplegic patients with tendency to stabilize over time. Greater spasticity and use of anticoagulation and/or antiepileptic drugs were proved to be associated with bone loss at the femur. Our findings indicate that chronic hemiplegic patients should be monitored and treated for bone loss, with attention to the identified determinants, and that the upper paretic limb should be included in BMD evaluation

Orientador: Antônio Augusto Fasolo Quevedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T09:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ervilha_FernandaPassosdosReis_M.pdf: 2898237 bytes, checksum: fe712c8eb592c7ff74c8059f848e933e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Indivíduos acometidos por acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) freqüentemente apresentam diminuição na habilidade de controlar os movimentos do ombro, cotovelo e punho, bem como de realizar as tarefas de preensão com o membro superior afetado (parético). Na última década, estudos têm investigado os efeitos da aplicação simultânea e intensiva de estimulação elétrica neuromuscular e exercícios funcionais, como forma de auxiliar na reabilitação dos movimentos da mão. Uma vez comprovada a efetividade deste procedimento terapêutico, denominado Terapia Elétrica Funcional Intensiva (TEFI), poderá haver aplicação em larga escala nos centros de reabilitação, devido à redução do tempo de tratamento proporcionado pelo procedimento, uma vez que este consiste, essencialmente, em oferecer aos pacientes sessões de tratamento longas e várias vezes por semana, porém, por poucas semanas. Convencionalmente, os pacientes se submetem a duas ou três sessões de cinqüenta minutos de fisioterapia por semana, durante anos. Contudo, várias questões no que se refere à combinação destas duas técnicas terapêuticas ainda estão por serem respondidas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos do treinamento funcional isolado com os efeitos do treinamento funcional somado à terapia elétrica funcional intensiva, a curto, médio e longo prazo, na função motora do membro superior acometido por paresia decorrente de AVE. Dez voluntários, com média de idade e de tempo de lesão de 63,1 (±11) anos e 7,9 (±6,8) meses, respectivamente, foram selecionados e divididos por sorteio em dois grupos. Oito voluntários concluíram o estudo. A intervenção foi de 5 semanas, 30 minutos de terapia convencional somados a 30 minutos de TEFI. Para o grupo experimental foi utilizado estimulador elétrico neuromuscular de 4 canais, marca Actigrip® CS system. Nas primeiras duas semanas de tratamento com estimulação elétrica, apenas músculos proximais do membro superior (m. deltóide, fibras anteriores e laterais) foram estimulados via eletrodo de superfície, com pulso monofásico com carga compensada, freqüência de 50 Hz, tempo de pulso de 200 µs e amplitude de 20 a 45 mA. Nas três semanas seguintes, o mesmo procedimento foi aplicado a músculos distais do membro superior. (canal 1 - extensor longo do polegar e, canal 2- m. oponente e flexor do polegar, canal 3 - flexor profundo em superficial dos dedos e canal 4 - músculo extensor comum dos dedos). A eletroestimulação foi realizada de tal forma a recrutar estes grupos musculares numa seqüência que mimetizava o movimento de pegar e soltar um objeto, qual seja, de estender sequencialmente o polegar, os dedos e punho e, na seqüência, flexionar o polegar, os dedos e punho. A função motora foi avaliada através dos seguintes testes: 1) Teste de Funcionalidade para Membros Superiores (Upper Extremity Functioning Test -UEFT), 2) Teste do quadrado adaptado (Drawing Test- DT) e avaliação neurológica. A análise de variância (ANOVA) mostrou diferença significante (F(4,20)=8,4; p<0,01) para o parâmetro número de repetições de movimentos funcionais realizados em dois minutos. O teste post hoc - Tukey Honest Significant Difference mostrou que tanto o grupo TEFI quanto o grupo controle apresentaram aumento significante na média do número de repetições no TFMS do pré-terapia para 2 e 5 semanas de tratamento, bem como 12 e 24 semanas de acompanhamento (p<0,03). O número de repetições das tarefas motoras aumentou de aproximadamente 8 para 11 repetições em dois minutos. Conclusão: o treinamento funcional do membro superior acometido por paresia, decorrente de AVE, somado ou não a terapia elétrica funcional intensiva induziu à melhora na funcionalidade motora. Este resultado foi atingido nas primeiras 2 semanas de treinamento e se manteve por um período de 24 semanas. / Abstract: Stroke results with decreased ability to control shoulder and elbow movements, as well as compromised grasping. In the last decade, researchers have investigated the effect of simultaneously applied intensive neuromuscular electrical stimulation and functional exercises, aiming rehabilitation of hand movements. Once proved to be effective, Intensive Functional Electrical Therapy (IFET) tends to be widely used in rehabilitation centers due to decreased treatment time needed for each patient. Conventionally, patients attend to two or three fifty minutes physiotherapy sessions a week for years. However, many questions concerned the combination of these two therapeutic techniques is still to be addressed. The present study aimed to compare the effect of functional therapy with functional therapy plus IFET, in short, medium, and in a long term. Ten volunteers, with mean (±SD) age and after stroke time 63.1 (±11) and 7.9 (±6.8) weeks and months, respectively, were randomly selected and divided in two groups. Eight volunteers concluded the study. Volunteers underwent to 5 weeks of treatment, composed of 30 minutes of conventional therapy in addition to 30 minutes of IFET. For the experimental group, a four channel electrical stimulator Actigrip® CS system was used. In the first two weeks of treatment using electrical stimulation, only upper limb proximal muscles were stimulated (m. deltoid - anterior and lateral fibers), with surface electrodes, using a 200 ?s, 50 Hz, compensated monophasic pulse, 20-45 mA of intensity. In the following three weeks, the same procedure was applied to distal upper limb muscles (channel 1 - extensor pollicis longus m., channel 2 - flexor pollicis and opponens m., channel 3 -flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis m. e channel 4 - extensor communis digitorum m.). Electrical stimulation was applied in such a way to facilitate the volunteers to grip objects, which means to extend the thumb fingers and wrist, grasp the object and then to flex the thumb, fingers and wrist. Motor function was evaluated using the Upper Extremity Functioning Test - UEFT), Drawing Test- DT, and neurological evaluation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant difference (F(4,20)=8,4; p<0,01) for the parameter number of functional task repetitions. The Tukey Honest Significant Difference test showed that both, TEFI and control groups significantly increased the number of motor task repetitions they could perform in two minutes(p<0,03). This was significant when pre-treatment was compared with post-treatment (2 and 5 weeks of treatment, and 12 and 24 weeks of follow-up). The number of times the volunteers performed the motor task increased from 8 to approximately 11. In conclusion, functional training of upper limb, impaired due to stroke, whether added or not to intensive electrical stimulation improved motor function. This result was obtained after two weeks of treatment and last for a period of 24 weeks. / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Herber.pdf: 2070207 bytes, checksum: 249e6056643655f931fa3aebf9693642 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The backward walking (BW) has been used in protocols for rehabilitation and training in individuals with stroke, however little is known about their characteristics in terms of kinematic variables and motor pattern. The literature describes that for the execution of BW it is necessary to combine hip extension with knee flexion, components that are compromised in this population. The aim of this study is to compare the spatial, temporal and angular variables between the BW and forward walking (FW) and between the lower limbs [affected (AF) and non affected (NA)] in the BW in individuals with hemiparesis following stroke. Participated in the study 10 adults (56.4±8.4 years) with chronic hemiparesis (30.6±25.1 months after the stroke onset), with lower limb motor score of 25±4.4 in the Fugl-Meyer Scale, and gait speed of 0,92±0.3 m/s. Reflexive markers were placed in the acromion, greater trochanter, lateral condyle of the knee and lateral malleolus, on both sides of lower limb. The subjects were instructed to walk at comfortable speed and five trials on each side of the sagital plane (right and left) were captured with a digital camcorder with a frequency of 30 Hz, in both tasks, FW and BW. The Kinematics variables analyzed were the stride length, duration and speed and stance phase duration, and angular variables of knee and kip. For statistical analyses the ANOVA 2X2 (2 directions BW and FW and 2 legs AF and NF lower limbs) was used. In addition, it was used contrasts with T Student test and Bonferroni correction. The angular variables were submitted to the ANCOVA, and the speed was the co-variable. The individuals with hemiparesis have shown a decreased stride length and speed (p=0,001 e p=0,001) and increased duration and percentage of support in the stride (p=0,001) in BW compared to FW. The NA lower limb remained longer in stance in both conditions (BW and FW). Both lower limbs have presented a decrease in maximum knee flexion (p=0,001 e p=0,005) and maximum hip extension (p=0,001 e p=0,001) in BW. In general, the differences in the hip kinematics between the FW and BW remained when the speed was used as a co-variable. Regarding the comparison between the lower limbs during the BW, the NA lower limb has shown increased angular values (p values between p=0,006 e p=0,009) except for the maximum knee extension, where the AF lower limb showed increased extension values, probably because of a hyperextension which is typical in this population. Qualitative analyses of the coordination has shown a different behavior between legs, with a preference to simultaneous movements between hip and knee in 8 of the 10 participants, and anterior inclination of the trunk during swing in the BW. The BW could be and appropriate way of treatment that could be added to conventional gait rehabilitation programs in individuals with hemiparesis. We suggest further investigation on the effects of a BW training on the intra joint coordination between hip and knee. / O andar para trás (AT) tem sido utilizado corno forma de treinamento locomotor em indivíduos com hemiparesia pós acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). No entanto pouco se sabe sobre as características cinemáticas do AT nesta população. A literatura descreve que na execução do AT é necessária a extensão do quadril combinada com a flexão do joelho, componentes que estão comprometidos nesta população. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar em indivíduos com hemiparesia as variáveis espaço-temporais e angulares entre o andar para frente (AF) e o AT e entre membros inferiores (MMII) no AT. Participaram do estudo 10 indivíduos (56.4±8.4 anos) com hemiparesia crônica (30.6±25,1 meses pós AVE). Os participantes apresentaram comprometimento motor de 25±4.4 pontos no Fugl-Meyer-MI velocidade de marcha de 0.92±0.3 m/s. Marcadores foram colocados no acrômio, trocânter maior do fêmur; côndilo lateral do joelho e maléolo lateral em ambos os lados. Os participantes foram filmados caminhando em uma velocidade confortável em cinco tentativas no plano sagital direito e cinco no esquerdo, nas tarefas do AF e AT. com uma câmera filmadora digital com freqüência de 60 Hz. As variáveis cinemáticas analisadas foram comprimento, duração e velocidade da passada e duração do apoio, além das variáveis angulares do joelho e quadril. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA 2X2 [2 direções e 2 lados - MI não afetado (naf) e MI afetado (af)] e posterior contrastes com teste t de Student com correção de Bonferroni. As variáveis angulares foram em seguida submetidas a ANCOVA utilizando-se a velocidade do andar como co-variável. Os indivíduos com hemiparesia apresentam redução do comprimento e velocidade da passada e aumento da duração e do percentual de apoio da passada (p=0,001 para todos) no AT comparativamente ao AF. O MInaf permaneceu mais tempo apoiado tanto no AT quanto no AF. Ambos os MMII apresentaram valores de máxima flexão de joelho (p=0,001 e p=0,005) e máxima extensão de quadril significativamente menor (p=0,001 para ambos) no AT. Em geral, as diferenças na cinemática do quadril entre AF e AT permanecem quando a velocidade é utilizada como co-variável. Com relação à comparação entre os MMII no AT, observou-se que o MInaf apresentou maiores valores angulares (valor de p entre p=0,006 e p=0,009), exceto para máxima extensão do joelho. onde o MIaf apresentou valores maiores dc extensão, isso devido a hiperextensão característica nesta população. A análise qualitativa da coordenação evidenciou um comportamento diferente entre MMII com uma preferência para movimentos simultâneos entre o quadril e joelho para 8/10 participantes assim como uma inclinação anterior do tronco durante o balanço no AT. O AT pode ser utilizado como recurso terapêutico apropriada para somar aos programas convencionais de reabilitação da marcha em indivíduos com hemiparesia. Sugere-se investigar o efeito do treinamento do AT sobre coordenação inter-articular entre quadril e joelho.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Rocha.pdf: 2659050 bytes, checksum: ab889033d038c34c38a4e174f6d78945 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hemiparesis following stroke reduces the ability to use the involved lower extremity during the sit-to-stand (STS) transfer, thus affecting the performance. This study investigated in hemiparetic subjects the combined effects of the non-affected lower limb (NA) constraints by supporting it on a step and the seat height for the weight-bearing on the affected lower limb (AF) and the reduction of asymmetry during STS. Thirteen adult subjects (60,4 ± 5,7 years) were selected, of both sexes, with hemiparesis due to stroke in chronic stage (43,7 ± 50 months). They had mild to moderate impairments on the Fugl-Meyer Scale (24,7 ± 4,9 points). The participants underwent clinical evaluations and biomechanical analyses of the kinetics and kinematics of the movements of interest. Individuals stood up from a instrumented bench at two seat heights, 100% (normal) and 130% (elevated) from the knee height (KH). There were four conditions of the feet: (1) spontaneous (SPO), (2) symmetric (SYM), (3) asymmetrical (ASS) with the NA limb in front of the AF, and (4) step (STP) of the NA limb supported on a step. Force plates and a kinematic system were used for analyses of the vertical component (Fz) of the ground reaction forces and the kinematic behaviors of the resulting movement. The results showed significant decreases of the asymmetry in the step condition compared to the positions of the SPO (p<0001), SYM (p<0001) and ASS (p=0023). The angles of hip, knee and ankle reached normal values. With the elevation of the seat height at 130%, KH had significant reductions in the time of movement and the anterior displacement of the trunk (p<0001 both). The restriction of the AF by the step was efficient in reducing the asymmetry in the STS and may be a therapeutic resource to be used in reversing the learned non-use. Raising the seat height reduced the time and displacement of the trunk, there facilitated reaching the upright position even with the use of step. The use of constraint as a strategy for training is suggested to reduce the asymmetry in the STS. / A hemiparesia após um Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) compromete a capacidade de usar a extremidade inferior acometida durante transição de sentado para de pé (ST-DP), afetando o desempenho funcional. Este estudo investigou, em indivíduos hemiparéticos, o efeito combinado da restrição do membro inferior não-afetado (MINA) apoiado em um step e da altura do assento, sobre a transferência de peso para o membro inferior afetado (MIAF) e redução da assimetria durante o movimento ST-DP. Foram selecionados 13 indivíduos adultos (60,4 ± 5,7 anos), de ambos os sexos, com seqüela de hemiparesia devido a AVE na fase crônica (43,7 ± 50 meses) e comprometimento de leve a moderado na Escala de Fugl-Meyer (24,7 ± 4,9 pontos). Os participantes realizaram avaliações clínicas e biomecânicas através de análise cinética e cinemática do movimento de interesse. Os indivíduos levantaram de um banco instrumentado a partir de duas alturas de assento, 100% (normal) e 130% (elevada) da altura do joelho (AJ), e em 4 condições dos pés: (1) espontânea (ESP); (2) simétrica, SIM; (3) assimétrica (ASS) - membro não-afetado à frente; e (4) step (STP) - membro não-afetado apoiado em um step. Plataformas de força e sistema de cinemetria foram empregados respectivamente para análise da componente vertical (Fz) da força de reação do solo e do comportamento cinemático resultantes do movimento. Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição significativa da assimetria na condição step em relação as posições ESP (p < 0,001), SIM (p <0,001) e ASS (p =0,023), influenciando positivamente os ângulos de quadril, joelho e tornozelo para valores mais próximos dos normais. Com a elevação da altura do assento à 130%AJ foi observada uma redução significativa do tempo de movimento e deslocamento anterior do tronco (p < 0,001para ambos). A restrição do MINAF pelo step mostrou-se eficiente na diminuição da assimetria durante o ST-DP e pode ser um recurso terapêutico utilizado na reversão do desuso aprendido. Elevar a altura do assento diminuiu as demandas de tempo e deslocamentos do tronco, facilitando a aquisição da postura em pé mesmo com o emprego do step. Sugere-se o uso da restrição como uma estratégia de treinamento visando reduzir a assimetria durante o ST-DP.

Résumé : L’hémiplégie laryngée (HP) est une affection courante et une cause majeure de contre-performances dans l’espèce équine. Plusieurs études ont montré que la prévalence était variable selon les races et les disciplines étudiées. De plus, un développement important des techniques chirurgicales peu invasives ont émergé ces dernières années. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de 1) déterminer la prévalence de l’HL chez une population de Trotteurs Français (TF) à l’entrainement et son impact sur les performances, 2) évaluer la pertinence des protocoles actuels de sédanalgésie utilisés lors d’interventions chirurgicales sur cheval debout.Deux études ont été réalisées pour répondre aux objectifs. La première étude portait sur 112 TF en situation d’entrainement. La prévalence a été calculée sur l’ensemble de l’effectif puis une étude longitudinale sur l’évolution du grade HL a été réalisée sur 18 chevaux. La prévalence de l’HL chez ces chevaux était relativement importante mais aucune corrélation avec les performances, ni le sexe ou l’âge des animaux n’a pu être montrée. Une large proportion de chevaux voit son grade d’abduction se dégrader avec le temps. La deuxième étude a comparé 4 protocoles de sédanalgésie. Huit juments saines ont été utilisées et les effets des protocoles ont été notés. Les protocoles testés étaient adéquats pour les interventions envisagées mais des différences notoires ont été démontrées. L’utilisation du butorphanol entrainait des mouvements involontaires et brusques de la tête, tandis que la lidocaïne pouvait engendrer un collapsus pharyngé. Des recommandations pour l’utilisation de ces protocoles ont été émises. / Abstract : Laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) is a common disease in sport- and racehorses, but also a frequent cause of poor performance. Several studies have shown that the prevalence of the disease is rather variable among the different breeds and disciplines. Furthermore, minimally invasive surgical therapies to correct this condition have recently gained popularity. The objectives of our work were to 1) determine the prevalence of LH in a population of French Trotters in training and 2) assess the efficacy of sedation and analgesia protocols in minimally invasive upper airway surgery. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment investigated the prevalence of LH in 112 French Trotters horses in training, showing that a large number of horses were affected but it did not severely impact their performance. A longitudinal study was performed in 18 of these horses showing that the LH grade decreased with time in a large proportion of horses. The second study compared 4 sedation/analgesia protocols used in upper airway standing surgery. All protocols tested were adequate to provide sedation and analgesia of the pharynx and larynx but there were some important differences between protocols. Butorphanol induced frequent head jerking as lidocaine caused pharyngeal collapse, which can impair proper surgical accuracy. Recommandations were made for the use of these protocols in upper airway surgery.

Abstract Background Congenital hemiplegia is the most common form of cerebral palsy accounting for 1 in 1300 live births. Children usually present with greater upper limb than lower limb involvement. Impaired unimanual capacity of the involved upper limb and deficits in bimanual performance contribute to difficulties with day to day activities and participation in home, school and community life. Interventions to address these deficits in upper limb unimanual capacity and bimanual performance have recently shifted focus to address limitations in activity performance rather than underlying impairments. One intensive intervention approach is constraint induced movement therapy, which entails placing a constraint on the unimpaired upper limb to focus intense and repetitive training of the impaired upper limb. To date, it is unclear whether constraint induced movement therapy is superior to a more traditional bimanual therapy to improve activity performance and participation outcomes for children with congenital hemiplegia, as there has been no direct comparison of the two approaches. Aim The primary aim of this research was to determine whether constraint induced movement therapy was more effective than bimanual training to improve activity performance and participation for children with congenital hemiplegia. The specific aims were to: i) determine the efficacy of therapeutic upper limb interventions on activity and participation outcomes for children with congenital hemiplegia, ii) systematically review the clinimetric properties (psychometric properties and clinical utility) of participation assessment tools for children with congenital hemiplegia, iii) examine the relationship between impairments, unimanual capacity and bimanual performance in children with congenital hemiplegia and, iv) determine whether constraint induced movement therapy is more effective than bimanual training to improve activity and participation outcomes for children with congenital hemiplegia. Research Design A matched pairs randomised design was chosen with children matched for age, gender, side of hemiplegia and upper limb function. Children were randomised within pairs to receive either constraint induced movement therapy or bimanual training in equal dosages. Both interventions used a day camp model, with groups receiving the same dosage and content of intervention delivered in the same environment. A novel circus theme was used in the camps to enhance children’s engagement and motivation. Children in the constraint induced movement therapy group wore a tailor made glove on their unimpaired hand during the intervention camp. Outcomes were measured across all domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health at baseline, 3 and 26 weeks post intervention. The primary outcome measure for unimanual capacity of the impaired upper limb was the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function, and bimanual performance was the Assisting Hand Assessment. A secondary outcome measure for unimanual capacity was the Jebsen Taylor Test of Hand Function. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was used as the primary outcome for participation and three measures, the Assessment of Life Habits, Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment and the School Function Assessment were included to explore their research utility and responsiveness to change. Results Two systematic reviews were performed prior to the commencement of the randomised trial. The first systematic review and meta-analysis of all upper limb interventions for children with congenital hemiplegia identified four treatment approaches with varying evidence to support their efficacy. Interventions included the use of intramuscular Botulinum toxin A injections to the upper limb augmenting upper limb training, neurodevelopmental treatment, constraint induced movement therapy and hand arm intensive bimanual training. Data were pooled for upper limb, self care and individualised outcomes. Results indicated a small to medium treatment effect favouring all four interventions on upper limb outcomes. Large treatment effects favoured intramuscular Botulinum toxin A injections combined with upper limb training for individualised outcomes. Overall, the systematic review and meta-analysis found no upper limb training approach to be superior although Botulinum toxin A injections appeared to provide a consistent supplementary benefit to a variety of upper limb training approaches. However it was unclear which type of upper limb training was optimal. Findings suggested that the two intensive intervention approaches that are the focus of this randomised controlled trial, constraint induced movement therapy and bimanual intensive training, required further research to support their efficacy. The second systematic review was performed to inform choice of participation measures for the randomised comparison trial. The review identified five specific measures of participation suitable for school aged children with congenital hemiplegia (Assessment of Life Habits, Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, School Function Assessment (participation domain), Children Helping Out: Responsibilities and Expectations, School Outcome Measure) and two measures of individualised outcomes that could include specific participation goals (Goal Attainment Scaling and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure). Results suggested that no one measure adequately captured all aspects of participation as outlined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and a combination of assessments would be required to broadly assess children’s participation in home, school and community life. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was selected as the primary outcome measure in the randomised trial as it had strong evidence for validity and reliability, had been used in paediatric clinical trials and was responsive to change. Three measures of participation, the Assessment of Life Habits which was completed by the parent/caregiver, the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment which was completed by the child, and the School Function Assessment, which was completed by the child’s teacher, were selected to explore the research utility of the measures and their responsiveness to change. Analysis of cross-sectional data collected during screening and baseline assessments for the randomised trial found a strong relationship between bimanual performance and unimanual capacity. Scores on the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and stereognosis accounted for a significant amount of variance in scores on the Assisting Hand Assessment. There were only moderate associations between impairments (eg. sensory deficits and reduced grip strength) and bimanual performance and unimanual capacity. Age, gender, grip strength and two-point discrimination did not significantly influence bimanual performance. Results of the randomised controlled trial found no differences between groups on any baseline measure. A significant difference between groups favouring the constraint induced movement therapy group was found at 26 weeks on the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function. There were no differences between groups on any other measure at either immediately post intervention at 3 weeks or in the medium term at 26 weeks. The constraint induced movement therapy group made significant gains in unimanual capacity (Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and Jebsen Taylor Test of Hand Function) from baseline to 3 and 26 weeks. The bimanual group demonstrated significant improvement in movement efficiency (Jebsen Taylor Test of Hand Function) by 26 weeks. Significant gains in bimanual performance (Assisting Hand Assessment) were evidenced for both groups from baseline to 3 weeks. These gains were maintained at 26 weeks by the bimanual group only. There were no differences between groups on any participation measures. Both constraint induced movement therapy and bimanual training groups made statistically and clinically significant changes in perceived performance and satisfaction of identified functional goals from baseline to 3 and 26 weeks. Significant gains were made by both groups in personal care on the Assessment of Life Habits from baseline to 26 weeks. There were no changes for either group on the School Function Assessment and Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment. Conclusions This study found minimal differences between the two training approaches. Outcomes achieved by children reflected the mode of upper limb training, that is, improved and sustained gains in unimanual capacity were achieved with a unimanual approach (constraint induced movement therapy), and significant change in bimanual performance was achieved following bimanual training. The constraint induced movement therapy group made initial improvements in bimanual performance that were not sustained at 26 weeks, suggesting that intensive unimanual training may need to be followed by bimanual training in order to retain effects. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements in the achievement of individualised outcomes. Small gains in participation appeared to correspond with specific goal areas identified by children and their caregivers and highlighted the importance of goal directed training and measuring individualised outcomes. Regardless of the type of approach, intervention needs to be goal-directed, focusing on areas of central importance for children and their families.

Tez (Tıpta Uzmanlık) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, 2006. / Bibliyografya var.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T19:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000436227-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 614510 bytes, checksum: 56faf33b6e452be763b0dd20fdfb8fe7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / BACKGROUND: The prevalence of the pusher syndrome can affect patients' motor recovery after stroke (CVA). OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of pusher syndrome in patients after stroke from clinical criteria contained in Contraversive Pushing Scale (evaluation of the symptom of pushing), and correlate them with neurological abnormalities, severity of stroke and functionality. METHODS: a cross-sectional study with convenience sample of patients of both sexes with a diagnosis of acute stroke. We included patients with clinically stable and able to assess the severity of the event from the range of NIHSS, Barthel (evaluation of the symptom of pushing). To diagnose the pusher syndrome used two scoring criteria with different cutoff points, pushing the Contraversive scale: result greater than or equal to 1 (criterion I) or greater than zero (criterion II).RESULTS: 86 patients were evaluated. Of these 30 met the inclusion criteria. 17 were men with mean age of 52. 3 years. 26 patients had ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke four. 14 had hemiplegia on the left and 16 right. Mean NIHSS and Barthel index were 8. 5 and 48. 8 points respectively. Using the criteria I and II prevalence rates were 3. 3% and 26. 6% respectively. The presence of pusher syndrome was significantly associated with lower values when the Barthel scale, we used the criterion II (22. 5 ± 8. 5 versus 58. 4 ± 27. 3, P <0. 001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pusher syndrome in patients after acute stroke is significant and can vary according to the criteria used. Its presence is associated with clinical severity and functional dependence, higher incidence in ischemic stroke event, parietal lobe and middle cerebral artery, respectively. / BASE TEÓRICA: A identificação da síndrome de pusher pode influir na recuperação motora dos pacientes após acidente vascular encefálico (AVC). OBJETIVOS: estabelecer a prevalência da síndrome de pusher em pacientes após AVC a partir de critérios clínicos contidos na contraversive pushing scale (avaliação do sintoma de empurrar) e correlacioná-la com anormalidades do exame neurológico, gravidade do AVC e funcionalidade. MÉTODOS: realizou-se estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de pacientes de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de AVC agudo. Foram incluídos pacientes clinicamente estáveis e com possibilidade de avaliação da severidade do evento a partir da escala de NIHSS, Barthel e (avaliação do sintoma de empurrar). Para o diagnóstico da síndrome de pusher utilizaram-se dois critérios de pontuação, com diferentes pontos de corte, na contraversive pushing scale: resultado maior ou igual a 1 (critério I) ou maior que zero (critério II).RESULTADOS: foram avaliados 86 pacientes. Destes 30 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. 17 eram homens com idade média de 52,3 anos. 26 pacientes tiveram AVC isquêmico e quatro AVC hemorrágico. 14 apresentaram hemiplegia à esquerda e 16 à direita. As médias do NIHSS e do índice de Barthel foram de 8. 5 e 48. 8 pontos, respectivamente. Utilizando-se os critérios I e II as prevalências foram de 3. 3% e 26. 6%, respectivamente. A presença de síndrome de pusher associou-se significativamente a valores mais baixos na escala de Barthel quando se utilizou o critério II (22,5±8,5 versus 58,4±27,3; P< 0, 001). CONCLUSÕES: a prevalência da síndrome de pusher em paciente pós - AVC agudo é significativa e pode variar de acordo com critérios utilizados. Sua presença associa-se a parâmetros clínicos de maior gravidade e dependência funcional, maior incidência do evento em AVC isquêmico, lobo parietal e artéria cerebral média, respectivamente.