Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O cobre (Cu) é um íon essencial para as plantas, animais e para a saúde humana. Em elevadas concentrações, este elemento pode ser extremamente tóxico para os organismos. A determinação das variáveis físico químicas da água, índice do estado trófico, alterações histológicas, o índice hepatosomático, bioacumulação do Cu nos tecidos branquial e hepático e marcadores de estresse oxidativo como superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) nos fígados foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que as maiores concentrações estavam na fração Cu dissolvido, no período chuvoso. A exposição a maiores concentrações de Cu provocou alterações como, descolamento do epitélio basal das lamelas, aneurismas, fusão lamelar entre outros nas brânquias, vacuolização e necroses no fígado. Os fígados mostraram-se grandes acumuladores do metal, por outro lado, o índice hepatosomático apresentou uma diminuição em relação ao aumento do Cu. As atividades enzimáticas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, com exceção da CAT. De forma geral, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes CAT, SOD e GPX, apresentaram alterações após 120 horas de exposição ao Cu, proveniente dos 4 pontos de coleta da Represa Guarapiranga. / Copper is an essential ion for plants, animals and for human health. Although the crucial role of Cu in several enzymatic processes, this heavy metal can exert adverse toxicological effects, when present in high concentrations in water. The determination of waters physic chemistry parameters, trophic index, histological alterations, hepatosomatic index, Cu bioaccumulation in livers and gills and oxidative stress enzymes like, CAT, SOD and GPX were done. Our results show that the higher values of Cu concentration were in the dissolved Cu and in the rainy season. The exposition o the fishes to a higher Cu concentrations altered the gills; aneurism, lamellar fusion, basal epithelium lifting. In the liver the alterations were, vacuolization and necrosis among others. The livers were the greatest bioaccumulation organs, and the other hand the hepatosomatic index decreased with higher Cu concentrations. There was no significant difference in the enzyme activities with the exception of CAT that increased with Cu increase, nevertheless in general, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were altered some how after 120 hours of Cu treatment, with water sample from 4 points located at Guarapiranga Reservoir.

Every year, 2 million patients in the United States suffer with at least 1 hospital-acquired infection resulting in an estimated 99,000 deaths annually. The purpose of this exploratory single case study was to explore strategies healthcare managers in U.S. hospitals used to reduce hospital-acquired infections. The study included face-to-face, semistructured interviews with 5 healthcare managers from a hospital in Maryland who were successful in reducing these infections. The conceptual framework was human capital theory. Field notes, hospital documents, and transcribed interviews were analyzed to identify themes regarding strategies used by healthcare managers. The data analysis and coding process resulted in 5 major themes: use of HAI-related data; implementation of detailed cleaning method; implementation of define, measure, analyze, implement, and control; education and training of staff; and implementation of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program. The findings from this study might benefit healthcare managers in implementing and sustaining successful strategies to reduce hospital-acquired infections. The implications for positive social change included reducing hospital-acquired infections, thereby leading to fewer hospitalization days for patients and a faster recovery time to return to normal life. Reducing hospital acquired infections might reduce patient deaths related to the infections.

本篇論文旨在從優選理論（Optimality Theory）的架構觀點分析海陸客語中 的三個音韻現象：變調（Tone Sandhi）、介音（Pre-nuclear Gliding）及音節連併（Syllable Contraction）。 　　在變調方面，由於海陸客語中上聲與陰入聲助數詞不因環境而變調，在利用之前文獻解釋時必須另外設定條件來說明海陸助數詞的特殊變調行為，本文建議利用優選論的制約來分析，本文所提出的一組制約，可以成功的解釋海陸客語中的上聲與陰入聲變調現象。 　　在介音方面，本文選擇以端木三所提出的音節結構為海陸客語音節結構，因為海陸客語中介音所呈現的行為較似起首子音的次發音特徵，因此本文亦提出了一組制約解釋海陸介音在音節中的歸屬。 　　在音節連併方面，本文檢驗了之前文獻所提出的方法，發現無法全面解釋海陸音節連併的現象，因此，提出一組關於音段與聲調的連併之制約將海陸音節連併現象以優選理論呈現。 　　本文是第一篇嘗試以優選理論解釋海陸客語音韻現象的研究，希望能從不同於之前文獻的角度討論海陸客語音韻的問題。之前理論運作的缺陷與不足，在本文的分析下，均可以成功的以優選理論之制約層級來說明。 / This thesis aims to explore three issues in Hai-lu Hakka Phonology in terms of Optimality Theory (OT). The three issues are tone sandhi, pre-nuclear gliding and syllable contraction. 　　Hai-lu Shang Toned and Yin-ru Toned numerals preserve their base tones in any case. Thus, previous studies would need to add an additional condition for the special tone sandhi behaviors of Hai-lu numerals. This thesis offers a set of OT constraints to explain tone sandhi in Hai-lu. The OT constraints can successfully operate Hai-lu tone sandhi without additional conditions. 　　Pre-nuclear glides in Hai-lu behave like the secondary articulations of the onsets. This thesis suggests Duanmu's (1990) syllable structure for Hai-lu syllables. A set of constraints are proposed to explain the pre-nuclear gliding in Hai-lu syllables. 　　The approaches previous studies suggest for syllable contraction are not across-the-board in Hai-lu. Thus, a set of segmental and tonal constraints are proposed to explain Hai-lu syllable contraction. The OT constraints operate syllable contraction in Hai-lu without difficulties. 　　This thesis is a pioneering study which aims to examine Hai-lu phonology in terms of OT. With OT constraint rankings, this thesis explains the remaining problems from previous studies successfully.

The most common type of human animal interaction (HAI) programme used in prisons involves prisoners caring for and training unwanted dogs from rescue shelters, to prepare the dogs for rehoming. Such programmes have been previously developed specifically aimed towards male young offenders, and are claimed to improve emotional, social and practical outcomes. Paws for Progress, the first prison based dog training programme in the UK, was introduced to HM YOI Polmont in 2011. By clearly communicating each step of the 5 Step approach (1. Identify the problem; 2. Review the evidence; 3. Develop a logic model; 4. Identify indicators and monitor the logic model; 5. Evaluate the logic model), it has enhanced our understanding of the development processes required for effective prison based dog training programmes. This evaluation provides the first comprehensive quantitative analysis of short, medium and long term outcomes for Scottish young offenders serving custodial sentences (N = 70) following participation. The aims of Paws for Progress are to improve behaviour, increase engagement in education, develop employability skills, and enhance well-being. Using a mixed design with two control groups and triangulating quantitative and qualitative outcomes, the evaluation assesses the efficacy of the programme in meeting these aims. Systematic analyses of semi-structured interviews pre and post participation in the programme support findings from the quantitative analyses. Analyses of institutional behaviour, measured by Disciplinary Reports, educational progress measured by written assessments and qualifications, employability skills measured by psychometric tests, and prisoner well-being all improved for participants, but such improvements were not shown by control groups. Paws for Progress positively impacts short and medium term outcomes and data on longer term outcomes also indicate the benefits are far reaching. By clearly relating programme aims to the outcomes achieved, and considering the contribution of Paws for Progress to future desistance from crime, the value and relevance of these findings are evident. The evaluation contributes to our understanding of effective methodologies in this applied context, which can be utilised to improve research practice in interventions in criminal justice and in human animal interaction.

O cobre (Cu) é um íon essencial para as plantas, animais e para a saúde humana. Em elevadas concentrações, este elemento pode ser extremamente tóxico para os organismos. A determinação das variáveis físico químicas da água, índice do estado trófico, alterações histológicas, o índice hepatosomático, bioacumulação do Cu nos tecidos branquial e hepático e marcadores de estresse oxidativo como superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) nos fígados foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que as maiores concentrações estavam na fração Cu dissolvido, no período chuvoso. A exposição a maiores concentrações de Cu provocou alterações como, descolamento do epitélio basal das lamelas, aneurismas, fusão lamelar entre outros nas brânquias, vacuolização e necroses no fígado. Os fígados mostraram-se grandes acumuladores do metal, por outro lado, o índice hepatosomático apresentou uma diminuição em relação ao aumento do Cu. As atividades enzimáticas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, com exceção da CAT. De forma geral, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes CAT, SOD e GPX, apresentaram alterações após 120 horas de exposição ao Cu, proveniente dos 4 pontos de coleta da Represa Guarapiranga. / Copper is an essential ion for plants, animals and for human health. Although the crucial role of Cu in several enzymatic processes, this heavy metal can exert adverse toxicological effects, when present in high concentrations in water. The determination of waters physic chemistry parameters, trophic index, histological alterations, hepatosomatic index, Cu bioaccumulation in livers and gills and oxidative stress enzymes like, CAT, SOD and GPX were done. Our results show that the higher values of Cu concentration were in the dissolved Cu and in the rainy season. The exposition o the fishes to a higher Cu concentrations altered the gills; aneurism, lamellar fusion, basal epithelium lifting. In the liver the alterations were, vacuolization and necrosis among others. The livers were the greatest bioaccumulation organs, and the other hand the hepatosomatic index decreased with higher Cu concentrations. There was no significant difference in the enzyme activities with the exception of CAT that increased with Cu increase, nevertheless in general, the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were altered some how after 120 hours of Cu treatment, with water sample from 4 points located at Guarapiranga Reservoir.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are used as a measure for federal value-based payment programs. Using data for 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed newer risk adjustment models to calculate the standardized infection ratio (SIR) for various infections occurring in hospitals. New national baselines were set to compare performance among medical facilities and states. Despite adjustments for various facility-level factors that contribute to HAI risk, there are ongoing concerns that SIR calculations do not adequately account for non-hospital risk factors that have been linked to clinical outcomes. This explanatory study evaluates state-level data using simple linear regression to determine relationships between the standardized infection ratio (SIR) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and several socioeconomic and geographic factors. Bivariate analysis produced significant correlation between SIR and high school education, with states exhibiting lower SIR relative to the percent of adults who completed high school. Higher SIRs were found relative to the percent of state populations subjected to poverty, obesity, and diagnosis of diabetes. Percent of nonprofit hospitals, adults with bachelor’s degrees, and rural residents were not significantly correlated with state measures of MRSA bacteremia. These findings can help guide efforts to reduce HAIs, improve safety of care, and advance population health efforts. The results from this study reinforce the notion that non-hospital factors may have significant effects on the incidence of MRSA bacteremia events occurring in hospitalized patients. Current risk adjustment models that predict MRSA bacteremia events for quality reporting purposes may not adequately account for these risk factors. The present study highlights some ways that hospitals, patients, and policymakers can work together to address social risk factors as a strategy for promoting better and safer care, and healthier communities. This study investigates aspects of the bigger picture of health care quality, performance measurement, and population health. This “feel for the whole” underscores the implications on state performance in infection prevention in the context of socioeconomic and medical vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes the need for greater multidisciplinary collaboration to address community health needs and reduce social and medical disparities.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-28T16:37:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PesquisaAnticorposAntitoxoplasma.pdf: 1943667 bytes, checksum: 85d0bf150a0ccfebe495aa84871adaba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-11T17:05:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PesquisaAnticorposAntitoxoplasma.pdf: 1943667 bytes, checksum: 85d0bf150a0ccfebe495aa84871adaba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-11T17:05:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PesquisaAnticorposAntitoxoplasma.pdf: 1943667 bytes, checksum: 85d0bf150a0ccfebe495aa84871adaba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A toxoplasmose, uma das zoonoses mais difundidas no mundo, é causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, um protozoário que tem os felídeos como únicos hospedeiros definitivos. Avaliou-se 21 animais de quatro espécies, gato-mourisco (Herpailurus yaguarondi), jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis), gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii), onça-pintada e preta (Panthera onca) a fim de averiguar a situação da toxoplasmose em dois municípios do estado do Pará, utilizando dois testes sorológicos, a hemaglutinação indireta (HAI) e aglutinação direta modificada (MAT), além de exame coproparasitológico. Dos animais testados, 18 (85,72%) foram positivos. Doze (57,14%) animais foram soropositivos pela técnica HAI e, 14 (66,66%) pela técnica MAT. Não houve diferença estatística entre a soropositividade e os gêneros, nas duas técnicas utilizadas. No gênero Herpailurus encontrou-se 4,6% de soropositividade em ambos os testes; no Leopardus, 19,05% na HAI e 28,57% na MAT; e, no Panthera, 33,33% nas duas técnicas. Foi constatado resultado coincidente em 11 animais. Comparando-se as duas técnicas, não houve diferença estatística. A titulação mais alta foi verificada em um gato-maracajá (1024), na MAT. Não foi encontrado oocisto de T. gondii nas fezes de nenhum dos animais estudados. Verificou-se que há uma alta ocorrência da toxoplasmose nos municípios estudados e que ambas as técnicas utilizadas são eficazes no diagnóstico sorológico desta doença. / Toxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan that has in felids its unique and definitive host. Twenty one animals of four species were avaluated, Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi), Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), Margay (Leopardus wiedii), Jaguars (Panthera onca) to investigate the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in two municipalities of Pará State, using two serological assays, indirect hemagglutination, (IHA), direct modified agglutination (MAT) and coproparasitologic examination. From the tested animals, 18 were positive (85,72%). Twelve (57,14%) animals by the IHA and 14 (66,66%) by the MAT, were seropositive. In both utilized techniques there were no statistical differences between seropositivity and the genus. In the Herpailurus genus 4,6% of seropositivity was found in both tests; in the Leopardus 19,05% by IHA and 28,57% by MAT; and in the Panthera 33,33% in both techniques. Similar results were verified in 11 animals. Comparing both techniques, there were no statistical differences. Higher titers were obtained from a margay (1024) by MAT. No oocysts of T. gondii were found in the studied animals. It was verified high occurrence of toxoplasmosis in the studied areas and both techniques are efficient for serologic diagnoses of this disease.

自十九世紀末霍華德提倡「田園市」以解決倫敦市日益問題惡化的都市問題以來，新市鎮發展至今已有九十幾年的歷史。回顧各國開發新市鎮的經驗，多數新市鎮開發的結果被認為是失敗的。臺灣自中興新村開始，一連串新市鎮開發的成效都未盡理想，而日前為廣增國宅、打壓房價、並引導臺北都會區向北發展，淡海新市鎮被列為六年國建項目之一，積極開發。本論文擬以淡海新市鎮之開發目標與主要計畫內容為主，並對各國開發新市鎮的經驗加以檢討，期能找出新市鎮發展的趨勢，並對淡海新市鎮的開發目標與計畫內容有所建議。 　　本論文藉由各國開發新市鎮之經驗的文獻與臺灣地區開發新市鎮之成效的評估、次級資料的蒐集，對新市鎮的發展做一回顧，並歸納出新市鎮未來的發展趨勢，作為淡海新市鎮發展的指標；同時，藉由次級資料的蒐集與檢討，找出淡海新市鎮主要計畫的缺失與不足。 　　由本論文之研究結果顯示，新市鎮未來發展的趨勢應朝向大都會區的一環，成為都會區的一個據點，並與中心都市的機能互補，以提高新市鎮開發成功之機率。而淡海新市鎮之開發目標應朝向多機能的新市鎮發展，而非以單一的住宅機能為主；同時，淡海新市鎮在主要計畫中如土地分配不均、公共設施不足、交通設備缺乏等問題亟需改進，以提高該新市鎮開發之成效。 / Since Howard advocated the concept of "Garden City" for solving the deteriorating urban problem of Landon in the end of 19th century, it has been ninety uears in the history of new town development. The experience of new town development in most countries are, however, considered as failures. Starting from Chung Using New Village, a series of new towns have been developed in Taiwan, but wirthout many successes. In order to expand the housing construction to decrease price and guide the development of Taipei metropolitan area northbound, Dan Hai new town has recently been listed as one of the items of the Six-years National Investment Plan in Taiwan. The purposes of the research are to evaluate the experiences of new town development in various countries, to seek the trends of the devdiopment bassed on this evaluation ; and to make suggstions for the devedlopment goals and contents of the plan for Dan Hai new town. 　　In the research, we reviewed, through the literature survey of the experiences in various countries and the evaluation of effectiveness of new town development in Taiwan, the development of new towns in general. We then deduced, of the new town development in Dan Hai. In the mean time, bassed on the collection and evaluation of secondary data, we pointed out the flaws and insufficiency in the master plan of Dan Hai mew town. 　　The results indicated ehae new town development should be part of the metropolitan area, serving as a base conplementary of the function of the central city to increase the probability of success of the development. The development goals of Dan Hai new town should, on the other hand, be aimed at multifunctional new town development, not single, residential one. In the mean time, the problems in the master plan of Dan Hai new town, such as inequality in land distribution and insufficiency of public and transportation facilities, must be solved in order to increase the effectiveness of the development.

本研究以Gibson 與Norman的符擔性理論(affordance theory)為基礎，並以理論的時序變化為主、空間關係為輔，窺探MSN場域中，使用者如何定位MSN對話代理人(conversational agent)角色以及互動樣貌的展現。故本研究以深度訪談法，搜集長期互動使用者的經驗，並將研究結果以歷時方式呈現。 研究結果指出，在「初期」時，代理人藉由即時通訊網絡，變成公眾近用的對象，加上使用者的MSN儀式性使用，其隨時隨地陪伴在身旁，增加雙方互動機會，而且這種機會則讓使用者營造嬉笑怒罵的試驗「嬉玩」氛圍。然而，代理人在目前的語言限制下，只能和使用者膚淺溝通，無法產生更深層的連結，因此在「中期」互動時，使用者開始感到失望而降低互動意願。不過，使用者並未放棄溝通，到了「後期」互動時，反而依據自身需求，打破科技的限制與設定，展現「情感交流、娛樂消遣與資訊獲得」等多種不同互動行為，並且與使用者的線下生活有了連結，也和MSN中其他人際互動有了互補與重疊的關係。 以上研究結果除了意味幻想力量與多重認知、時間挪移影響，也意味著心智過程與文化經驗中，人際社交壓力的刻意釋放、無意顯露、性別制約或解放以及人我界線的人物實踐，因而塑造代理「人所不能」的可用性。代理人原本的商業宣傳意圖，也就是資訊獲得行為，僅被少數使用者感知，而被忽略。 換言之，使用者藉由不同情境需求感知不同的符擔性，並且利用己身的想像力，填補實際符擔性（科技物性）與感知符擔性（人性）間的空隙，並讓代理人展現做為長期互動對象的吸引力。