Estudos de redes de médicos com vínculos profissionais no setor público e privado de saúde são praticamente inexistentes na literatura de saúde. Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise da rede de médicos com vínculos profissionais em unidades de saúde públicas e privadas. Adicionalmente, busca-se identificar os principais Hubs nas unidades de saúde no Município de Bauru e propor um esquema conceitual para análise da rede em estudo. A delimitação desse estudo foi feita a partir de unidades de saúde vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no município sede de um Departamento Regional de Saúde (DRS) do Estado de São Paulo. A principal fonte de dados utilizados nesse trabalho foi o sistema de Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). O mapeamento dessa rede envolveu três níveis de análise: Unidades de Saúde (organização); Médicos (pessoas) e Ocupações (cargos). Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa empírica, de cunho quantitativo, por meio do mapeamento da rede com o auxílio do software de análise de redes organizacionais. Adaptou-se a fórmula do modelo Hub and Spoke, proposta originalmente para a área de logística por Derudder et al. (2007), para avaliar o grau de Hubiness das unidades de saúde. Adicionalmente, foi proposto um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS que auxiliou no entendimento dessa rede e ilustra os atores tipicamente encontrados nos diferentes níveis de atendimento do SUS. Os Hubs tipicamente encontrados foram atores que atuam nos níveis de Alta Complexidade (AC) e, usualmente compostos pelos hospitais gerais. Os médicos que declaram as ocupações Médico da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, Ginecologista e Pediatra são aqueles atores típicos que atendem no nível Atenção Básica (AB). Portanto, este trabalho contribui tanto para a teoria, com o estabelecimento de questões de pesquisa descritivas para serem refinadas na forma de hipóteses, passíveis de serem testadas em estudos futuros, quanto para a prática, com a proposição de um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS, pela adaptação da fórmula do modelo Hub- and-Spoke para identificação das as unidades de saúde que atuam como Hub e, finalmente, pela identificação da necessidade de políticas para a gestão dos vínculos profissionais médicos no SUS. As principais limitações do estudo envolvem, a delimitação da pesquisa em um município e do fato dos médicos vinculados ao Programa Mais Médicos não serem registrados nesse sistema. / Studies of physicians\' networks with professional ties in the public and private healthcare sector are virtually non-existent in the healthcare literature. This study aims to develop a physician network analysis with professional links with public and private healthcare facilities. In addition, it seeks to identify the main \"Hubs\" in the healthcare sector in Bauru (Brazil), and to propose a conceptual framework for analysis of this network. The delimitation of this study was made from healthcare units linked to the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) in a municipality that headquarters a Regional Healthcare Department (DRS).The main data source used in this work was the DATASUS/CNES system. The mapping of the network involved three levels of analysis: Healthcare Units (organization); Physicians (people) and Occupations (positions). An empirical research of quantitative nature was developed, through the healthcare network mapping with organizational networks analysis software. The Hubiness degree formula, originally proposed for the Hub-and-Spoke model of logistics sector for Derudder et al. (2007), was adapted to assess the degree of Hubiness of healthcare units. In addition, it was proposed a conceptual framework for the analysis of physician network in SUS that supported the understanding of that network, and illustrated the actors typically found in different SUS service levels. Hubs are typically composed by actors who act in the levels of High Complexity (AC) and usually consist of the general hospitals. Physicians that declare Medical occupations of the Family Healthcare Strategy, Gynaecologists and Paediatricians are those typical actors that meet the Primary level (AB). Therefore, this study contributes to both, theory, with the proposition of descriptive research questions to be refined in the form of hypotheses that can be tested in future research, and practice, with the proposition of a conceptual framework of the physicians network in SUS, the adaptation of the Hubiness degree formula for identification of healthcare units that act as Hubs and, finally by identifying the need for public policies for the management of physicians professional linkages in SUS. The main limitations of the study involve the delimitation of research in a municipality and the fact that physicians linked to the Program \"More Physicians\" are not registered in the system.

Estudos de redes de médicos com vínculos profissionais no setor público e privado de saúde são praticamente inexistentes na literatura de saúde. Este trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma análise da rede de médicos com vínculos profissionais em unidades de saúde públicas e privadas. Adicionalmente, busca-se identificar os principais Hubs nas unidades de saúde no Município de Bauru e propor um esquema conceitual para análise da rede em estudo. A delimitação desse estudo foi feita a partir de unidades de saúde vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no município sede de um Departamento Regional de Saúde (DRS) do Estado de São Paulo. A principal fonte de dados utilizados nesse trabalho foi o sistema de Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). O mapeamento dessa rede envolveu três níveis de análise: Unidades de Saúde (organização); Médicos (pessoas) e Ocupações (cargos). Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa empírica, de cunho quantitativo, por meio do mapeamento da rede com o auxílio do software de análise de redes organizacionais. Adaptou-se a fórmula do modelo Hub and Spoke, proposta originalmente para a área de logística por Derudder et al. (2007), para avaliar o grau de Hubiness das unidades de saúde. Adicionalmente, foi proposto um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS que auxiliou no entendimento dessa rede e ilustra os atores tipicamente encontrados nos diferentes níveis de atendimento do SUS. Os Hubs tipicamente encontrados foram atores que atuam nos níveis de Alta Complexidade (AC) e, usualmente compostos pelos hospitais gerais. Os médicos que declaram as ocupações Médico da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, Ginecologista e Pediatra são aqueles atores típicos que atendem no nível Atenção Básica (AB). Portanto, este trabalho contribui tanto para a teoria, com o estabelecimento de questões de pesquisa descritivas para serem refinadas na forma de hipóteses, passíveis de serem testadas em estudos futuros, quanto para a prática, com a proposição de um esquema conceitual de análise da rede de médicos no SUS, pela adaptação da fórmula do modelo Hub- and-Spoke para identificação das as unidades de saúde que atuam como Hub e, finalmente, pela identificação da necessidade de políticas para a gestão dos vínculos profissionais médicos no SUS. As principais limitações do estudo envolvem, a delimitação da pesquisa em um município e do fato dos médicos vinculados ao Programa Mais Médicos não serem registrados nesse sistema. / Studies of physicians\' networks with professional ties in the public and private healthcare sector are virtually non-existent in the healthcare literature. This study aims to develop a physician network analysis with professional links with public and private healthcare facilities. In addition, it seeks to identify the main \"Hubs\" in the healthcare sector in Bauru (Brazil), and to propose a conceptual framework for analysis of this network. The delimitation of this study was made from healthcare units linked to the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) in a municipality that headquarters a Regional Healthcare Department (DRS).The main data source used in this work was the DATASUS/CNES system. The mapping of the network involved three levels of analysis: Healthcare Units (organization); Physicians (people) and Occupations (positions). An empirical research of quantitative nature was developed, through the healthcare network mapping with organizational networks analysis software. The Hubiness degree formula, originally proposed for the Hub-and-Spoke model of logistics sector for Derudder et al. (2007), was adapted to assess the degree of Hubiness of healthcare units. In addition, it was proposed a conceptual framework for the analysis of physician network in SUS that supported the understanding of that network, and illustrated the actors typically found in different SUS service levels. Hubs are typically composed by actors who act in the levels of High Complexity (AC) and usually consist of the general hospitals. Physicians that declare Medical occupations of the Family Healthcare Strategy, Gynaecologists and Paediatricians are those typical actors that meet the Primary level (AB). Therefore, this study contributes to both, theory, with the proposition of descriptive research questions to be refined in the form of hypotheses that can be tested in future research, and practice, with the proposition of a conceptual framework of the physicians network in SUS, the adaptation of the Hubiness degree formula for identification of healthcare units that act as Hubs and, finally by identifying the need for public policies for the management of physicians professional linkages in SUS. The main limitations of the study involve the delimitation of research in a municipality and the fact that physicians linked to the Program \"More Physicians\" are not registered in the system.

Many patients suffer from dermatological diseases throughout the world. Literature about this problem is emphasizing that it is getting worse. Factors such as poor hygiene, poverty and diseases such as HIV/AIDS, have increased the prevalence of dermatological diseases in developing countries such as Namibia. Understanding the different dermatological diseases and studying their prevalence will aid in ensuring patients better quality of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and medicinal treatment patterns of dermatological diseases in the private healthcare sector of Namibia, with special reference to Windhoek. The research methodology was divided into two sections, namely a literature analysis and an empirical study. The literature analysis has been done to ensure knowledge about dermatological conditions before the empirical study was started. The empirical study was divided into two phases and data were collected from the community pharmacy environment (Phase 1) and a dermatologist (Phase 2). A total number of 507 patients participated in this study. In the community pharmacy environment, data were gathered from dermatological prescriptions of general practitioners (Phase 1A) and from pharmacist-initiated therapy prescriptions (Phase 1B). The data collected from the dermatologist (Phase 2), were collected from patients files at the dermatologist‘s practise. Phase 1A indicated that urticaria (n=36) had the highest prevalence followed by eczema (n=28) and contact dermatitis (n=28). 49% of the patients that participated in this phase were seeking treatment for the same condition the second time. In Phase 1B, contact dermatitis (n=15) showed the highest prevalence with eczema (n=14) and urticaria (n=8) second and third respectively. 77% of the patients participating in this phase of the research study did not have a family history of the same dermatological diseases. Phase 2 indicated that the highest prevalence of dermatological diseases was acne vulgaris (n=30) and melasma (n=19). The treatment duration that occurred most often in this phase was 180 days. Over all, the data indicated that eczema was the dermatological disease with the highest incidence of 11.2% (n=57). Other diseases that played a significant part were acne vulgaris (10.5%), urticaria (9.0%), contact dermatitis (8.6%) and melasma (7.1%). Rare dermatological diseases such as Kaposi sarcoma showed relatively high prevalence (n=9). It was concluded that this could be due to the fact that the dermatologist consulted, had been the only dermatologist claiming directly from the government medical aid, and that most of the patients diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma during this research study were government employees. Many dermatological diseases were not specifically defined or diagnosed, but still treated with topical corticosteroids which may suggest that the term eczema is undefined and easily used by different healthcare practitioners for dry-skin related conditions. It is concluded in this research study that the three most prevalent dermatological diseases in the private healthcare sector of Namibia are eczema, acne vulgaris and urticaria. These conditions are not considered to be life-threatening, but they do have a significant effect on the quality of life of patients. / MPham (Pharmacy Practice), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Region Östergötland has encountered issue in ecological and economical overconsumption of single-used garments in healthcare sector among medical staff in Universitetssjukhuset Linköping. Proper approaches to reach solutions towards decrease of usage of single-used garments were targeted to be implemented for employees of healthcare sector. Two goals were established for this study. First of all, it was aimed to analyse consumer behaviour of employees in healthcare sector of Östergötland region to find out reasons that lay behind increase of single-time garments by employees. Secondly, the aim was targeted to examine what nudging techniques, if any, are feasible to use in positively changing current consumer behavior. The findings showed that nudging has a strong potential to be regarded as an effective tool in influencing healthcare workers of Linköping University Hospital disposable garments usage. Main behavioural reasons that triggered increase of disposable garments usage were detected as lack of information and old habits of medical staff. Application of information disclosure, framing, feedback and social norms nudging techniques were identified to have promising possibilities in impacting current behaviour and raise healthcare workers awareness about their consumption patterns.

Background: This study describes the incentives and barriers of public procurement ofcellulose-based and locally produced textiles in the Swedish healthcaresector governed by the county councils and regions. The size of the publicprocurement market is substantial which makes it imperative to analyse theprocurement decisions taken by this large customer from asustainability perspective. To understand these decisions better the publicprocurement is also analysed from an organisational perspective discussingpressures from global, regional and local stakeholders and governingauthorities.Methods: Empirical and primary data was collected from three semi-structuredinterviews with procurement officers, strategic buyers and heads ofprocurement departments in three county councils and regions in Sweden.The qualitative data was supplemented with quantitative data from a surveytargeting the additional 18 county councils and regions in Sweden. All 21county councils and regions in Sweden participated in or responded to theinterview and survey study. Six (33 %) complete responses were submitted,while five (28 %) surveys were partially responded to. Seven (39 %) countycouncils and regions did not participate in the study. The quantitative surveydata was analysed through the Fisher’s exact test and a thematic analysis wasapplied jointly on the interview and survey data due to the identicalinterview and survey questions.Results: The four themes found in the empirical data were concluded to be thedecision-making in these procurement processes being affected by manystakeholders, a high trust on suppliers for information updates andsustainable responsibility, an existing knowledge gap on cellulose-based andlocally produced textiles and the challenges and opportunities surroundingthe regulation of sustainability in the contract terms in the publicprocurement of textiles. The procurement officials being in a leading or nonleadingposition did not show any statistically significant effect on theperception of the clarity in the relevant political directives and how thisinfluences the possibility to take sustainable action in the procurementprocess, nor on whether the short-term (lowest) price has a higher prioritythan the long-term (e.g. long-term societal and environmental costs) in theprocurement of textiles.Conclusion: The sustainable public procurement of textiles within the Swedish healthcaresector governed by the county councils and regions is characterized by ahigh level of organisational complexity including many global, regional andlocal stakeholders. The governing authorities as well as the procuringorganizations and suppliers show interest in implementing sustainableprocurement processes which is however aggravated by static contract terms,limited knowledge on novel textile materials and the perceived costs relatedto the procurement.

Le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire auprès des infirmières dans le secteur de la santé du Québec est une pratique qui est de plus en plus dénoncée à travers les médias par les infirmières et par les acteurs syndicaux. Le contexte politique et socio-économique dans lequel évolue le système public de la santé influence grandement son fonctionnement. Plusieurs réformes du secteur de la santé ont vu le jour au fil des années, ce qui a eu pour effet de modifier sa structure et par le fait même, d’amener d’importants changements au niveau de l’organisation du travail des infirmières et de l’aménagement des temps de travail. Cette recherche tente de répondre à la question de recherche suivante : quelle est l’influence des modes d’organisation du travail et de l’aménagement des temps de travail sur le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire auprès des infirmières? La comparaison de deux centres hospitaliers permettra de comprendre pour quelles raisons certains établissements ont plus souvent recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire que d’autres. Ainsi, cette recherche permettra de comprendre quels modes d’organisation du travail ou de gestion des temps de travail ont des effets plus significatifs sur le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire. Plusieurs études traitent des effets qu’entraine l’usage du temps supplémentaire obligatoire sur le travail infirmier, mais peu d’études traitent des raisons expliquant le recours à celui-ci. Ainsi, la réalisation de cette recherche contribue à l’état des connaissances concernant les pratiques entourant le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire auprès des infirmières. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé une recherche qualitative, soit une étude de cas, comparant les pratiques organisationnelles de deux centres hospitaliers. Les données empiriques proviennent d’une étude documentaire et de huit entretiens semi-dirigés que nous avons réalisés auprès d’interlocuteurs syndicaux et de gestionnaires du secteur de la santé. Les résultats permettent de constater qu’il y a des différences au niveau de l’organisation du travail et de l’aménagement des temps de travail entre les deux centres hospitaliers à l’étude et que ces différences ont une influence sur le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire. Certaines caractéristiques des modes d’organisation du travail ont tendance à favoriser le recours au temps supplémentaire : le taux élevé d’emploi à temps partiel chez les infirmières, la composition de l’équipe de soins, le type de quarts de travail (jour, soir, nuit), la philosophie de gestion et la culture de l’établissement. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’aménagement des temps de travail a aussi une influence sur le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire. Plus les infirmières ont une perte de contrôle sur leur temps de travail, c’est-à-dire des horaires imprévisibles et peu flexibles, plus le recours au temps supplémentaire s’accroît. Enfin, les résultats suggèrent que plus les horaires de travail sont atypiques, plus le lien entre les modes d’organisation du travail et le recours au temps supplémentaire obligatoire est fort. / Resorting to mandatory overtime for nurses in the healthcare sector of Quebec is a practice that is increasingly denounced in the media by nurses and trade union actors. The political and socio-economic context in which the public healthcare system evolves greatly influences the way it functions. As a result, several reforms of the healthcare sector have emerged over the years, which have resulted in the modification of its structure and, consequently, significant changes in the organisation of the nurses’ labour and planning of working times. In fact, this research attempts to answer a research question that focuses on the influence that the modes of organisation of labour and planning of working times have had on the resort to mandatory overtime for nurses. Furthermore, the comparison of two hospitals will allow us to understand for which reasons certain establishments resort more often to mandatory overtime than others. Thus, this research will allow us to understand which modes of organisation of labour and how the management of working times have more significant effects than others on the resort to mandatory overtime. Many studies cover the effects entailed by the use of mandatory overtime on nursing work, while few studies cover the practices surrounding it. Thus, the production of this research contributes to the state of knowledge concerning the practices surrounding the resort to mandatory overtime for nurses. To accomplish this, we conducted a qualitative research, a case study, comparing the organizational practices of two hospitals. The empirical data arises from eight semi-directed interviews that we conducted with trade union interlocutors and managers of the healthcare sector. The results show that there are differences in the organisation of labour and the planning of working times of the two studied hospitals, which have an influence on the resort to mandatory overtime. Some elements of the modes of organisation of labour have a tendency to increase the resort to overtime: Elevated part-time employment rate amongst nurses, the composition of the healthcare team, the type of working shifts (day, evening, night), the identity of the manager, and the culture of the establishment. Furthermore, the obtained results show that the planning of working times also has an influence on the resort to mandatory overtime. The more nurses experience a loss of control on their working time, that is to say unpredictable and hardly flexible schedules, the more the resort to overtime increases. Finally, the results suggest that the more the work schedules are atypical, the stronger is the link between the modes of organisation of labour and the resort to mandatory overtime.

Syfte: Den externa redovisningen har som syfte att förmedla en rättvisande bild av företagets ställning och riktar sig till företagets externa omgivning. Årsredovisningar visar inte endast företagens finansiella prestanda utan är även ett sätt att kommunicera med omgivningen. Det som publiceras i årsredovisningar styrs av olika regelverk. Förutom att redovisa det som är lagstadgat, kan företag även redovisa ytterligare information, vilket kallas för frivillig redovisning. Företag inom sjukvårdssektorn utstår ofta offentlig granskning, och genom frivillig redovisning kan de erhålla och bibehålla sin legitimitet. Syftet med denna studie är att studera sambandet mellan företagsspecifika egenskaper och mängden frivillig redovisning i svenska börsnoterade företag inom sjukvårdssektorn, samt vilken typ av information den frivilliga redovisningen består av. Studiens frågeställningar lyder: vilka faktorer påverkar mängden frivillig redovisning och vilken typ av frivillig information redovisas. Metod: Metoden som har tillämpats i denna studie är en kvantitativ metod. Det har först genomförts korrelationsanalyser mellan de oberoende variablerna, därefter har en multipel regressionsanalys genomförts mellan den beroende variabeln och respektive oberoende variabel. Insamling av data för de oberoende variablerna har skett via databasen Retriever och från Nasdaq Stockholm (Stockholmsbörsen). Insamling av data för den beroende variabeln har gjorts manuellt från varje företags årsredovisning från år 2021. Studiens urval består av 58 företag, från en population av 60 företag. Resultat och slutsats: Den slutsats som fastställs är att faktorerna lönsamhet, likviditet och ägarstruktur har ett samband med mängden frivillig redovisning. Av de olika områdena redovisas allmän information i genomsnitt mest, och aktierelaterad information i genomsnitt minst. Företagen uppfyller dock ungefär i genomsnitt lika stor andel inom varje område i indexet. Därav finns inget utstickande mönster avseende vilket område som redovisas mest respektive minst. Examensarbetets bidrag: Svenska bolag inom specifika sektorer är relativt outforskade då majoriteten av tidigare studier är generella och inkluderar företag från olika branscher. Tidigare forskning fokuserar främst på vilka faktorer som påverkar mängden frivillig redovisning, och mindre på vad den frivilliga redovisningen faktiskt innehåller. Därmed bidrar detta arbete med en studie avseende frivillig redovisning i svenska bolag på sektornivå på senare år. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag för framtida liknande studier är att studera frivillig redovisning inom andra sektorer än sjukvårdssektorn. Dessutom är det möjligt att studera onoterade företag eller företag utanför EU då tillämpningen av regelverk varierar för dessa. Framtida studier kan även studera sambandet mellan frivillig redovisning och ytterligare företagsspecifika egenskaper än de som beaktas i denna studie. / Aim: Financial management aims to convey a justified image of a company's financial performance and is addressed to the company's external environment. Annual reports are not only a way to present the financial performance but also a way to communicate with external stakeholders. Information that’s published in the reports are regulated by differentregulations. Besides obligated disclosure, companies also choose to publish additional information, this type of information is called voluntary disclosure. Companies within the healthcare sector are often publicly scrutinized, thus they frequently disclose voluntarily in order to attain and maintain legitimacy. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between company characteristics, and the extent of voluntary disclosure in listed companies within the Swedish healthcare sector and which type of information the voluntary disclosure consists of. The research questions formulated are: what are the determinants of voluntary disclosure, and what type of information is voluntarily disclosed. Method: The methodology used for this study is a quantitative method. Initially a correlation analysis was done, to determine the correlation between each independent variable. Thereafter a multiple regression analysis was implemented to determine the relationship between the dependent variable and each of the independent variables. The data for the independent variables was collected from the database Retriever and Nasdaq Stockholm (Stockholm Stock Exchange). The data for the independent variable was collected manually from annual reports for the fiscal year 2021. The sample size for this study is 58 listed companies, from a population of 60 companies. Results and conclusion: The results indicate that the determinants profitability, liquidity, and ownership structure are statistically associated with the extent of voluntary disclosure. On average, general information was disclosed the most, and stock related information was disclosed the least. However, the companies fulfill roughly the same percentage in each area of the index on average. As a result, there is no outstanding pattern regarding which area is disclosed the most and the least. Contribution of the thesis: There is a lack of studies of Swedish companies within specific sectors, since past studies are more general and include companies from different industries. In addition, prior studies focus more on the determinants of voluntary disclosure and less on what it consists of. Therefore, this thesis contributes to a more recent study of voluntary disclosure within Swedish listed companies within a specific sector. Suggestions for future research: A suggestion for future studies like this one, may be studying voluntary disclosure within different sectors. Another suggestion may also be studying non-listed companies or companies outside of the EU, since implementation of regulations vary amongst these. It may also be of interest to study other determinants of voluntary disclosure than those considered in this study.

Denna studie undersöker användningen av maskininlärningsmodeller för att predicera arbetskraftstrender inom hälso- och sjukvården i Sverige. Med hjälp av en linjär regressionmodell, en Gradient Boosting Regressor-modell och en Exponential Smoothing-modell syftar forskningen för detta arbete till att ge viktiga insikter för underlaget till makroekonomiska överväganden och att ge en djupare förståelse av Beveridge-kurvan i ett sammanhang relaterat till hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Trots vissa utmaningar med datan är målet att förbättra noggrannheten och effektiviteten i beslutsfattandet rörande arbetsmarknaden. Resultaten av denna studie visar maskininlärningspotentialen i predicering i ett ekonomiskt sammanhang, även om inneboende begränsningar och etiska överväganden beaktas. / This study examines the use of machine learning models to predict workforce trends in the healthcare sector in Sweden. Using a Linear Regression model, a Gradient Boosting Regressor model, and an Exponential Smoothing model the research aims to grant needed insight for the basis of macroeconomic considerations and to give a deeper understanding of the Beveridge Curve in the healthcare sector’s context. Despite some challenges with data, the goal is to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the policy-making around the labor market. The results of this study demonstrates the machine learning potential in the forecasting within an economic context, although inherent limitations and ethical considerations are considered.