In this dissertation, the argument is the understanding of the beliefs of Black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids and how these beliefs that protect them from being infected, will lead to the formulation of suggestions for a belief-sensitive approach, which can be incorporated by health care professionals in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers. Several authors stress the fact that if any HIV and Aids programme is to be implemented successfully, the health care profession should strive to know more about the beliefs of the community, in this case Black farm workers, so that there can be sound human relations and effective programmes. Based on the problem statement for this study the following research questions were asked: 1. What are the beliefs of black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids? 2. How do these beliefs protect them from being infected? 3. Based on the answers to the first two questions, what suggestions can be formulated regarding a belief-sensitive approach in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers? The objectives were in line with these questions, namely to explore and describe the beliefs of Black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids; to explore and describe how these beliefs protect them from being infected; and to formulate recommendations, specifically suggestions regarding a belief-sensitive approach in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers. The study followed a qualitative, explorative and descriptive approach. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach was used to collect data. 'Lekgotla' was used as a strategy to collect data. The results indicated that Black farm workers do have beliefs about HIV and Aids. Most of the beliefs they uphold protect them from being infected, however there are some marginal beliefs that can put them at risk of being infected. Suggestions, which health care professionals can incorporate in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers, were formulated based on the results, a literature control and ensuing conclusions. Beliefs of Black farm workers that protect them from being infected could be included in the suggestions for prevention strategies. Health care professionals involved in prevention strategies should actively listen to Black farm workers’ beliefs in order for these strategies to be successful. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

In this dissertation, the argument is the understanding of the beliefs of Black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids and how these beliefs that protect them from being infected, will lead to the formulation of suggestions for a belief-sensitive approach, which can be incorporated by health care professionals in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers. Several authors stress the fact that if any HIV and Aids programme is to be implemented successfully, the health care profession should strive to know more about the beliefs of the community, in this case Black farm workers, so that there can be sound human relations and effective programmes. Based on the problem statement for this study the following research questions were asked: 1. What are the beliefs of black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids? 2. How do these beliefs protect them from being infected? 3. Based on the answers to the first two questions, what suggestions can be formulated regarding a belief-sensitive approach in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers? The objectives were in line with these questions, namely to explore and describe the beliefs of Black farm workers regarding HIV and Aids; to explore and describe how these beliefs protect them from being infected; and to formulate recommendations, specifically suggestions regarding a belief-sensitive approach in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers. The study followed a qualitative, explorative and descriptive approach. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach was used to collect data. 'Lekgotla' was used as a strategy to collect data. The results indicated that Black farm workers do have beliefs about HIV and Aids. Most of the beliefs they uphold protect them from being infected, however there are some marginal beliefs that can put them at risk of being infected. Suggestions, which health care professionals can incorporate in HIV and Aids-prevention programmes for Black farm workers, were formulated based on the results, a literature control and ensuing conclusions. Beliefs of Black farm workers that protect them from being infected could be included in the suggestions for prevention strategies. Health care professionals involved in prevention strategies should actively listen to Black farm workers’ beliefs in order for these strategies to be successful. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Abstract The theoretical part of this thesis focuses on health care issues related to the work of health care professionals in the context of a current legislation. In this part the work of health care professionals is linked to the ethical principles and pressures on the emotional, mental, physical and social levels. The work focuses on the possible symptoms of exhaustion and fatigue on these levels. The emphasis is put on a personal development and coping with emotions so the health care professional is able to provide his or her clients and patients with relevant support. Supervision also develops its potential as a system of control and improving the quality of the provided care. It also helps to achieve the necessary health care quality standards in all respects. This system of a complex support and care for an individual worker as well as team of professionals is rooted predominantly in the development of psychotherapy. In its empirical part this thesis deals with the reasons which prevent supervision to be fully accepted and generally adopted as a system of support for health care professionals. The research in the Regional Hospital in Příbram tries to find and identify possible barriers to the development of supervision and thus contribute to greater interest in its implementation. According to the research findings the main barriers involve inadequate experience and awareness of senior professionals about possibilities and purpose of supervision, their concerns about high financial expenses, the need to devote extra time to this method and last but not least the necessity to study and apply a large amount of professional methods and information to work. The last two mentioned criterions also reduce space which could health care professionals otherwise use for meeting their own needs and self -care. In terms of conditions supervision in health care institution would have to meet, the thesis comes to a conclusion that the possible supervisor should be well-informed about health care sector or experienced in own medical practice. In this respect he or she would be authentic and trustworthy for the supervised health care staff. This thesis also finds out that hospital management strongly supports supervision but so far has not recorded any interest in its implementation among the employees. However, findings of the survey aimed at health care professionals from the selected hospital departments show that more than 50% of respondents regard supervision in health care as needed. The specific need of support for health care professionals is found predominantly in inadequate recognition and appreciation of their work and in the feeling that their work does not bring them joy. In this respect the respondents to a large extent described somatic problems such as frequent headaches, difficulties in digestion and breathing and sleep disorders. According to the research there are good conditions for implementation supervision in a health care institution. However, first it is necessary to ensure that both hospital management and health care professionals are provided with good and sufficient information. The goal of this thesis is to support implementation of supervision among health care professionals in inpatient wards. It is intended for the health care professionals as well as for hospital management. Its aim is to promote the idea that only a person who is healthy, self confident and meets his/her own needs is able to cure well and help others.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 laisenavarrojardim.pdf: 1606391 bytes, checksum: 915b5b916238cb0c93c9e63794756a47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Considerando o expressivo aumento do número de casos de infecções pelo HIV/aids na terceira idade, os mitos e preconceitos acerca da sexualidade dessas pessoas e suas dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde, a problemática desta investigação em psicologia social apresenta sua relevância social e científica. A presente pesquisa de mestrado teve por objetivo investigar as políticas públicas em HIV/aids destinadas aos idosos, analisando os discursos e os dispositivos de saber/poder que as constituem, problematizando as concepções dos profissionais de saúde que atuam no Serviço de Assistência Especializada (SAE) e na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) da cidade de Juiz de Fora, no que se refere à aids na terceira idade e sua atuação profissional diante dessas políticas. As informações foram coletadas por meio de pesquisa documental e de campo, contemplando informações sobre as políticas públicas em HIV/aids, do Ministério da Saúde, voltadas ao público idoso e as concepções de profissionais de saúde que atuam no Serviço de Assistência Especializada (SAE) e na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Juiz de Fora. A análise dos dados, amparada no referencial teórico de Michel Foucault, teve como recurso metodológico fundamental a análise do discurso, procurando compreender os jogos de enunciação e as formações discursivas que atravessam e constituem as políticas públicas e as concepções dos profissionais da área da saúde. Através da pesquisa, foi possível constatar uma grande carência de políticas públicas de prevenção e assistência específicas para a questão da aids na terceira idade, o que tem resultado em implicações diretas no que se refere às concepções e práticas de profissionais em saúde, uma vez que suas atuações estão intrinsecamente ligadas às preconizações do Ministério da Saúde. Práticas estas, que, ao não priorizarem os aspectos preventivos e assistenciais referentes ao HIV/aids na terceira idade, acabam por deixar tal problemática cada vez mais invisível aos órgãos competentes e à sociedade. / Considering the notable increase in the number of cases of infection by HIV/aids in senior citizens, the myths and prejudices regarding the sexuality of such people and their difficulties in accessing health services, the issue of such investigation on social psychology presents its social and scientific relevance. The present master‘s degree research had as its goal to investigate the public policies on HIV/aids aimed to senior citizens, analyzing their discourses and the knowledge/power devices that constitute them, discussing the conceptions by health care professionals who work at the Specialized Assistance Service (SAE, in Portuguese) and at the Family health Strategy (ESF, in Portuguese) in the city of Juiz de Fora, as it refers to aids among senior citizens and their professional actions regarding such policies. The information was gathered by means of a document and field survey, contemplating information about public policies on HIV/aids of the Health Ministry aimed at the senior population and the conceptions of health care professionals who work at the Specialized Assistance Service (SAE, in Portuguese) and at the Family health Strategy (ESF, in Portuguese) in the city of Juiz de Fora. Data analysis, supported by the theoretical reference of Michel Foucault, had as its fundamental methodological resource the discourse analysis, attempting to comprehend the enunciation games and the discourse formations which permeate and constitute the public policies and the conceptions by the health care professionals. Through the research it was possible to detect a great lack of public policies of prevention of assistance specific to the matter of aids among senior citizens, which has resulted in direct implications regarding the conceptions and practices of the health care professionals, since their actions are intrinsically tied to the guidelines by the Health Ministry. Such practices, by not prioritizing the preventive and assistance aspects referring to HIV/aids among senior citizens, leave such issues ever more invisible to society‘s competent sectors.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. Statistik visar att en av fem äldre utsätts. Våldet definieras genom fem typer av våld; fysiskt, psykiskt, ekonomiskt, sexuellt och försummelse. Äldre är en särskilt utsatt grupp för våld i nära relationer och våldet medför stora konsekvenser för hälsan. Distriktssköterskans omvårdnad kan vara avgörande för att träffa en potentiellt våldsutsatt äldre. Den teoretiska ram som användes var distriktsköterskans kärnkompetenser. Syfte var att belysa vårdpersonal inom primärvårdens erfarenheter att möta äldre som utsätts för våld i nära relationer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats utfördes med mixad design. Åtta kvalitativa och åtta kvantitativa originalartiklar inkluderades och analyserades med Graneheim och Lundmans innehållsanalys samt enligt Fribergs analys. Resultatet presenteras separat med ett kvalitativt, följt av ett kvantitativt resultat. Kategorierna som löper igenom båda resultaten var vårdpersonalens erfaren-heter av att upptäcka våldet, att ställa frågan om våldsutsatthet, samverkan och skapa en relation till både patienten och närstående. Resultatet belyser organisatoriska utvecklingsområden där betydelsen och behovet att utveckla screeningverktyg och rutiner, tid och kunskap framkom. Diskussionen omfattar vårdpersonalens erfarenheter och upplevda dilemman i mötet med våldsutsatta äldre. Vården har ett flertal utvecklingsmöjligheter för att hjälpa våldsutsatta äldre. Behov av mer kunskap framkommer, samt vikten av evidensbaserad vård för att ge en god omvårdnad. Slutsats: Våld i nära relationer är en känslig och komplex fråga. Distriktsköterskan har en viktig roll att vidareutveckla den avancerade omvårdnaden. Det finns ett behov av mer forskning och utbildning inom området. / Background: Intimate partner violence is a global public health problem. Statistics show that one in five elderlies are victims. Violence is defined by five types of violence, physical, mental, financial, sexual and neglect. Elderly is a particularly vulnerable group to intimate partner violence, and the violence has major consequences for health. The district nurse's nursing can be crucial in meeting a potentially abused elderly person. The theoretical framework used was the district nurse's core competencies. The purpose was to shed light on health care professional within primary health care experience of meeting elderly people who are exposed to intimate partner violence. Method. A literature review with an inductive approach was performed with mixed design. Eight qualitative and eight quantitative original articles are included and analyzed via Graneheim and Lundman's content analysis and according to Friberg's analysis. Results is presented separately with a qualitative followed by a quantitative result. The categories that run through both results of the health care professionals experience of detecting the violence, asking the question about exposure to violence and creating a supportive relationship with both patient and relatives. It also emerged how the health care professionals collaborated. The results highlighted organizational development areas where the importance of screening tools and routines, time and knowledge emerged. Discussion includes the health care staff's experiences and perceived dilemmas in the meeting with abused elderly. Healthcare has a number of development opportunities to help abused elderly. The need for more knowledge emerges, as well as the importance of evidence-based care, in order to give good care. Conclusion: Intimate partner violence is a sensitive and complex issue. The district nurse has an important role in further developing the advanced nursing. There is a need for more research and education in the field. / <p>Datum för godkännande: 2021-11-01</p>

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background:Patient satisfaction is an important means of measuring the effectiveness of health care delivery and medical care. Patient satisfaction provides a picture of the extent to which the general health care needs of the patient provided by health care professionals are met to the satisfaction of the patient. Administration of patient satisfaction surveys provide an opportunity to identify and resolve potential problems before they become serious. Enhancing quality of service delivery in public health facilities is a prerequisite for the increased utilisation and sustainability of health care services to the population. The aim of the study was to investigate the level of patient satisfaction regarding service delivery provided by the doctors and nurses at a hospital in Botswana. Purpose:The study’s aim was to investigate the level of patient satisfaction regarding service delivery at a hospital in Botswana. Methods:Aquantitative approach using a self-administered structured questionnaire to collect data regarding patient satisfaction regarding service delivery at hospital was used.A consecutive sampling technique was used to select patients who fulfilled the study’s inclusion criteria. A sample size of 360 patients was required for the study, which was calculated based on the Taro Yamane formula. Data was analysed using SPSS version V.21.0. Results:The mean age of the outpatients was 38.5(SD ±15.6) years while,for the inpatients, the mean agewas 33.3(SD±12.4) years. The greater proportion of respondents in both groups was females. Nearly half (47%) of the outpatients were employed, whereas more than half (53%) of the inpatients were unemployed. The majority of the participants had a low level of education. The mean satisfaction level was 58.9 (SD±7.9)for outpatients, while for in patients, the mean satisfaction level was 70.3 (SD±12.5). A large proportion (65%) of the outpatients were satisfied compared to the inpatients (54%), however, the results were not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between the age, gender, employment status, level of education of the outpatients and their level of satisfaction. For inpatient variables, age, gender, and level of education were not associated with level of satisfaction (p>0.05). Conclusion: Inconclusion, regardless of the fact that certain aspects of care provided a t this hospital were unsatisfactory, the results of the present study revealed that, overall,more than half of the patients were satisfied with the inpatients and outpatient aspects of the xiv care they were provided.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är en folkhälsoutmaning världen över och i Sverige beräknas 52 % av befolkningen i åldern 16–84 år leva med övervikt eller fetma. Övervikt och fetma blir allt vanligare och en ökad risk för följdsjukdomar tillkommer därigenom. Totalt beräknas de samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna uppgå till 70 miljarder kronor/år i Sverige. Hälso- och sjukvårdspesonal möter dagligen individer som lider av övervikt och fetma. Sjuksköterskans ansvar är att stödja och motivera patientena till hälsosamma levnadsvanor, vilket gör bemötandet till en viktig faktor. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur personer med övervikt och fetma upplever bemötandet från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där tio vetenskapliga artiklar söktes fram iCinahl Complete, Discovery, PubMed och SweMed+. Åtta kvalitativa och två kvantitativa studier valdes ut till resultatet. Artiklarna granskades, analyserades samt färgkodades för att identifiera tre teman. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre huvudteman; vårdrelation, vårdmiljö och skam och skuld. Resultatet visade att förhållningssättet från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal påverkar personer med övervikt och fetma och studiernapekade på flera brister. I tre artiklar framkom delvis avvikande och positiva resultat av bemötande. Slutsats: Personer med övervikt och fetma upplever fördomar, okunskap och ett bemötande som bidrar till känslor av skam och skuld. Genom ökad kunskap, respekt och lyhördhet kan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal skapa en mer värdig och tillitsfull relation med patienten. / Background: Overweight and obesity is a public health challenge worldwide. In Sweden, 52% of the population aged 16-84 is estimated to live with overweight or obesity. Overweight and obesity are becoming more common and an increased risk of sequelae is thereby added. In total, the socio-economic costs are estimated at SEK 70 billion/year in Sweden.Healthcare professionals meet individuals suffering from overweight and obesity on a daily basis. The nurse has a responsibility to support and motivate the patients to a healthy lifestyle and this makes the approachimportant. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe how people with overweight and obesity experience the approach of health care professionals. Method: A literature review was done where ten scientific articles were found in: Cinahl Complete, Discovery, PubMed and SweMed +. Eight qualitative and two quantitative studies were selected for the results. The articles were reviewed, analyzed and color coded to identify three themes. Results: The results are presented in three main themes; relations, health facilityenvironment and shame and guilt. They showed that the approach byhealth care professionals can affect people with overweight and obesityand several studies pointed out dificiencys within the care. In three articles, partly deviating and positive results of the approach appeared. Conclusion: People with overweight and obesity experience prejudice and ignorate attitudes that contributes to feelings of shame and guilt. Through increased knowledge, respect and sensitivity, healthcare professionals can createmore dignified and trustfull relations to the patients.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Persons living with intellectual disabilities (ID) at times display behaviours that are a challenge for healthcare professionals, parents and teachers. These challenging behaviours are often presented in health-care, educational, or social care services by individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, what could be explained as challenging may be understood differently through cultures, beliefs or surroundings. The aim of the study was to conceptualise and develop an explanatory model for challenging behaviour in persons with intellectual disabilities. The study comprised twenty (23) participants who were parents and teachers of persons with intellectual disability. The target population of the study live in Ga-Dikgale and Ga-Molepo villages that are located in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province. These villages were chosen because they have special schools for children with ID. A semi-structured, in-depth, one-on-one interview was used to collect data. The data was analysed using thematic content analysis (TCA). Three superordinate themes emerged that covered the understanding of challenging behaviour from the participants. These themes were: (a) knowledge about challenging behaviour; (b) beliefs about causal explanations of challenging behaviour; and, (c) coping with challenging behaviour. The results revealed that participants held varied beliefs regarding causal explanations of challenging behaviour. Cultural background of the participant seemed to play a critical role in shaping these beliefs. Additionally, three modes of coping were used by the participants in the study to cope with challenging behaviour. These are: cultural/traditional coping; religious coping; and, family and professional support methods. A Bio-Psycho-Socio-Cultural Model (BPS-C) was subsequently developed to explain challenging behaviour of persons with intellectual disability. This model integrates components of the Bio-Psycho-Social model (biological characteristics, behavioural factors, and social condition such as social support and family relationships) and cultural aspects to conceptualise challenging behaviour as understood and explained by parents and teachers of persons with intellectual disability. / NIHSS and SAHUDA

Bakgrund Humant immunbristvirus, Hiv, är en kronisk virusinfektion som utan behandling leder till Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Aids, vilket är en dödlig sjukdom. Hiv identifierades i början av 1980-talet och då var det främst homosexuella män och missbrukare som drabbades, eftersom Hiv primärt smittar via blod och sexuella kontakter. På grund av dess ursprung finns det föreställningar och fördomar om vilka som drabbas av Hiv. Det har lett till att personer med Hiv utsatts för diskriminering och stigmatisering, både från samhället och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Det har länge funnits behandling som gör risken att föra smittan vidare till någon annan osannolik, men trots det har sjukdomen länge ansetts vara ett av de mest stigmatiserade medicinska tillstånden i världen.   Syfte Syftet var att beskriva hur personer med Hiv upplever och påverkas av bemötandet från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt utfördes och resultatet baserades på 19 kvalitativa vetenskapliga originalartiklar från olika länder. Artiklarna identifierades i databaserna Public Medline och Cumulative Index of Nursing And Allied Health Literature med hjälp indexord och en manuell sökning. Samtliga artiklar som ingick i litteraturöversiktens resultat kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades utifrån en integrerad dataanalys.    Resultat Resultatet visar att personer med Hiv både hade positiva och negativa upplevelser av bemötandet från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Negativa upplevelser förknippades med stigmatisering, överdrivna försiktighetsåtgärder, bristande sekretess, samt bristande kommunikation. Positiva upplevelser identifierades när hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal visade stöd och empati, hade god kommunikativ förmåga, samt när relationen med mellan patient och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal upplevdes god. Kunskapsbrist och fördomar hos hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal identifierades vara bidragande faktorer till brister i bemötandet, vilket kunde ha negativ inverkan på patienters följsamhet i behandling.  Slutsats Patienter upplevde att kunskapsbrist om Hiv hos hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal var starkt sammankopplat med negativa upplevelser av bemötandet. Negativa upplevelser i form av diskriminering och stigmatisering från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kunde leda till en lägre grad av psykisk hälsa. Positiva upplevelser av bemötandet associerades med en hög grad av kunskap bland hälso- och sjukvårdsperonal, vilket kunde öka Hiv-positiva patienters hälsa och välbefinnande. / Background Human immunodeficiency virus, Hiv, is a chronic viral infection that without treatment leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Aids, which is a deadly disease. Hiv was identified in the early 1980’s and it was mainly gay men and addicts who were affected, as Hiv is primarily transmitted through blood and sexual contact. Due to its origin, there are notions and prejudices about who is affected by Hiv, which has led to people with Hiv being subjected to discrimination and stigmatization, from society and health care professional. There has long been treatment that makes the risk of passing the infection on to someone else unlikely, despite this, the disease has long been considered one of the most stigmatized medical conditions in the world.  Aim The purpose of this literature review was to investigate how people with Hiv experience and are affected by the encounter from health care professionals.  Method A non-systematic literature review was performed and the result was based on 19 qualitative original scientific articles from different countries. The articles were identified in the databases Public Medline and Cumulative Index of Nursing And Allied Health Literature using index words and one manual search. All included articles in the literature review's results were quality reviewed and analyzed through an integrated data analysis.  Results The result shows that people with Hiv had both positive and negative experiences by the encounter from health care professionals. Negative experiences were associated with stigma, excessive precautions, lack of confidentiality, and lack of communication. Positive experiences were identified when health care professionals showed support and empathy, had good communication skills, and when the relationship between patient and provider was experienced as good. Lack of knowledge and prejudices among health care professionals were considered to be contributing factors to shortcomings, which could have a negative impact on patients' treatment adherence.  Conclusions Patients experienced the lack of knowledge about Hiv among health care professionals as strongly linked to negative experiences of the treatment. Negative experiences as discrimination and stigmatization from health care professionals could lead to a lower degree of mental health. Positive experiences from the encounter were associated with a high degree of knowledge among health care workers, which had positive effects on health and well-being of Hiv-positive patients.

Medication safety and improving communication at care transitions are an international priority. There is vast evidence on the scale of error associated with medicines reconciliation and some evidence of successful interventions to improve reconciliation. However, there is insufficient evidence on the factors that contribute towards medication error at transitions, or the roles of those involved. This thesis examined current UK medicines reconciliation practice within primary and secondary care, and the role of HCPs and patients. Using a mixed-method, multi-centre design, the type and severity of discrepancies at admission to hospital were established and staff undertaking medicines reconciliation across secondary and primary care were observed, using evidence-informed framework, based on a narrative literature review. The overall processes used to reconcile medicines were similar; however, there was considerable inter and intra-organisational variation within primary and secondary care practice. Patients were not routinely involved in discussions about their medication, despite their capacity to do so. Various human factors in reconciliation-related errors were apparent; predominantly inadequate communication, individual factors e.g. variation in approach by HCP, and patient factors e.g. lack of capacity. Areas of good practice which could reduce medicines reconciliation-related errors/discrepancies were identified. There is a need for increased consistency and standardisation of medicines reconciliationrelated policy, procedures and documentation, alongside communication optimisation. This could be achieved through a standardised definition and taxonomy of error, the development of a medicines reconciliation quality assessment framework, increased undergraduate and post-graduate education, improved patient engagement, better utilisation of information technology and improved safety culture.