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Bakgrund: Postpartum Depression (PPD) drabbar mellan 10-15 % av alla kvinnor som föder barn och karakteriseras av depressiva symtom. PPD kan orsakas av flera faktorer, såsom tidigare erfarenhet av psykisk ohälsa och psykisk ohälsa under graviditeten. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser med postpartum depression. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar som belyser kvinnors perspektiv. Resultat: Kvinnor upplevde bristande anknytning till sina barn och bar på en överväldigande känsla av ansvar gentemot dem. Dessutom kände de sig otillräckliga inför de förväntningar som samhället hade på dem. Det framkom även att många kvinnor fann det svårt att prata om sina känslor på grund av rädsla att bli dömda som "dåliga mammor". Stigmatiseringen kring PPD försvårade ytterligare att prata öppet om sina upplevelser. Konklusion: Studien visade att majoriteten av kvinnorna hade svårt att prata om sina upplevelser. De betonade vikten av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal, var medvetna om detta och visade empati, förståelse för att underlätta för dem i deras svåra situation. Det framgick även att kvinnor kände sig mindre isolerade om de kunde dela sina erfarenheter med sina närstående eller andra kvinnor i liknande situationer. / Background: Postpartum Depression (PPD) affects between 10-15% of all women who give birth and is characterized by depressive symptoms. PPD can be caused by several factors, such as previous experiences with mental health issues and mental health issues during pregnancy. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe women's experiences with postpartum depression. Method: The study is a qualitative literature review based on ten scientific articles that describe women's perspectives. Findings: Women experienced a lack of attachment to their children and carried an overwhelming sense of responsibility towards them. In addition, they felt inadequate to society's expectations of them. Many women found it difficult to talk about their feelings due to fear of being judged as 'bad mothers'. The stigma surrounding PPD made it evenmore difficult to open up about their experiences. Conclusion: The study showed that the majority of women had difficulty talking about their experiences. It's important that healthcare professionals were aware of this and showed empathy, understanding to faciliate in their difficult situation. It also appeared that women felt less isolated if they could share their experiences with their relatives or other women in similar situations.

A methodology for ageing foetal and neonatal cattle is developed, involving radiographic examination of infant mandibles for early developmental stages in molariform teeth; tooth-wear methodologies are imprecise at this stage before wear commences. Known-age modern bovine foetal and neonate material are collected as a control assemblage for method development (n=73); six Neolithic to Norse era assemblages from Orkney are examined using the modified technique together with standard tooth-wear analysis and other methodologies. Foetal and died-at-birth material is diagnosed at most sites using the new technique, together with a range of other peri-natal age-groups. Ageing at this early stage is highly relevant in the diagnosis of milking as a palaeoeconomy: the accepted view is that unwanted (male) calves were slaughtered to maximise milk for human consumption, hence a surfeit of neonate calf remains, as at the study sites. The diagnosis of foetal and died-at-birth material challenges this view, suggesting that attritional causes may have contributed to deaths at this stage. Although milking was probably carried out at most of the study sites, this may have been combined with slaughter of cattle for meat in a pragmatic exploitation strategy. Literary research shows possible attritional causes of abortion and early death in calves, in particular dietary insufficiency in pregnant cows, microbial infections, and also inadequate colostrum uptake. Additionally, research is used to consider the challenges to health that early milking might have posed, to the calf as mentioned, but also to the cow, where three main health issues are highlighted: infertility, mastitis and lameness.

Graduation rates in bachelor's degrees in the United States continue to be lower than stakeholders expect, despite the many advantages of college completion. This phenomenological study investigated the interplay between resilience, coping strategies, and college completion for undergraduate art and design students in an effort to improve graduation rates. The purpose of this study was to address gaps in the literature regarding art and design students' resilience and academic success. Findings were interpreted using 3 conceptual frameworks: resilience theory, Bronfenbrenner's ecology of human development, and Dweck's theory of mindsets and self-beliefs. Research questions guiding this study addressed the external and internal factors that support resilience, the most stressful situations students faced while attending the university, and the coping strategies students used to manage stress, regain resilience and graduate. Data collection included individual semi-structured interviews with 11 graduating seniors and an alum from a single public university in the eastern United States. Data were supplemented by individual semi-structured interviews with 1 faculty member and 2 campus counselors from the same university who had extensive interactions with art and design undergraduates. Key results from the data analysis found that supportive relationships with peers, access to financial aid, stress-free living environments, motivation, tenacity, and self-efficacy were important factors for academic success. The most stressful situations students reported were studio critiques, a lack of compatibility with roommates, and health issues. This study promotes positive social change by providing information for stakeholder's use in bolstering students' resilience in order to manage stress and improve college completion rates.

Understanding the barriers to treatment for individuals with HIV/AIDS in developing countries could have a major impact on their ability to seek healthcare services. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the effect of daily activities and structural factors, which act as barriers to seeking health services for individuals living with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. The study is based on the hypothesis that (1) Individuals living with HIV/AIDS who face both personal and structural barriers have poor health compared to those not facing the barriers. (2) Individuals living with HIV/AIDS demonstrate different decisions and abilities to seek health services depending on their socioeconomic and clinical factors. A retrospective study design has been chosen for the current project. The source data-set comprises demographic and health surveys (DHS) in 2011-12 with N=839, male=661, female=178 the independent variables identified have been sub classified into, structural, personal, and socioeconomic groups. The data is analyzed using SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science, version 20. The data analysis shows the significant relationship between various variables included in the study such as owning livestock and frequency of eating meat in a week, distance from the health facility and the mode of transportation. We subdivided the data into these categories: urban, rural, male and female for further analysis. Based upon the results from the study, resources can be managed optimally so as to minimize costs and treatment delays / failures for individuals suffering with HIV/AIDS, especially in the context of developing world. These results could be applied to other developing countries as well. The global picture relates to maximizing the benefits and minimizing healthcare costs as a way to reducing morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS populations in developing countries.

This study explored the predictors of community supervision failures amongst female offenders in the United States criminal justice system. Female offenders have, in comparison with male offenders, particular challenges for community reintegration. This study used the relational theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on adult female offenders' behaviors, including substance use disorder and mental health issues. Secondary archival data were obtained from the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency's AUTO Screener and Supervision and Management Automated Record Tracking System; this data pool included information on 1,085 female offenders who had served at least one year on probation, supervised released, and/or parole. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine childhood trauma, adult substance use, and substance use and mental health treatments received for the study population. Additional demographic variables were also tested as predictors of community supervision failures. Age, marital status, and caregiving for dependent children were identified as significant predictors of community supervision failures. Results indicated that community supervision failures among female offenders are predicted by relational activities. Positive social change is implicated through programmatic changes offered to female offenders. It is recommended that criminal justice agencies equip female offenders with effective strategies that address relational needs such as childcare, parenting, and life skills assistance. Through these changes, female offenders are able to promote healthier lifestyles for themselves, families, and become productive members of their communities.

The number of females arrested for violent crimes has increased. The juvenile justice system continues to be challenged with developing gender-based treatment strategies to accommodate female delinquents. The purpose of this study was to examine probation officers' perceptions of the treatment provided for female delinquents and its ability to rehabilitate, reduce recidivism, and promote successful transition among female delinquents. The framework of this study encompassed the feminist theory from a criminology perspective. Data collection included interviews with 5 probation officers in El Paso County's Juvenile Justice Detention Center. Interviews were reviewed to generate a summary of relevancy. Themes and codes pertaining to the research were identified for analysis. The participants provided several recommendations for treating the female delinquent; they also identified that a lack of resources and funding for gender-responsive treatment contributed to the systems' inability to provide gender-specific treatment for female delinquents. Implementation by the Juvenile Justice Department of gender-responsive programs would respond to the varied needs of female delinquents; thereby increasing rehabilitation, reducing recidivism, and promoting successful transition among female delinquents. This implementation would benefit society as a whole, producing productive members who are able to affect social change.

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Barn som mår psykiskt dåligt och inte går till skolan uppmärksammas allt oftare i media. Både svensk och internationell forskning pekar på att skolfrånvaron ökar världen över.  Här i Sverige riktats kritik mot skolornas hantering av elever med problematisk frånvaro och syftet med denna studie var att undersöka specialpedagoger och kuratorers upplevelse av arbetet med målgruppen. Av intresse var vilka faktorer de upplever underlättar respektive försvårar arbete med målgruppen samt deras upplevelse av både interprofessionell samverkan (inom elevhälsan samt mellan elevhälsa och lärare) samt den intersektoriella samverkan (med socialtjänsten och BUP).  Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats och genomfördes via sju semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med tre specialpedagoger och fyra kuratorer från sju olika högstadieskolor spridda över landet och med varierande yrkeserfarenhet.  Studiens resultat visar att kuratorer och specialpedagoger upplever en hög grad av frustration kopplat till arbete med målgruppen. Deltagarna kände sig trygga med sina arbetsmetoder men hade sällan möjlighet att arbeta fullt ut i enlighet med dessa på grund av tids- och resursbrist.  Den interprofessionella samverkan inom elevhälsan beskrevs som välfungerande men med ökande svårigheter kopplade till samverkan med lärare. Den intersektoriell samverkan med socialtjänsten och BUP beskrevs fungera dåligt vilket resulterade i tidskrävande arbete utanför det egna yrkesspecifika handlingsutrymmet. Deltagarna uttryckte en stark känsla av ansvar gentemot sina elever samt en frustration utifrån upplevelsen att socialtjänsten och BUP lättvindigt avslutade ärenden vilket medförde betydande hinder för återintegrering av eleverna i skolan. / Media coverage of children with school attendance problems and mental health issues is increasing worldwide. Within a Swedish context, schools are being critiqued for poor handling of these cases. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how school counselors and special pedagogues perceive their work with the respective school’s 7th to 9th grade students. Which obstacles and opportunities do they perceive connected to the methods and strategies they employ in working with these students? How do they feel about the interprofessional collaboration within the school mental health team and in relation to the teachers and how do they perceive the collaboration with the local social services agencies and child psychiatric services?   The study was based within a qualitative research tradition and seven qualitative interviews with three special pedagogues and four school counselors were performed. The participants came from seven different schools from around Sweden and had varying degrees of experience working in schools. The results show that both school counselors and special pedagogues have a high degree of frustration connected to their work with these students. They felt comfortable how they should be working within the bounds of their respective roles but described how limited resources connected to time and staffing prevented them from working in accordance with these methods.   A major area of frustration was connected to poor collaboration with teachers as well as with the local social services agencies and child psychiatric services. The failed collaboration resulted in counselors and special pedagogues working outside the framework of their roles and they described a strong sense of responsibility for the students they worked with. They also described a sense of frustration connected to collaborative partners within the local social services agencies and the child psychiatric services failing to provide adequate support in the cases. This despite the students and families being in need of support to start the process of reintegration into the school environment.

A methodology for ageing foetal and neonatal cattle is developed, involving radiographic examination of infant mandibles for early developmental stages in molariform teeth; tooth-wear methodologies are imprecise at this stage before wear commences. Known-age modern bovine foetal and neonate material are collected as a control assemblage for method development (n=73); six Neolithic to Norse era assemblages from Orkney are examined using the modified technique together with standard tooth-wear analysis and other methodologies. Foetal and died-at-birth material is diagnosed at most sites using the new technique, together with a range of other peri-natal age-groups. Ageing at this early stage is highly relevant in the diagnosis of milking as a palaeoeconomy: the accepted view is that unwanted (male) calves were slaughtered to maximise milk for human consumption, hence a surfeit of neonate calf remains, as at the study sites. The diagnosis of foetal and died-at-birth material challenges this view, suggesting that attritional causes may have contributed to deaths at this stage. Although milking was probably carried out at most of the study sites, this may have been combined with slaughter of cattle for meat in a pragmatic exploitation strategy. Literary research shows possible attritional causes of abortion and early death in calves, in particular dietary insufficiency in pregnant cows, microbial infections, and also inadequate colostrum uptake. Additionally, research is used to consider the challenges to health that early milking might have posed, to the calf as mentioned, but also to the cow, where three main health issues are highlighted: infertility, mastitis and lameness. / The attached files include the Landscape pages and appendices V and VI. Not included are the jpeg Mandible files. A cover sheet was not available.