Reading in Sweden has not always looked like it does today. Reading and reading comprehension has a history and it has been influenced by different factors, earlier as well as today. Today the society has a different view of reading and reading comprehension than before. Reading today is more like a central part of a human’s everyday life where we are surrounded by different forms of writing that requires reading constantly. The purpose of this essay is to examine how the past and current research looks at children´s reading and reading comprehension in Sweden, within the school subject Swedish. What the literature says about how the society sees reading today what it looked like in the past and also its development over time. This study also aims to analyze if there are any socio-economic factors that affects children's reading and reading comprehension. In order to pursue this study, we have chosen to use the following questions: What does the previous research say about reading comprehension? How does the previous research look at reading in a historical perspective? What does the previous research say about children's reading comprehension today? Which socio-economic factors have influence on children’s reading and reading comprehension? We have chosen to do a literature-study which is based on previous research about children´s reading and reading comprehension, both national and international. In order to obtain relevant research for our area, the research was made on different databases such as DiVA, ERIC and the school library. We have chosen to look at the previous research through the transactional theory made by Louise Rosenblatt (2002). This study showed that the view of reading and reading comprehension has changed through time. The study showed that the socio-economic factors as gender, heredity and environment has an effect on children´s reading and reading comprehension.

Non-compliance with visitor regulations in national parks can have an impact on park conservation and the experience of other park visitors. Park management in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve located on the west coast of British Columbia, Canada is challenged by visitors’ non-compliant behaviour concerning regulations to keep dogs on the leash in the park. Dogs that run free (off-leash) on the beaches of the park disturb migratory shorebirds, and have the potential to habituate wolves to regard dogs as objects of prey. This study investigates why many visitors opt for non-compliance with regulations aimed at conservation. The goal of the study is to contribute new insights that may help park management find workable solutions to deliver the ‘dual mandate’ of managing protected areas both, for conservation and for nature-based tourism. The study is grounded within the context of Lefebvre’s (1991) notions of the production of space, and recent work in animal geography that addresses the changing role of our canine companions in modern society. The methodology combines qualitative and quantitative research applying Fishbein & Ajzen’s (2010) theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The research is presented using a journal format, which unavoidably implies some repetition of information but allows for the different sections to be read as stand-alone documents. The thesis starts with an introductory chapter. This is followed by a book chapter published in Domesticated Animals & Leisure (Carr, 2015 in press) that reports highlights from qualitative research exploring why park visitors appear reluctant to comply with on-leash rules. Results reveal the beach as a contested space, driven by a strong off-leash social norm. Chapter Three is a journal article format paper that reports on a quantitative survey based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to identify beliefs that underlie visitor behaviour. Results indicate that habit, with respect to dog leashing when at home and on previous visits to the park, appear to impact the ability of the model to predict future behaviour. Chapter Four is a second journal article format paper where it is suggested that ambivalence, the presence of conflicting behavioural beliefs, influences the relation between behavioural beliefs and attitudes in the TPB, resulting in non-compliance behaviour. A concluding chapter summarizes how results presented in the three main chapters contribute to the body of knowledge on animal geography, compliance and research using the TPB, as well as suggesting techniques that park staff should consider for managing visitor behaviour under situations of apparent non-compliance. / Graduate

« La grande majorité des accidents demeure liée aux comportements dangereux des usagers de la route ». Cet énoncé, lapidaire, fait aujourd’hui figure d’évidence au sein de la communauté des intervenants en sécurité routière. Il repose pourtant sur des prémisses discutables. Le problème le plus fondamental réside dans le fait que la recherche des dernières décennies s’est presque toute entière vouée à l’analyse des seuls aspects défaillants de la conduite (l’accident, les infractions, les erreurs et les fautes de conduite, les conducteurs à risque ou dysfonctionnels, les attitudes et traits de caractère incitant à la conduite dangereuse, etc.). Ce faisant, on a fini par oublier qu’il nous restait encore beaucoup de choses à apprendre sur le fonctionnement usuel de la conduite automobile. Comment, en effet, peut-on escompter élucider tous les rouages de la dynamique accidentelle sans avoir au préalable cerné, et bien compris, les mécanismes de la conduite « ordinaire » ? Comment peut-on parvenir à approfondir notre compréhension des comportements de conduite si l’on fait totalement abstraction de toutes les activités courantes, « normales », auxquelles se livrent les conducteurs lorsqu’ils sont au volant de leur véhicule ? C’est dans la perspective de mieux comprendre les comportements de conduite, dans leur complexité et dans leur diversité, que la présente thèse a été réalisée. Y a plus spécifiquement été examinée la question des habitudes en raison de leur prédominance dans l’activité de la conduite, mais également en raison de leur résistance, des obstacles bien concrets qu’elles sont susceptibles d’opposer à tous ceux qui tentent de modifier les comportements individuels de conduite. Des entrevues en profondeur, menées auprès de trente conducteurs et conductrices âgé(e)s de 17 à 54 ans, devaient permettre de répondre, entre autres, aux questions suivantes : De quoi sont constituées les différentes habitudes en matière de conduite automobile ? Quelle place occupent-elles dans la conduite des individus ? En quoi constituent-elles un frein au changement, à la modification des pratiques adoptées ? Quelles sont les dimensions qui participent à leur installation ? Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de jeter les bases d’un modèle des comportements de conduite où les sensations corporelles se voient conférer un rôle des plus centraux, et où l’habitude – bien davantage caractérisée par la notion de confort que par celles d’automatisme ou de répétition – concourt non seulement à la pérennité, mais également à la régulation des conduites adoptées sur la route. / “The vast majority of accidents remain related to the dangerous behaviors of road users”. This straightforward statement is now accepted as a truism by the road safety community, although it is based on questionable premises. The most basic problem is that the research done during last decades was almost completely focused on analyzing solely the failing aspects of driving – accidents, traffic offences, driving errors and mistakes, high-risk and dysfunctional drivers, attitudes and psychological traits that may lead to dangerous driving, etc. In so doing, we came to forget that we still have plenty to learn about the art of ordinary driving. How can we expect to address the entire process of road accidents without first having identified, and clearly understood, the mechanisms of “regular” driving? How can we deepen our understanding of driving behaviors if we are completely ignoring all the usual, “normal” activities people do as they are driving their vehicles? This thesis was realized with the view to better understanding the driving behaviors, taking into account their diversity and richness. The study more specifically looked into the issue of habits, as they are a significant aspect of driving behaviors, but also as they are resilient, in that they pose real barriers to all those who are trying to change individual driving behaviors. In-depth interviews with 30 drivers, male and female, aged between 17 and 54, were meant to answer the following questions, among others: What are the different driving habits made of? To what extent do they direct driving behaviors? How do they hamper the change or modification of adopted practices? What are the factors that lead them to set in? The results of the analysis laid the foundations of a driving behaviors model in which body sensations take a central role, and the habit – which is more related to the idea of comfort than to ideas of automatism or repetition – contributes not only to the sustainability, but also to the regulation of the various behaviors adopted on the roads.

Antecedentes: En España, hasta 3.200 defunciones anuales son atribuidas al tabaquismo pasivo. La exposición al humo ambiental del tabaco (HAT) aumenta el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas como cáncer de pulmón, enfermedades cardiovasculares y enfermedades respiratorias. Hipótesis: 1) Existe una relación entre la exposición al HAT medida mediante cuestionario y la concentración de cotinina en saliva. 2) La exposición al HAT y la concentración de cotinina en saliva es mayor en los trabajadores del sector de la hostelería que en la población general. 3) El aumento de medidas de control del tabaquismo reduce la prevalencia de exposición al HAT. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar la exposición al HAT en la población general no fumadora mediante un cuestionario y biomarcador antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005 de medidas frente al tabaquismo. 2) Comparar la concentración de cotinina en población general y en trabajadores del sector de la hostelería antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005 de medidas frente al tabaquismo. 3) Evaluar la correlación entre las medidas de control del tabaquismo y la prevalencia de exposición al HAT en 27 países de la Unión Europea. Metodología: Para conseguir los objetivos marcados se ha realizado un estudio transversal de la población general de Barcelona, un estudio de una cohorte de trabajadores del sector de la hostelería en 5 Comunidades Autónomas antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley (octubre-diciembre 2005) y seguidos durantes 2 años después de la ley (octubre-diciembre 2007) y un estudio ecológico a partir de los datos del Eurobarometro sobre tabaco. Conclusiones: 1) La prevalencia de exposición al HAT entre los no fumadores en España antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005 es elevada y tiene una asociación inversamente con la edad. La concentración de cotinina en saliva se asocia con el número de fumadores en casa y la cantidad de cigarrillos fumados en presencia del no fumador. 2) La prevalencia de exposición al HAT y la concentración de cotinina en saliva en España es mayor entre los trabajadores de la hostelería en comparación con la población general antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005. 3) El apoyo a la ley 28/2005, la percepción de su cumplimiento y el acuerdo en prohibir definitivamente el consumo de tabaco en todos los lugares públicos, incluidos bares y restaurantes, ha aumentado entre los trabajadores del sector de la hostelería 2 años después de la entrada en vigor de la ley. 4) A nivel ecológico, los países de la Unión Europea con mayor implementación de políticas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo (medidas mediante la escala propuesta por Joossens y Raw) presentan menor prevalencia de consumo de tabaco y menor prevalencia de exposición al HAT en casa y en el trabajo. Además estos países con mayores políticas frente al tabaquismo tienen un mayor apoyo a las medidas de regulación del consumo de tabaco en todos los lugares públicos. / Background: In Spain, up to 3,200 deaths per year were attributable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. SHS has been associated with a variety of health effects among non-smokers, especially lung cancer and ischemic heart disease, and respiratory diseases. Hypotheses: 1) There is a relationship between exposure to SHS measured by questionnaire and cotinine concentration in saliva. 2) Exposure to SHS and salivary cotinine concentration are higher in hospitality workers than in the general population. 3) The increasing of the tobacco control measures reduces the prevalence of exposure to SHS. Objectives: 1) To describe the exposure to SHS in non-smokers from the general population using a questionnaire and salivary cotinine concentration before the Spanish smoking ban. 2) To compare the salivary cotinine concentration between non-smokers from the general population and non-smokers hospitality workers before the Spanish smoking ban. 3) To assess the correlation between tobacco control policies and the prevalence of exposure to SHS in the 27 countries of the European Union. Conclusions: 1) The prevalence of exposure to SHS in general population was high before the Spanish smoking ban and it decreases with the age. Salivary cotinine concentration in the general population depends of the number of smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked in presence of non-smokers at home. 2) The prevalence of exposure and salivary cotinine concentration were higher among non-smoker hospitality workers than in the general population before the Spanish smoking ban. 3) Positive attitudes (in favour) towards smoking ban increased after the ban among hospitality workers. 4) At ecological level, the Tobacco Control Scale scores were strongly associated with a lower prevalence of smokers and a lower self-reported exposure to SHS. Moreover, countries with more tobacco control policies have higher support towards smoking bans in all workplaces (including restaurants, bars, pubs and clubs, and other indoor workplaces).

Consumption-based asset pricing models (CCAPMs) connect asset returns with consumption growth. The poor empirical performance of early consumption models has led to the development of a number of more sophisticated models. Nevertheless, most models focus on the US markets, and very few CCAPMs have been examined in the Australian context. Given the importance of CCAPMs, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the connections between asset returns in the Australian market and consumption variables. The thesis also extends the analysis to examine CCAPMs in an international setting. There are four essays in this thesis. The first essay undertakes a thorough investigation of the empirical support for consumption-based asset pricing models in the context of several major Australian asset classes. Using the generalised method of moments (GMM) econometric approach, my study begins with the classic CCAPM originally tested by Hansen and Singleton (1982, 1983). The empirical analysis is then extended to test more-recent specifications of the CCAPM, including the habit-formation models of Abel (1990) and Campbell and Cochrane (2000), and the time nonseparable model of Epstein and Zin (1991). For each of the models examined, the results provide cautious support for the CCAPM especially in relation to equity returns. Size-sorted portfolios (in particular, portfolios of small stocks) and fixed-income returns cause the CCAPM restriction to be rejected. It also presents results that raise questions over the benefits from extensions of the classic CCAPM, such as habit-persistence and recursive utility models. The second essay studies the empirical performance of a linearised version of the classic CCAPM in the Australian market. The studies of Faff and Oliver (1998) and Faff (1998) are extended by employing more recent data and examining 25 size/BM portfolios as well as industry portfolios. It is found that by using the lagged portfolio returns, the linearised CCAPM for both industry portfolios and 25 size/BM portfolios is generally not rejected. The third essay empirically examines conditional CCAPMs where the conditioning variables are consumption factors such as the consumption-wealth ratio proposed by Lettau and Ludvigson (2001a, 2001b), the surplus consumption ratio (Campbell and Cochrane, 1999), and the labour income to consumption ratio (Santos and Veronesi, 2006). Here long-horizon return predictability tests are conducted using these factors and cross-sectional tests on whether these factors are priced using both 25 Size/BM portfolios and industry portfolios. Utilising the Fama-MacBeth (1973) procedure, it is found that conditional models perform better than unconditional models. However, these conditional models do not outperform the Fama-French three-factor model. The fourth essay tests the world CCAPMs. Using data for 17 countries, the following are tested: the classic world CCAPM under the assumption of complete international markets integration, the heterogeneous world CCAPM under the framework of Constantinides and Duffie (1996) and the world habit models. The finding here is that a large risk aversion is needed to resolve the equity premium puzzle for the classic world CCAPM; however, adding a cross-country consumption dispersion factor into the model significantly lowers the coefficients of consumption risk aversion. Unconditional linear factor models are also studied where it is found that the world consumption growth and the dispersion of the cross-sectional consumption growth provide some explanatory basis for the variation in the cross section of excess stock returns. More sophisticated consumption models perform better than the classic world CCAPM. This thesis makes a worthwhile contribution to the research literature on CCAPMs in Australia which up to now has been limited. It performs out-of-sample tests of major CCAPMs utilising several Australian asset classes. It not only provides some insights into the return predictability of the aggregate market index in Australia, but also presents some evidence of the explanation of the cross section of stock returns using consumption variables. Further, this thesis adds to the understanding of the

Thesis (MA(Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4125.pdf: 2555973 bytes, checksum: 6e384fbcd72f2a660b5bc6c0cf0c8739 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The studies related to the interactions among populations in the aquatic communities are essential for providing relevant information for the understanding of energy and matter pathways in the ecosystems and subsidize to the formulation of trophic web models.The occurrence of flexible diets is a marked feature of many species in the ichthyofauna of Tropical Rivers, where the same species can alternate the exploitation among food items according to the changes in the relative availability of food resources induced by temporal spatial and or ontogenetic changes. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the trophic interactions existing between the species Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae), and benthic macroinvertebrate community in three reservoirs (Monjolinho Reservoir, Fazzari Reservoir, Broa Reservoir) in order to know its feeding mode, whether there is food selectivity or preference and which would be the most suitable trophic category for the species. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in sediments sampled simultaneously to G. brasiliensis population were analysed and experiments were carried out in order to know the feeding mode of the species. Biometric measurements for ecomorphological analyses and analysis of stomach contents of the fishes were performed and based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the macroinvertebrates consumed and their availability in the environment the values for the selectivity index of Paloheimo were calculated for the reservoirs sampled. The results showed that benthic macroinvertebrates are often used as food resource by the populations of G. brasiliensis with great participation in its diet, allowing us to characterize this species as a benthivore. Also, it was observed that G. brasiliensis has food preference for Chironomidae larvae. / Os estudos sobre as interações tróficas entre populações nas comunidades aquáticas são fundamentais por fornecerem informações relevantes para o entendimento dos caminhos do fluxo de energia e de matéria nos ecossistemas e subsidiar a formulação de modelos sobre teias tróficas. A ocorrência de dietas flexíveis é uma característica marcante de muitas espécies da ictiofauna fluvial tropical, onde uma mesma espécie pode alternar a exploração de itens alimentares em função das variações na disponibilidade relativa do recurso alimentar motivadas por alterações temporais, espaciais e ou ontogênicas. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as interações tróficas existentes entre a espécie Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae) e a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em três represas (Represa do Monjolinho, Represa do Fazzari e Represa do Broa), a fim de avaliar seu modo de alimentação, verificar se existe seletividade ou preferência alimentar e em que categoria trófica esta espécie melhor se enquadra. Foi analisada a composição dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos em sedimentos coletados simultaneamente as amostragens das populações de G. brasiliensis, e foram realizados experimentos em laboratório para verificar o modo como a espécie se alimenta. Medidas biométricas para caracterização ecomorfológica e análises do conteúdo estomacal dos peixes foram feitas e com base nas análises qualitativas e quantitativas dos macroinvertebrados consumidos e sua disponibilidade no ambiente foram calculados os valores do índice de seletividade de Paloheimo para os reservatórios amostrados. Os resultados mostraram que os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são frequentemente utilizados como recurso alimentar pelas populações de G. brasiliensis, tendo grande participação em sua dieta, o que poderia caracterizá-la como uma espécie bentívora. Observou-se também que G. brasiliensis tem preferência alimentar por larvas de Chironomidae.

L'un des aspects les plus problématiques de l’addiction est la vulnérabilité à la rechute qui persiste même longtemps après la disparition des symptômes de sevrage. Les modèles rongeurs d'auto-administration (AA) démontrent que la réexposition à la drogue, les stimuli associés à la drogue ou le stress sont des déclencheurs majeurs de la rechute. Bien que les différentes catégories de drogues varient dans leurs mécanismes pharmacologiques primaires, elles partagent toutes un effet aigu d'augmentation des niveaux de dopamine (DA) dans le striatum. Après une utilisation répétée, les propriétés addictives des psychostimulants tels que la cocaïne (COC) sont sous-tendues par la mise en place de neuroadaptations persistantes dans le système DA (SDA) mésocorticolimbique. Le striatum est une cible majeure du SDA et, dans cette région, la DA agit sur deux familles de récepteurs (D1R et D2R) séparées positionnées sur les neurones épineux moyens (NEM) et donnant naissance à deux voies de sorties striatales différenciées et ayant des rôles différents dans l’addiction.Des travaux antérieurs dans notre équipe ont montré une implication différentielle de ces deux sous-types de récepteurs DA sur le rétablissement du comportement de recherche de COC. Alors que l'administration systémique d'un agoniste D2R induisait de puissants effets de rétablissement de recherche de cocaïne sur des rats entraînés à s'autoadministrer de la COC, l'administration systémique de l'agoniste D1R n’avait aucun effet (Dias et al, 2003).Les sous-régions ventrale (noyau accumbens) et dorsale du striatum (caudate putamen) sont modulées par l’innervation dopaminergique du mésencéphale ventral (VTA, substance noire) et la plasticité induite par la cocaïne dans ces circuits est supposée sous-tendre plusieurs aspects du comportement de recherche de drogue (Pierce and Vanderschuren, 2010). C’est pourquoi la première section de ce travail comprend une description de trois expériences réalisées dans le but d'étudier la participation des récepteurs DA du striatum au niveau ventral et dorsal à la réinstallation du comportement de recherche de cocaïne. / For many, drug taking may continue on an occasional basis for a long time; however, some individuals lose control of their drug use and are unable to stop. The transition from casual use to addiction is accompanied by drug-induced changes in the brain, followed by associated changes in behavioral functions. One of the most problematic aspects of addiction is the enduring vulnerability to relapse that persists even long after withdrawal symptoms have abated. Rodent models of drug self-administration (SA) show that re-exposure to the drug itself, drug associated cues or stress are major triggers of relapse. While different classes of drugs vary in their primary pharmacological mechanisms, they all share an acute effect of raising dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum. Following repeated use, the addictive properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine (COC) are believed to take place through the induction of neuroadaptations within the mesocorticolimbic DA system.The striatum is a major target of the DA system, where DA acts on two families of metabotropic receptors (D1-like or D2-like) that are segregated into two pathways of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and have different roles in addiction and relapse. For instance, while systemic D2 receptor (D2R) stimulation induces reinstatement of COC seeking in rats, D1 receptor (D1R) stimulation does not. DA signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) responds to rewarding and aversive stimuli; in turn, the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) plays a key role in the transition to compulsive use, and the habitual aspects of drug-seeking after prolonged drug SA. Despite several works examining their role in relapse, the results remain somewhat unclear. Given their critical but differential involvement in COC seeking, here we investigated the role of D1R and D2R receptors of the NAcc and DLS in relapse, employing pharmacological manipulations, as well as assessing their protein expression using an animal model of COC SA. Our results showed a double dissociation between the actions of both DA receptors (DARs) in the striatum. Pharmacological activation of the D1R, but not D2R of the NAcc induces reinstatement of COC seeking, whereas the same effect is triggered by the activation of D2R, but not D1R of the DLS. Also, the reinstating effects of the systemic D2R stimulation is blocked by D1R or D2R antagonists injected into the NAcc or D1R antagonist into the DLS, while being blunted by the D2R inhibition in the DLS. These results convey an interaction between both receptor subtypes, likely relying on ascending spiraling connections associating the ventral and the dorsal striatum through midbrain-reaching loops. Finally, we found the reinstatement of COC seeking elicited by D1R or D2R agonists in either region is not due to changes in DAr expression.These results enticed us to examine the behavioral mechanisms underpinning reinstating behavior. Though initially goal-directed, COC seeking is argued to become habitual after extended training. This progression is believed to initially elicit functional changes within the NAcc, and gradually hijack the circuitry of the dorsal striatum. The activation of D1R in the NAcc and D2R in the DLS has been associated with the processing of rewarding properties and habitual responding for drugs, respectively. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether the reinstatement of COC seeking triggered by the D2R stimulation within the DLS would involve incentive motivational or reinforcing processes likely underlying those induced by the D1R stimulation within the NAcc. Also, we aimed to assess whether the D1R stimulation within the NAcc involves the overtaking of the behavioral control by habitual stimulus-response mechanisms which may be involved in the reinstatement of drug-seeking after the D2R stimulation in the DLS.

Introdução: Diferentes ambientes intrauterinos podem influenciar na variação de peso corporal materno pré-gestacional até seis meses após o parto. A variação de peso é um importante traço materno na direção do ganho de peso gestacional, uma vez que um ganho de peso insuficiente é relacionado ao parto prematuro, ao baixo peso ao nascer ou a um recém-nascido pequeno para a sua idade gestacional, enquanto o seu excesso está associado com o desenvolvimento de diabetes gestacional, parto prematuro, parto cesáreo, recém-nascidos grandes para a sua idade gestacional, retenção de peso materno e, consequentemente, sobrepeso e obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a variação do peso materno pré-gestacional até o sexto mês após o parto em puérperas de diferentes ambientes intrauterinos, verificando a associação de fatores sociodemográficos, obstétricos, nutricionais e comportamentais com este desfecho. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional longitudinal, utilizando uma amostra de conveniência de pares de mães e filhos divididos em quatro grupos: gestantes diabéticas (DM), hipertensas (HAS), tabagistas (TAB) e um grupo controle (CTL). A amostra foi recrutada em três hospitais públicos de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2011 a 2016. Entrevistas domiciliares e no Centro de Pesquisa Clínica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre foram realizadas para a coleta de dados. Foram coletadas informações de peso corporal materno, índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, ingestão alimentar, orientação nutricional durante a gestação e práticas de lactação como variáveis nutricionais-antropométricas; escolaridade materna, etnia, idade, renda familiar e estado civil, como variáveis sociodemográficas; planejamento da gestação, tipo de parto, número de consultas pré-natais e paridade como variáveis obstétricas e percepção de estresse, sintomas depressivos, e nível de atividade física durante a gestação, como variáveis comportamentais. As variáveis nutricionais-antropométricas, sociodemográficas e obstétricas foram coletadas por questionários estruturados. As variáveis comportamentais foram coletadas por meio de instrumentos validados (Escala de Estresse Percebido – 14, Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo e Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física – versão curta). Regressões lineares múltiplas e modelos de estimativas generalizadas (GLMs) foram conduzidas para a identificação dos fatores associados à variação de peso materno 6 meses após o parto. Todas as análises foram realizadas no programa SPSS, versão 18.0, e o nível de significância adotado para todas as análises foi fixado em 5%, exceto para as comparações aos pares por GLMs, sendo estes em 10%. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 124 puérperas distribuídas entre diferentes ambientes intrauterinos e um grupo controle. Para todas as GLMs, as medidas de peso materno foram ajustadas para algumas variáveis (estatura materna, paridade, escolaridade materna e tipo de parto), e foram fixadas 3 medições de tempo (peso pré-gestacional, peso antes do parto e 15 dias após o parto) para todas as análises. Os grupos DM e TAB apresentaram maior peso antes do parto, quando comparados com as demais medições. O grupo CTL apresentou maiores pesos 15 dias e 1 mês após o parto, enquanto o grupo HAS apresentou maior peso antes e 15 dias após o parto, em relação às outras avaliações. Um modelo hierárquico associou proximamente o diagnóstico materno de hipertensão arterial e o IMC pré-gestacional de sobrepeso com o ganho de peso materno aferido até o sexto mês após o parto (a diferença entre o peso materno ao sexto mês e o peso pré-gestacional). Já os IMCs pré-gestacionais maternos de desnutrição e de obesidade se associaram com a diminuição de peso corporal seis meses após o parto. Conclusões: Em uma população de diferentes ambientes intrauterinos verificou-se que o IMC de sobrepeso prégestacional e o diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial materna se relacionam com o aumento de peso corporal materno seis meses após o parto. / Introduction: Different intrauterine environments may influence maternal prepregnancy weight variation up to six months after delivery. Gestational weight gain has important maternal-infant repercussions, affecting outcomes of pregnancy and delivery. Insufficient weight gain is related to preterm birth, low birth weight and to newborns small for their gestational age, while its excess is associated with the development of gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, cesarean delivery, newborns large for their gestational age, maternal postpartum weight retention and, consequently, overweight and maternal obesity. Aim: To evaluate the prepregnancy weight gain up to the sixth month after delivery in mothers from different intrauterine environments, verifying its association with sociodemographic, obstetric, nutritional and behavioral factors. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study, using a convenience sample of mothers and children divided according to four groups of pregnant women: diabetic (DM), hypertensive (HM), smokers (SM), and control (CM) women. The sample was recruited from three public hospitals in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul, from 2011 to 2016, and the interviews were home conducted or at the Clinical Research Center of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre. Data collection included information on maternal body weight, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), food intake, nutritional orientation during gestation and lactation practices as nutritionalanthropometric variables; maternal educational level, ethnicity, age, family income and marital status as sociodemographic variables; gestation planning, type of delivery, number of antenatal care visits and parity as obstetric variables; and perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and physical activity level during gestation as behavioral variables. The sociodemographic, nutritional, anthropometric and obstetric variables were collected by structured questionnaires, and the behavioral ones by validated instruments (Perceived Stress Scale – 14, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – short version). Multiple linear regressions and Generalized estimates models (GLMs) were conducted to identify factors associated with maternal weight variation up to six months after delivery. The significance level adopted for all analyzes was set at 5%, except for the pairwise comparisons by GLMs, which were set at 10%. All analyzes were performed in the SPSS, version 18.0. Results: The samples consisted of 124 mothers distributed among the four different intrauterine environments. For all GLMs analyzes, maternal weight measures were adjusted for some variables (maternal height, parity, educational level and the type of delivery) and 3 measurements were fixed (prepregnancy, preceding delivery, and 15 days weight after delivery). The DM and SM groups presented greater weight preceding delivery when compared with all other measurements. The CM group displayed higher weights 15 days and 1 month after delivery, while the HM group presented higher weight 15 days after delivery, in relation to other evaluations. A hierarchical model associated maternal diagnosis of hypertension and prepregnancy BMI of overweight with maternal weight gain measured up to the sixth month after delivery (the difference between maternal weight at 6 months and prepregnancy weight). Maternal prepregnancy BMIs of malnutrition and obesity were associated with a decrease in body weight gain six months after childbirth. Conclusions: In a population of different intrauterine environments, it was verified that the prepregnancy overweight BMI and the diagnosis of maternal hypertension were related to maternal body weight gain six months after delivery.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise institucionalista-pós-keynesiana da História Econômica da Amazônia, desde 1615 até o final das políticas desenvolvimentistas na década de 1980. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é apresentar e analisar, à luz do referido referencial teórico, os motivos pelos quais a Amazônia não teve uma dinâmica de crescimento e desenvolvimento relativamente estável, mas, muito pelo contrário, foi caracterizada pelo subdesenvolvimento. Para identificar as causas do subdesenvolvimento atual da Amazônia foram utilizadas as seguintes categorias/conceituações analíticas convergentes entre Veblen, Commons e Keynes; racionalidade limitada, incerteza, hábito, convenção, instituições (sistema monetário) e demanda efetiva. Para apresentar e analisar as modificações ocorridas nas instituições e na estrutura econômica da Amazônia foram utilizados e interpretados dados quantitativos dos relatórios dos governos estaduais da época, dos Anuários Estatísticos editados pelo IBGE e do banco de dados do IPEADATA. / This thesis presents an Institutionalist and Post-Keynesian analysis of the Economic History of Amazonia from 1615 to the end of development policies in the 1980s. The main objective is to present and analyze, in the light of the Institutionalist and Post-Keynesian approaches, the reasons why the Amazon region did not have a sustainable economic growth and development economic, but, on the contrary, its economic history was characterized by an underdevelopment process. In order to identify the causes of the current underdevelopment of the Amazon, it was considered the following convergent categories between Veblen, Commons and Keynes: bounded rationality, uncertainty, habit, convention, institutions (monetary system) and effective demand. To aim at analyzing the changes occurred in the institutions and in the economic structure of the Amazon, we used and interpreted the of regional governments’ revenues and expenditures of the State Governments, the Statistical Yearbooks edited by IBGE and statistical information of IPEADATA.