Orientador: Fabio Violaro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:44:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yared_GlaucoFerreiraGazel_D.pdf: 5774867 bytes, checksum: 49a79d9495ce25c8a69ca34858a956ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Atualmente os sistemas de reconhecimento de fala baseados em HMMs são utilizados em diversas aplicações em tempo real, desde telefones celulares até automóveis. Nesse contexto, um aspecto importante que deve ser considerado é a complexidade dos HMMs, a qual está diretamente relacionada com o custo computacional. Assim, no intuito de permitir a aplicação prática do sistema, é interessante otimizar a complexidade dos HMMs, impondo-se restrições em relação ao desempenho no reconhecimento. Além disso, a otimização da topologia é importante para uma estimação confiável dos parâmetros dos HMMs. Os trabalhos anteriores nesta área utilizam medidas de verossimilhança para a obtenção de sistemas que apresentem um melhor compromisso entre resolução acústica e robustez. Este trabalho apresenta o novo Algoritmo para Eliminação de Gaussianas (GEA), o qual é baseado em uma análise discriminativa e em uma análise interna, para a determinação da complexidade mais apropriada para os HMMs. O novo método é comparado com o Critério de Informação Bayesiano (BIC), com um método baseado em medidas de entropia, com um método discriminativo para o aumento da resolução acústica dos modelos e com os sistemas contendo um número fixo de Gaussianas por estado / Abstract: Nowadays, HMM-based speech recognition systems are used in many real time processing applications, from cell phones to auto mobile automation. In this context, one important aspect to be considered is the HMM complexity, which directly determines the system computational load. So, in order to make the system feasible for practical purposes, it is interesting to optimize the HMM size constrained to a minimum acceptable recognition performance. Furthermore, topology optimization is also important for reliable parameter estimation. Previous works in this area have used likelihood measures in order to obtain models with a better compromise between acoustic resolution and robustness. This work presents the new Gaussian Elimination Algorithm (GEA), which is based on a discriminative analysis and on an internal analysis, for determining the more suitable HMM complexity. The new approach is compared to the classical Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), to an entropy based method, to a discriminative-based method for increasing the acoustic resolution of the HMMs and also to systems containing a fixed number of Gaussians per state / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo de um lado, desvendar a trajetória da instituição e suas disposições institucionais, e, de outro lado, a trajetória escolar, o patrimônio (cultural, econômico e social) e as disposições dos alunos, procurando compreender também as possíveis relações estabelecidas (encontros e desencontros, consonâncias e dissonâncias) entre os estudantes e a instituição. O estudo de caso se baseia em diferentes dados e análises que visam capturar a experiência de formação como um todo: através de entrevistas realizadas com docentes e análise documental reconstruímos a história da instituição procurando desvendar suas disposições institucionais; realizamos análises estatísticas sobre o perfil dos alunos do curso de graduação e a evasão nessa instituição; discutimos as entrevistas realizadas com 27 alunos do curso de licenciatura transformadas em retratos sociológicos, procurando organizar suas trajetórias acadêmicas de acordo com as modalidades de sua integração à instituição. As principais disposições institucionais presentes em diversas fases de desenvolvimento da instituição apontam para a importância da pesquisa, uma união inicial entre os membros do corpo docente, a busca da autonomia e isolamento e os projetos de extensão como forma de marketing institucional. O perfil dos alunos mostra que muitos dos que se matriculam na licenciatura preferiam ter ingressado no bacharelado, porém, ao contrário do esperado, a instituição consegue ter baixos índices de evasão. Os retratos apontam para uma predominância de trajetos que conjugam uma integração social e acadêmica, favorecida por um \"encaixe\" das disposições anteriores atualizadas na universidade. Este quadro resulta em um curso de licenciatura diferenciado, no qual o currículo oculto tem papel fundamental na formação docente e na promoção de uma sociologia da transformação, em que licenciandos, reconhecidamente com perfil sócio-econômico menos privilegiado, concluem o curso com as mesmas perspectivas profissionais que os bacharéis. Em linhas gerais, o IQ promove muitas iniciativas diversificadas de formação dos graduandos, por outro lado a instituição parece não perceber que o diferencial da formação oferecida é o conjunto dessas atividades. Concluímos apontando várias possibilidades de aprimoramento da formação dos licenciandos. / This research aimed to understand the possible relationships established (agreements and disagreements, consonances and dissonances) between students and institution. In order to accomplish that goal we analyze on one hand the trajectory of the institution and its institutional arrangements and, on the other hand, the school history and heritage (cultural, economic and social) and students\' dispositions. The case study is based on different data and analyzes that aim to capture the learning experience as a whole: using interviews with teachers and document analysis we reconstructed the institution history seeking for unveil its institutional arrangements; we performed statistical analyzes on the undergraduate students profiles and the attrition at that institution; we discuss the interviews with 27 undergraduate students transformed into sociological portraits, trying to organize their academic trajectories according to their integration into the institution. The main institutional arrangements present in various stages of institutional development point to the importance of research, the union between the faculty members, the pursuit of autonomy and isolation and the community outreach projects as a form of institutional marketing. The profile shows that many of the students who enroll in the teacher training course rather have joined the bachelor, however, contrary to expectations, the institution have lower dropout rates. The portraits show a predominance of paths that combines social and academic integration, favored by a \'fit\' of the above dispositions updated in college. This framework results in a distinguished course in which the hidden curriculum plays a fundamental role in teacher training and in promoting a sociology of transformation, in which undergraduates with recognized less privileged socio-economic profile conclude the course with the same career prospects of the bachelors. In general, the IC promotes many diversified initiatives to training the undergraduate students, but the institution does not seem to realize that the differential training is offered through the entire group of activities. We conclude presenting several possibilities for improving the training of undergraduates.

Este texto estuda as narrativas breves El celoso extremeño e Las dos doncellas, integrantes do conjunto intitulado Novelas Ejemplares, publicadas por Miguel de Cervantes, em 1613. Tendo em vista que os textos nos permitem experimentar distintas dimensões de leitura, temos, no plano explícito, a expressão desse autor conformista e ortodoxo, nas palavras de Williamson (1990) e, no plano sugestivo, um olhar irônico e crítico, sobretudo da condição e do papel da mulher, nas relações de gênero e ainda na vida em sociedade. Em outras palavras, os dois níveis sobre os quais traçamos os nossos estudos podem ser vistos, simultaneamente, isto é, no discurso explícito, estão revelados fragmentos da realidade a partir de um discurso conservador das regras prescritas, mas, por outro lado, no plano implícito, está o caráter reflexivo, crítico, às vezes, até transgressor dos costumes predominantes. Nessas narrativas estudadas, se por um lado as mulheres atuam como perfectas corderas, cumprindo as regras para uma nobre donzela ou para uma mulher casada, por outro lado, essas mesmas mulheres vencem as suas fragilidades e inseguranças no ato de tomar decisões, demonstrando certa autoridade ou deixando ver poderes ocultos femininos. Em vista do comportamento masculino, nos deparamos com homens que, por trás de toda a superioridade e privilégio ditado pela cultura vigente, revelam-se sujeitos aos desejos e domínios femininos, o que nos faz entender todo aquele controle outrora evidenciado como uma forma simbólica de poder. Tendo em conta a sutileza com que o autor trabalha artisticamente a questão, essas dimensões de leitura só são perceptíveis pela interpretação do leitor cuidadoso, tomando de empréstimo o termo cervantino, em que é capaz de identificar a dupla face de um escritor escurridizo e irónico ao invés de solemne y ejemplar. Enfim, essas controvérsias de leitura nos fazem concluir que o autor exibe, pelas páginas da ficção, uma representação da dinâmica da vida em sociedade, na qual a formação de novas personagens demonstra que a força e a vontade do ser humano predominam sobre as regras e as convenções sociais. Sendo assim, a proposta é analisar como, ao deixar entrevisto um discurso crítico e irônico, novas representações de personagens masculinas e femininas flexibilizam os mecanismos culturais que sustentam a suposta hierarquia entre os gêneros. Nessa perspectiva, entendemos que essa leitura pode revelar alguns dos mistérios escondidos como as rupturas, subversões e transgressões às convenções revelando uma sociedade secreta em que as mulheres exibem alguma autoridade num contexto de ordem, ainda, predominantemente, masculino. / This paper studies the brief narratives El celoso extremeño and Las dos doncellas, part of the collection called Novelas Ejemplares, published by Miguel de Cervantes in 1613. Considering that the texts allow us to experience different aspects of reading, we have in the explicit plan the expression of this conformist and orthodox author in the words of Williamson (1990) and in the suggestive plan we have an ironic and critical look, particularly on the womens condition and position in the gender roles and also in society life. In other words, these two levels studied can be viewed simultaneously, that is, on the explicit discourse, \'fragments of reality\' are disclosed from a conservative discourse of the prescribed rules, but on the other hand, in the implicit plan there is the reflexive, critical character which sometimes can even transgress the prevalent customs. In these studied narratives, on the one hand, women act as \'perfectas corderas\', fulfilling the rules for a noble maiden or a married woman. On the other hand, these women overcome their weaknesses and insecurities in the act of making decisions, showing certain authority or revealing female \'occult powers\'. In view of male behavior, we find men who behind the superiority and privilege dictated by the prevailing culture, reveal themselves subject to female wishes and domains making us understand all that formerly evidenced control as a \'symbolic \'form of power. Given the subtlety the author works the question with art, these reading dimensions are only perceived by the interpretation of the \'careful\' reader, borrowing the term Cervantine which is able to identify the two faces of a \'escurridizo and ironic writer instead of\' solemne y ejemplar. Anyway, these reading controversies make us conclude that the author displays a representation of the social life dynamics through the fiction pages in which the formation of new characters demonstrates that the strength and will of the human being predominate over the rules and social conventions. Therefore, the proposal is to analyze through a critical and ironic discourse how new representations of male and female characters make flexible cultural mechanisms that underpin the supposed hierarchy between genders. In this perspective, we understand that this reading can reveal some of the \'hidden mysteries\' such as disruptions, subversions and transgressions to conventions revealing a \'secret\' society in which women exhibit some authority in the context of order still predominantly male.

This master degree project is how to implement a speech recognition system on a DSK – ADSP-BF533 EZ-KIT LITE REV 1.5 based on the theory of the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The implementation is based on the theory in the master degree project Speech Recognition using Hidden Markov Model by Mikael Nilsson and Marcus Ejnarsson, MEE-01-27. The work accomplished in the project is by reference to the theory, implementing a MFCC, Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient function, a training function, which creates Hidden Markov Models of specific utterances and a testing function, testing utterances on the models created by the training-function. These functions where first created in MatLab. Then the test-function where implemented on the DSK. An evaluation of the implementation is performed. / Detta examensarbete går ut på att implementera en röstigenkänningssystem på en DSK – ADSP-BF533 EZ-KIT LITE REV 1.5 baserad på teorin om HMM, Hidden Markov Model. Implementeringen är baserad på teorin i examensarbetet Speech Recognition using Hidden Markov Model av Mikael Nilsson och Marcus Ejnarsson, MEE-01-27. Det som gjorts i arbetet är att utifrån teorin implementerat en MFCC, Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient funktion, en träningsfunktion som skapar Hidden Markov Modeller av unika uttalanden av ord och en testfunktion som testar ett uttalat ord mot de olika modellerna som skapades av träningsfunktionen. Dessa funktioner skapades först i MatLab. Sedan implementerades testprogrammet på DSP:n Texas Instruments TMDS320x6711. Sedan utvärderades realtidstillämpningen. / Nick Bardici, nick.bardici@gmail.com Björn Skarin, bjorn.skarin@exallon.sigma.se

The safety of miners is of interest to all countries. In the event of a coal mine disaster, how to locate the miners remains the biggest and most urgent issue. The aim of this study is to propose a precise positioning method for underground mine environments to a low cost and with acceptable accuracy. During the research work, in-depth learning and analysis of current geolocation methods for indoor areas have been carried out: advantages, disadvantages and the level of suitability of each method for mine environment have been presented. A layered two-step Hidden Markov Model has been proposed to simulate human walking in underground mine environments and an improved Viterbi algorithm suitable for the model has been implemented. The result of the positioning accuracy is quite satisfying compared to other positioning methods in the same category. A small modification to the proposed model has been illustrated in the future work which makes it more suitable for different situations rather than that limited by assumptions. The proposed positioning method can be claimed to be quite suitable for underground mine environments to a low cost and with acceptable accuracy.

À l’heure actuelle, les équidés font l’objet d’intérêts nombreux en tant que richesse patrimoniale. Ces attributs conférés par le droit de propriété permettent l’établissement de conventions de natures variées, comme la vente. L’intérêt est donc de révéler pourquoi l’établissement d’une vente (à l’essai, à l’amiable, aux enchères publiques ou privées, sur internet, judiciaires volontaires ou forcées, après saisie ou à réclamer) sur un équidé soulève tant de difficultés depuis quelques années. La vente de chevaux est soumise à l’interaction de plusieurs codes (Code civil, Code rural, Code de la consommation). Ces textes prévoient de nombreuses divergences avec un meuble inanimé. Parallèlement, la pratique a mis en place des techniques (comme la visite vétérinaire qui précède l’achat) permettant aux contractants de s’engager en connaissance de cause. Par ailleurs, l’application d’une garantie de deux ans (véritable frein à la vente de chevaux) prévue par le code de la consommation dans les ventes conclues entre un professionnel vendeur et un acquéreur amateur. Par conséquent, la multiplicité des qualifications juridiques, en général, et la soumission à des garanties inadaptées, en particulier, incitent le vendeur professionnel à s’évincer des conventions. Désormais, le meilleur gage de protection consisterait à rédiger très précisément le contrat / At present, horses are the subject of many interests as heritage wealth. These attributes conferred by the right of ownership allow the establishment of conventions of various natures, such as sale. The interest is therefore to reveal why the establishment of a sale (trial, amicable, public or private auctions, on the internet, voluntary or forced judicial, after seizure or to claim) on an equine raises so many difficulties in recent years. The sale of horses is subject to the interaction of several codes (civil code, rural code, consumer code). These texts foresee many divergences with an inanimate piece of furniture. At the same time, the practice has put in place techniques (such as the veterinary visit that precedes the purchase) enabling contractors to make an informed commitment. Moreover, the application of a two-year guarantee (a true brake on the sale of horses) provided for by the consumer code in sales between a sales professional and an amateur purchaser. Consequently, the multiplicity of legal qualifications, in general, and the submission to inadequate guarantees, in particular, incite the professional seller to vindicate conventions. From now on, the best guarantee of protection would be to write the contract very precisely

Vehicular networks are an emerging technology that offer potential for providing a variety of new services. However, extending vehicular networks to include IP connections is still problematic, due in part to the incompatibility of mobile IP handovers with the increased mobility of vehicles. The handover process, consisting of discovery, registration, and packet forwarding, has a large overhead and disrupts connectivity. With increased handover frequency and smaller access point dwell times in vehicular networks, the handover causes a large degradation in performance. This thesis proposes a predictive handover solution, using a combination of a Kalman filter and an online hidden Markov model, to minimize the effects of prediction errors and to capitalize on advanced handover registration. Extensive simulated experiments were carried out in NS-2 to study the performance of the proposed solution within a variety of traffic and network topology scenarios. Results show a significant improvement to both prediction accuracy and network performance when compared to recent proposed approaches.

Le travail de recherche de cette thèse de doctorat s'inscrit dans le cadre du suivi médical des patients atteints de démences liées à l'âge à l'aide des caméras videos portées par les patients. L'idée est de fournir aux médecins un nouvel outil pour le diagnostic précoce de démences liées à l'âge telles que la maladie d'Alzheimer. Plus précisément, les Activités Instrumentales du Quotidien (IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living en anglais) doivent être indexées automatiquement dans les vidéos enregistrées par un dispositif d'enregistrement portable.Ces vidéos présentent des caractéristiques spécifiques comme de forts mouvements ou de forts changements de luminosité. De plus, la tâche de reconnaissance visée est d'un très haut niveau sémantique. Dans ce contexte difficile, la première étape d'analyse est la définition d'un équivalent à la notion de « plan » dans les contenus vidéos édités. Nous avons ainsi développé une méthode pour le partitionnement d'une vidéo tournée en continu en termes de « points de vue » à partir du mouvement apparent.Pour la reconnaissance des IADL, nous avons développé une solution selon le formalisme des Modèles de Markov Cachés (MMC). Un MMC hiérarchique à deux niveaux a été introduit, modélisant les activités sémantiques ou des états intermédiaires. Un ensemble complexe de descripteurs (dynamiques, statiques, de bas niveau et de niveau intermédiaire) a été exploité et les espaces de description joints optimaux ont été identifiés expérimentalement.Dans le cadre de descripteurs de niveau intermédiaire pour la reconnaissance d'activités nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux objets sémantiques que la personne manipule dans le champ de la caméra. Nous avons proposé un nouveau concept pour la description d'objets ou d'images faisant usage des descripteurs locaux (SURF) et de la structure topologique sous-jacente de graphes locaux. Une approche imbriquée pour la construction des graphes où la même scène peut être décrite par plusieurs niveaux de graphes avec un nombre de nœuds croissant a été introduite. Nous construisons ces graphes par une triangulation de Delaunay sur des points SURF, préservant ainsi les bonnes propriétés des descripteurs locaux c'est-à-dire leur invariance vis-à-vis de transformations affines dans le plan image telles qu'une rotation, une translation ou un changement d'échelle.Nous utilisons ces graphes descripteurs dans le cadre de l'approche Sacs-de-Mots-Visuels. Le problème de définition d'une distance, ou dissimilarité, entre les graphes pour la classification non supervisée et la reconnaissance est nécessairement soulevé. Nous proposons une mesure de dissimilarité par le Noyau Dépendant du Contexte (Context-Dependent Kernel: CDK) proposé par H. Sahbi et montrons sa relation avec la norme classique L2 lors de la comparaison de graphes triviaux (les points SURF).Pour la reconnaissance d'activités par MMC, les expériences sont conduites sur le premier corpus au monde de vidéos avec caméra portée destiné à l'observation des d'IADL et sur des bases de données publiques comme SIVAL et Caltech-101 pour la reconnaissance d'objets. / The research of this PhD thesis is fulfilled in the context of wearable video monitoring of patients with aged dementia. The idea is to provide a new tool to medical practitioners for the early diagnosis of elderly dementia such as the Alzheimer disease. More precisely, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) have to be indexed in videos recorded with a wearable recording device.Such videos present specific characteristics i.e. strong motion or strong lighting changes. Furthermore, the tackled recognition task is of a very strong semantics. In this difficult context, the first step of analysis is to define an equivalent to the notion of “shots” in edited videos. We therefore developed a method for partitioning continuous video streams into viewpoints according to the observed motion in the image plane.For the recognition of IADLs we developed a solution based on the formalism of Hidden Markov Models (HMM). A hierarchical HMM with two levels modeling semantic activities or intermediate states has been introduced. A complex set of features (dynamic, static, low-level, mid-level) was proposed and the most effective description spaces were identified experimentally.In the mid-level features for activities recognition we focused on the semantic objects the person manipulates in the camera view. We proposed a new concept for object/image description using local features (SURF) and the underlying semi-local connected graphs. We introduced a nested approach for graphs construction when the same scene can be described by levels of graphs with increasing number of nodes. We build these graphs with Delaunay triangulation on SURF points thus preserving good properties of local features i.e. the invariance with regard to affine transformation of image plane: rotation, translation and zoom.We use the graph features in the Bag-of-Visual-Words framework. The problem of distance or dissimilarity definition between graphs for clustering or recognition is obviously arisen. We propose a dissimilarity measure based on the Context Dependent Kernel of H. Sahbi and show its relation with the classical entry-wise norm when comparing trivial graphs (SURF points).The experiments are conducted on the first corpus in the world of wearable videos of IADL for HMM based activities recognition, and on publicly available academic datasets such as SIVAL and Caltech-101 for object recognition.

Les communications téléphoniques en voix sur IP souffrent de la perte de paquets causée par les problèmes d'acheminement dus aux nœuds du réseau. La perte d'un paquet de voix induit la perte d'un segment de signal de parole (généralement 10ms par paquet perdu). Face à la grande diversité des codeurs de parole, nous nous sommes intéressés dans le cadre de cette thèse à proposer une méthode de masquage de pertes de paquets générique, indépendante du codeur de parole utilisé. Ainsi, le masquage de pertes de paquets est appliqué au niveau du signal de parole reconstruit, après décodage, s'affranchissant ainsi du codeur de parole. Le système proposé repose sur une modélisation classique de type « modèles de Markov cachés » afin de suivre l'évolution acoustique de la parole. À notre connaissance, une seule étude a proposé l'utilisation des modèles de Markov cachés dans ce cadre [4]. Toutefois, Rødbro a utilisé l'utilisation de deux modèles, l'un pour la parole voisée, l'autre pour les parties non voisées, posant ainsi le problème de la distinction voisée/non voisée. Dans notre approche, un seul modèle de Markov caché est mis en œuvre. Aux paramètres classiques (10 coefficients de prédiction linéaire dans le domaine cepstral (LPCC) et dérivées premières) nous avons adjoint un nouvel indicateur continu de voisement [1, 2]. La recherche du meilleur chemin avec observations manquantes conduit à une version modifiée de l'algorithme de Viterbi pour l'estimation de ces observations. Les différentes contributions (indice de voisement, décodage acoutico-phonétique et restitution du signal) de cette thèse sont évaluées [3] en terme de taux de sur et sous segmentation, taux de reconnaissance et distances entre l'observation attendue et l'observation estimée. Nous donnons une indication de la qualité de la parole au travers d'une mesure perceptuelle : le PESQ. / Packet loss due to misrouted or delayed packets in voice over IP leads to huge voice quality degradation. Packet loss concealment algorithms try to enhance the perceptive quality of the speech. The huge variety of vocoders leads us to propose a generic framework working directly on the speech signal available after decoding. The proposed system relies on one single "hidden Markov model" to model time evolution of acoustic features. An original indicator of continuous voicing is added to conventional parameters (Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients) in order to handle voiced/unvoiced sound. Finding the best path with missing observations leads to one major contribution: a modified version of the Viterbi algorithm tailored for estimating missing observations. All contributions are assessed using both perceptual criteria and objective metrics.

Orientadores: Nancy Lopes Garcia, Alexsandro Giacomo Grimbert Gallo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T12:54:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_WalterAugustoFonsecade_D.pdf: 1034671 bytes, checksum: 25dd72305f343655bedfde62a785a259 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta tese é dedicada ao estudo dos processos de renovação binários obtidos como agregação de estados a partir de processos Markovianos com alfabeto finito. Na primeira parte, utilizamos uma abordagem matricial para obter condições sob as quais o processo agregado pertence a cada uma das seguintes classes: (1) Markoviano de ordem finita, (2) processo de ordem infinita com probabilidades de transição contínuas, (3) processo Gibbsiano. A segunda parte trata da distância d entre processos de renovação binários. Obtivemos condições sob as quais esta distância pode ser atingida entre tais processos / Abstract: This thesis is devoted to the study of binary renewal processes obtained as aggregation of states from Markov processes with finite alphabet. In the rst part, we use a matrix approach to obtain conditions under which the aggregated process belongs to each of the following classes: (1) Markov of finite order, (2) process of infinite order with continuous transition probabilities, (3) Gibbsian process. The second part deals with the distance d between binary renewal processes. We obtain conditions under which this distance can be achieved between these processes / Doutorado / Estatistica / Doutor em Estatística