Background: A randomized controlled study (RCT) recently showed that short-term heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in addition to standard rehabilitation care for alcohol dependence can reduce craving, anxiety and improve cardiovascular autonomic function. In this one-year follow-up study we aimed to explore whether completion of 2-week HRV-Biofeedback training is associated with long-term abstinence. Furthermore, we sought to identify potential predictors of post-treatment abstinence. Methods: We conducted a survey on abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence 1 year after completion of an RCT comparing HRV-biofeedback in addition to inpatient rehabilitation treatment alone (controls). Abstinence rates were compared and analysed for association with demographic data as well as psychometric and autonomic cardiac assessment before and after completion of the biofeedback training using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: Out of 48 patients who participated in the RCT, 27 patients (9 females, ages 42.9 ± 8.6, mean ± SD) completed our one-year follow-up. When including in the analysis only patients who completed follow-up, the rate of abstinence tended to be higher in patients who underwent HRV-biofeedback 1 year earlier compared to those who received rehabilitative treatment alone (66.7% vs 50%, p = ns). This non-significant trend was also observed in the intention-to-treat analysis where patients who did not participate in the follow-up were assumed to have relapsed (46,7% biofeedback vs. 33.3% controls, p = ns). Neither cardiac autonomic function nor psychometric variables were associated with abstinence 1 year after HRV-biofeedback. Conclusion: Our follow-up study provide a first indication of possible increase in long-term abstinence after HRVbiofeedback for alcohol dependence in addition to rehabilitation. Trial registration: The original randomized controlled trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00004618). This one-year follow-up survey has not been registered.

Nurses are already exposed to plenty of stressors while at work, one of which being the unavoidable nature of rotating shift work scheduling which can have profound physiological effects carrying heightened long-term health risks. Working on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new stressors while further exacerbating the effects of pre-existing ones in this already understudied group of essential workers. The purpose of this research was to examine physiological markers of stress and health in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nine subjects (mean age 32.11 ± 7.25 years) from two hospitals in the Greater Victoria region collected data over an eight-day shift roster consisting of two 12-hour day shifts, two 12-hour night shifts, and four days off in two separate collection periods; remote data collection was used to adhere to COVID-19 safety guidelines. Salimetrics ELISA kits were used to conduct analyses for salivary cortisol, melatonin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) content. Frequency domain heart rate variability (HRV) was collected with a Polar H10 Chest Strap and Polar Ignite Activity Tracker. A salivary sample and 5-minute HRV recording were obtained upon waking or shortly thereafter on each day; a second saliva sample was obtained after work for the four working days. The Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) was completed at the end of the last night shift in each period. There were no significant differences between IL-6 concentrations across the eight days within each period; the same was observed for cortisol. Additionally, no difference was apparent between the morning and evening salivary cortisol concentrations, thus demonstrating a blunting of the diurnal release pattern. Evening salivary cortisol concentrations remained elevated near the level of morning samples and were consistently above reference values for the population age group. Morning salivary melatonin concentrations significantly differed by day (F(5, 25) = 6.626, p < 0.001) but not period; melatonin concentrations were lowest following night shifts, showing a suppression in release due to participants being exposed to light at night with shift work. No statistically significant differences were apparent between any frequency domain HRV parameters in either Period 1 or Period 2. Perceived occupational stress was heightened in comparison to previously published pre-pandemic research using the ENSS. The results of this research reveal alterations to the circadian nature of cortisol and melatonin alongside elevated perceived occupational stress; these physiological and psychological effects can compound the risk for adverse health outcomes. While it is difficult to discern the root cause of these responses, it nevertheless reveals insight into the effects of nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic and raises concern for potentially related disease risk. / Graduate

This dissertation is devoted to study of complex systems in human physiology particularly heartbeats and brain dynamics. We have studied the dynamics of heartbeats that has been a subject of investigation of two independent groups. The first group emphasized the multifractal nature of the heartbeat dynamics of healthy subjects, whereas the second group had established a close connection between healthy subjects and the occurrence of crucial events. We have analyzed the same set of data and established that in fact the heartbeats are characterized by the occurrence of crucial and Poisson events. An increase in the percentage of crucial events makes the multifractal spectrum broader, thereby bridging the results of the former group with the results of the latter group. The crucial events are characterized by a power index that signals the occurrence of 1/f noise for complex systems in the best physiological condition. These results led us to focus our analysis on the statistical properties of crucial events. We have adopted the same statistical analysis to study the statistical properties of the heartbeat dynamics of subjects practicing meditation. The heartbeats of people doing meditation are known to produce coherent fluctuations. In addition to this effect, we made the surprising discovery that meditation makes the heartbeat depart from the ideal condition of 1/f noise. We also discussed how to combine the wave-like nature of the dynamics of the brain with the existence of crucial events that are responsible for the 1/f noise. We showed that the anomalous scaling generated by the crucial events could be established by means of a direct analysis of raw data. The efficiency of the direct analysis procedure is made possible by the fact that periodicity and crucial events is the product of a spontaneous process of self-organization. We argue that the results of this study can be used to shed light into the nature of this process of self-organization.

Ein gesunder Herzschlag zeichnet sich nicht dadurch aus, dass er besonders regelmäßig ist. Vielmehr sollte ein gesunder Herzschlag, selbst in Phasen augenscheinlicher körperlicher Inaktivität, variabel sein (z.B. Appelhans & Luecken, 2006; Berntson et al., 1997; Shaffer, McCraty, & Zerr, 2014). Historisch gesehen ist dies keine völlig neue Erkenntnis – bereits in der frühen chinesischen und griechischen Medizin konnte dieses Phänomen beobachtet werden (einen schönen Überblick hierzu gibt Billman, 2011). Das Zusammenwirken der sympathischen und parasympathischen Bestandteile des autonomen Nervensystems, welches sich unter anderem in der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) widerspiegelt, erlaubt uns nicht nur Einblicke in die physiologische Adaptionsfähigkeit, sondern auch in die psychische Flexibilität und Regulationsfähigkeit des Menschen, um so auf sich ständig ändernde Umweltanforderungen angemessen reagieren zu können (z.B. Appelhans & Luecken, 2006; Beauchaine, 2001; ChuDuc, NguyenPhan, & NguyenViet, 2013; Porges, 1995b; Quintana & Heathers, 2014; Riganello, Garbarino, & Sannita, 2012; Shaffer et al., 2014; Stein & Kleiger, 1999; Thayer & Lane, 2000). Mit ganz einfachen Worten: Die Variabilität unseres Herzschlages stellt eine Art Interface dar, welches Auskunft über das Zusammenspiel physiologischer und psychologischer Prozesse gibt. In der vorliegenden Monografie beschäftige ich mich intensiv mit dem Thema HRV, insbesondere mit der Anwendung und Durchführung von HRV-Kurzzeitmessungen (meistens fünf Minuten) im Kontext (bio-) psychologischer Forschung. Während ich im Rahmen des ersten Kapitels eine komprimierte Einführung in die Thematik und einen Überblick über die nachfolgenden Kapitel gebe, beschäftigt sich Kapitel II mit der Frage, welche methodischen Standards für HRV-Kurzzeitmessungen derzeit vorliegen. Ausgangspunkt hierfür sind vereinzelte Hinweise (z.B. im Rahmen meta-analytischer Bestrebungen) darauf, dass die Erfassung, Darstellung und Interpretation von HRV-Messungen durch ein nicht unerhebliches Maß an Diversität gekennzeichnet ist (z.B. de Vries, 2013; Ellis, Zhu, Koenig, Thayer, & Wang, 2015; Quintana & Heathers, 2014; Tak et al., 2009; Zahn et al., 2016). Ferner fehlen bis heute belastbare Normwerte für die gängigsten HRV-Parameter, die typischerweise in Kurzzeitmessungen berechnet werden können (vgl. Nunan, Sandercock, & Brodie, 2010). Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen stellen wir ein systematisches Literaturreview vor. In einem ersten Schritt haben wir aktuelle Standards zur Erhebung und Auswertung von HRV-Messungen identifiziert, auf deren Basis wir ein Klassifikationssystem zur Beurteilung von HRV-Studien erstellt haben. Nachfolgend wurden zwischen 2000 und 2013 publizierte Artikel (N = 457), im Hinblick auf die extrahierten methodischen Standards, überprüft. Unsere Ergebnisse legen das Vorhandensein einer beträchtlichen methodischen Heterogenität und einen Mangel an wichtigen Informationen nahe (z.B. in Bezug auf die Erhebung essentieller Kontrollvariablen oder das Berichten von HRV-Parametern), einhergehend mit der Tatsache, dass sich gängige Empfehlungen und Richtlinien (z.B. Task Force, 1996) nur partiell in der empirischen Praxis wiederfinden. Auf der Grundlage unserer Ergebnisse leiten wir Empfehlungen für weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich ab, wobei sich unsere „Checkliste“ besonders an forschende Psychologen richtet. Abschließend diskutieren wir die Einschränkungen unseres Reviews und unterbreiten Vorschläge, wie sich diese - bisweilen unbefriedigende - Situation verbessern lässt. Während unserer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche ist uns sehr schnell aufgefallen, dass HRV-Kurzzeitmessungen auf ein breites wissenschaftliches Interesse stoßen, wobei verschiedenste Konzepte und Forschungsfragen mit spezifischen HRV-Mustern in Verbindung gebracht werden (vgl. Beauchaine, 2001; Dong, 2016; Francesco et al., 2012; Makivić, Nikić, & Willis, 2013; Nunan et al., 2010; Pinna et al., 2007; Quintana & Heathers, 2014; Sammito et al., 2015; Sandercock, 2007). Darunter befinden sich sowohl eher eigenschaftsähnliche (z.B. Trait-Angst; Miu, Heilman, & Miclea, 2009; Watkins, Grossman, Krishnan, & Sherwood, 1998) als auch stark situationsabhängige Konstrukte (z.B. akute emotionale Erregung; Lackner, Weiss, Hinghofer-Szalkay, & Papousek, 2013; Papousek, Schulter, & Premsberger, 2002). Während die beiden einflussreichsten Theorien zur HRV, die Polyvagal-Theorie (Porges, 1995b, 2001, 2007) und das Modell der neuroviszeralen Integration (Thayer & Lane, 2000, 2009), einen dispositionellen Charakter der HRV nahelegen, sind zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren bekannt, die unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf das autonome Nervensystem haben (Fatisson, Oswald, & Lalonde, 2016; Valentini & Parati, 2009). Demzufolge haben wir uns die Frage gestellt, wie zeitlich stabil individuelle HRV-Messungen sind (siehe Kapitel III). Da die existierende Literatur hierzu ambivalente Ergebnisse bereithält (Sandercock, 2007; Sandercock, Bromley, & Brodie, 2005) und die zeitliche Stabilität von HRV-Messungen bisher vornehmlich über sehr kurze Zeiträume mit wenigen Messzeitpunkten untersucht wurde (z.B. Cipryan & Litschmannova, 2013; Maestri et al., 2009; Pinna et al., 2007), haben wir eine längsschnittliche Studie mit fünf Messzeitpunkten, verteilt auf ein Jahr, konstruiert (N = 103 Studierende). In Abhängigkeit von der Körperhaltung der Probanden während der Messung (liegend, sitzend, stehend), haben wir nachfolgend die Retest-Reliabilität (absolute und relative Reliabilität; siehe Atkinson & Nevill, 1998; Baumgartner, 1989; Weir, 2005) der gängigsten HRV-Parameter ermittelt. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf ein beachtliches Ausmaß an Zufallsschwankungen der HRV-Parameter hin, welches weitgehend unabhängig von der Körperhaltung der Probanden und dem zeitlichen Abstand der Messzeitpunkte ist. Da diese Ergebnisse weitreichende Folgen suggerieren, diskutieren wir diese, unter Berücksichtigung vorhandener Einschränkungen, ausführlich. Während in Kapitel II und III vornehmlich methodische Fragen im Fokus stehen, stelle ich in Kapitel IV dieser Monografie eine Feldstudie vor. Im Rahmen dieser Studie haben wir die Zusammenhänge zwischen subjektivem Stress, Coping-Strategien, HRV und Schulleistung untersucht. Sowohl die bereits erwähnten Theorien (Porges, 1995b, 2001, 2007, Thayer & Lane, 2000, 2009), als auch eine beträchtliche Anzahl an Forschung, lassen Zusammenhänge zwischen HRV und Stress (z.B. Berntson & Cacioppo, 2004; Chandola, Heraclides, & Kumari, 2010; Krohne, 2017; Michels, Sioen, et al., 2013; Oken, Chamine, & Wakeland, 2015; Porges, 1995a; Pumprla, Howorka, Groves, Chester, & Nolan, 2002) sowie HRV und kognitiver Leistung vermuten (z.B. Duschek, Muckenthaler, Werner, & Reyes del Paso, 2009; Hansen, Johnsen, & Thayer, 2003; Luque-Casado, Perales, Cárdenas, & Sanabria, 2016; Shah et al., 2011). Allerdings fehlt es bislang an Studien, welche die komplexeren Zusammenhänge zwischen all den genannten Konstrukten untersuchen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Untersuchung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Um zur Schließung dieser Wissenslücke beizutragen, haben wir Gymnasiasten (N = 72, zwischen zehn und 15 Jahren alt) im Rahmen eine Querschnittstudie zu deren Stresserleben und Bewältigungsstrategien (mittels SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2006) befragt. Außerdem wurden bei all diesen Schülern HRV und Zeugnisdurchschnittsnoten erhoben. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung konstruktiver Coping-Strategien zur Vermeidung von physischen und psychischen Stresssymptomen, welche ihrerseits negative Auswirkungen auf die Schulleistung haben. Demgegenüber lassen sich die erwarteten Zusammenhänge zwischen HRV und Stress/Coping (Berntson & Cacioppo, 2004; Dishman et al., 2000; Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997; Lucini, Di Fede, Parati, & Pagani, 2005; Michels, Sioen, et al., 2013; O’Connor, Allen, & Kaszniak, 2002; Porges, 1995a) sowie HRV und kognitiver Leistung (Hansen et al., 2003; Suess, Porges, & Plude, 1994; Thayer, Hansen, Saus-Rose, & Johnsen, 2009) anhand unserer Daten nicht bestätigen. Mögliche Gründe für dieses Befundmuster sowie Anforderungen an zukünftige Studien dieser Art werden abschließend diskutiert. Schlussendlich (a) fasse ich alle gesammelten Erkenntnisse prägnant zusammen, (b) diskutiere deren Implikationen, (c) stelle deren Beitrag zum wissenschaftlichen Forschungsstand heraus, und (d) gebe einen kurzen Einblick in die jüngsten Entwicklungen der HRV-Forschung (Kapitel V). Außerdem, und damit schließe ich den inhaltlichen Part dieser Monografie ab, möchte ich den Leser an meinen zehn wichtigsten Lernerfahrungen teilhaben lassen.:DANKSAGUNG I PREFACE V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VII LIST OF CONTENTS XI LIST OF TABLES XIII LIST OF FIGURES XV ABBREVIATIONS XVII CHAPTER I 1 1. AN INTRODUCTION INTO HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND MY PAST FIVE YEARS OF RESEARCH 1 1.1. MEANING OF HRV 3 1.2. A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF HRV RESEARCH 4 1.3. PHYSIOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS AND INFLUENCES ON HRV 6 1.4. THEORIES OF HRV 7 1.5. HRV MEASUREMENT: FROM HEARTBEAT TO HRV PARAMETERS 9 1.6. OVERVIEW OF CHAPTERS INCLUDED IN THIS MONOGRAPH 12 CHAPTER II 17 2. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SHORT-TERM HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH: TOWARD UNIFIED METHODOLOGICAL STANDARDS 17 2.1. INTRODUCTION 18 2.2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 30 2.3. RESULTS 40 2.4. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 55   CHAPTER III 75 3. RELIABILITY OF SHORT-TERM MEASUREMENTS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY: FINDINGS FROM A LONGITUDINAL STUDY 75 3.1. INTRODUCTION 76 3.2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 82 3.3. RESULTS 92 3.4. DISCUSSION 105 CHAPTER IV 115 4. STRESS AND COPING IN SCHOOL: HEART RATE VARIABILITY, SELF-REPORTED STRESS, AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT 115 4.1. INTRODUCTION 116 4.2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 122 4.3. RESULTS 130 4.4. DISCUSSION 142 CHAPTER V 151 5. SUMMARY, OVERALL DISCUSSION, AND OUTLOOK 151 5.1. SUMMARY AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO EXISTING LITERATURE 151 5.2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN HRV RESEARCH AND FORTHCOMING CHALLENGES 156 5.3. WHAT REMAINS AT THE END OF THE DAY? 157 6. REFERENCES 159 7. APPENDIX 193 8. CURRICULUM VITAE 229 9. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 233 9.1. BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS, (CONFERENCE) PAPER, THESES 233 9.2. TALKS AND PRESENTATIONS 235 10. EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG (AFFIDAVIT) 237

Background: Research suggests that a low omega-3 index may contribute to the low heart rate variability and the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in bipolar disorders. However, so far, no intervention trial with EPA and DHA has been conducted in bipolar patients attempting to increase their heart rate variability. - Methods: 119 patients with bipolar disorder according to DSM-IV were screened, with 55 euthymic bipolar patients—owing to inclusion criteria (e.g. low omega-3 index (< 6%), SDNN < 60 ms.)—being enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, 12-week parallel study design with omega-3 fatty acids (4 capsules of 530 mg EPA, 150 mg DHA) or corn oil as a placebo, in addition to usual treatment. Heart rate variability as well as the omega-3 index were measured at baseline and at the endpoint of the study. - Results: A total of 42 patients (omega-3: n = 23, corn oil: n = 19) successfully completed the study after 12 weeks. There was a significant increase in the omega-3 index (value at endpoint minus value at baseline) in the omega-3 group compared to the corn oil group (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in the change of the SDNN (value at endpoint minus value at baseline) between the treatment groups (p = 0.22). In addition, no correlation between changes in SDNN and change in the omega-3 index could be detected in the omega-3 group (correlation coefficient = 0.02, p = 0.94) or the corn oil group (correlation coefficient = − 0.11, p = 0.91). Similarly, no significant differences between corn oil and omega-3 group regarding the change of LF (p = 0.19), HF (p = 0.34) and LF/HF ratio (p = 0.84) could be demonstrated. - Conclusions: In our randomized, controlled intervention trial in euthymic bipolar patients with a low omega-3 index and reduced heart rate variability no significant effect of omega-3 fatty acids on SDNN or frequency-domain measures HF, LF and LF/HF ratio could be detected. Possible reasons include, among others, the effect of psychotropic medication present in our trial and/or the genetics of bipolar disorder itself. Further research is needed to test these hypotheses.

co-diplomation avec l'Université de Lille (France) / Introduction : La dexmédétomidine, un agoniste α-2 adrénergique, est de plus en plus utilisée pour la sédation et l’analgésie des nouveau-nés nécessitant un support ventilatoire grâce à son absence d’effet dépressif respiratoire. Cependant, elle impacte le système cardio-vasculaire via le système nerveux autonome et pourrait modifier la balance des systèmes sympathiques et parasympathiques (S/PS) et ainsi augmenter la survenue de bradycardie et d’hypotension. Objectifs : Cette étude a pour objectif de décrire l’utilisation de la dexmédétomidine et d’analyser l’impact de la perfusion continue sur le système cardio-vasculaire et sur la balance du système S/PS des nouveau-nés admis aux soins intensifs pédiatriques. Méthodes : Nous avons inclus les nouveau-nés (< 28 jours) qui ont reçu une perfusion de dexmédétomidine. Les données ont été collectées à partir d’une base de données haute résolution qui collecte prospectivement, outre les données du dossier clinique informatisé, toutes les données issues des moniteurs et des pousses-seringues. La balance S/PS a été estimée via l’analyse de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) sur les électrocardiogrammes, extraits de la base de données, en calculant le rapport basses fréquences / hautes fréquences (LH/HF). Les concentrations plasmatiques (CP) de dexmédétomidine ont été simulées en utilisant un modèle pharmacocinétique de population développé dans une population similaire à la nôtre. Les variables ont été comparées sur différentes périodes au cours des 12 premières heures de perfusion à l'aide d'analyses ANOVA et la relation avec les variables pharmacocinétiques a été calculée par régression linéaire. Résultats : Vingt-trois nouveau-nés ont été inclus dans l’étude. Par rapport aux valeurs témoins, la fréquence cardiaque (FC) a diminué de 19±4 bpm (p=0,002) et la pression artérielle moyenne (PAM) a diminué de 8,6±2,5 mmHg (p=0,023) pendant les 12 premières heures de perfusion. La FC diminuait avec l’augmentation de la CP simulée (coefficient de régression de -8,6 [95% IC : -1,9 ; -6,3]). Le rapport LF/HF a montré une tendance à la diminution sans retrouver de différence statistiquement significative (p=0,077). Conclusion : La FC et la PAM semblent diminuées sous dexmédétomidine tout en restant dans des valeurs normales pour le nouveau-né. L’ampleur de la diminution de la FC semble reliée à l’augmentation des CP. De plus, la tendance de diminution de la balance S/PS suggère une réduction du contrôle sympathique chez le nouveau-né recevant la dexmédétomidine. Cependant, l’ensemble de ces résultats doit encore être confirmé par des études plus larges et prospectives. / Introduction: Dexmedetomidine, an adrenergic α-2 agonist, has been increasingly used for sedation and analgesia in neonates due to its lack of respiratory depressant effect. However, it impacts the cardiovascular system via the autonomic nervous system. It could modify the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance (S/PS balance) and result in an increased risk of bradycardia and hypotension. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the utilization of intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion and characterize its impact on the hemodynamics, including S/PS balance, in critically ill neonates. Methods: We retrospectively included neonates (<28 days) who received a dexmedetomidine infusion. Data were collected from a high-fidelity database that prospectively collects all data from the monitors, infusion pumps, and electronic medical records. The S/PS balance was assessed by analyzing heart rate variability from database electrocardiograms. This was done using the low/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio with frequency band adapted for neonatal population. Dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations (PC) were simulated using a published population pharmacokinetic model. The variables were compared at different times during the first 12 hours of infusion using ANOVA analyses and their association with pharmacokinetics variables was evaluated using linear regression. Results: A total of 23 neonates were included. When compared to baseline values, heart rate (HR) values decreased by 19±4 bpm (p=0.002), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased by 8.6±2.5 mmHg (p=0.023) 12 hours following the initiation of infusion. HR decreased proportionally with increased simulated PC over 12 hours (regression coefficient: -8.6 [95% IC: -10.9 - 6.3]). The LF/HF ratio tended to decrease over the same period, although this was not statistically significant (p=0.077). Conclusion: In critically ill neonates, HR and MAP decreased on dexmedetomidine infusion but remained within normal neonatal values. The decrease in HR was associated with higher simulated PC. Moreover, the decreasing trend of S/PS balance suggest a reduction in sympathetic control in the neonate receiving dexmedetomidine. However, these results need to be confirmed with larger prospective studies.

No description available.

Contexte et objectif : La pleine conscience et l’hypnose sont deux moyens non pharmacologiques de réduire la douleur. La combinaison de ces deux outils a montré des effets synergiques dans certains contextes cliniques, mais n’a pas encore était étudié dans un contexte de modulation de la douleur. L’objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer les réponses du système nerveux autonome (SNA) par ses manifestations physiologiques - variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC) et activité électrodermale (AED) ainsi que les réponses réflexes de retrait nociceptif (RIII), à des stimuli électriques nociceptifs en contexte hypnotique de pleine conscience et de dissociation chez des participants sains. Méthode : 48 individus (13 pilotes et 35 participants) ont été conviés à 2 sessions pour évaluer les prédispositions individuelles à l’hypnose (échelle SHSS) et la pleine conscience (questionnaire FFMQ) (session 1) puis pour l'expérience principale évaluant la modulation de la douleur (session 2). L'expérience principale comprenait 4 conditions expérimentales administrées chez tous les participants (devis intrasujet) : (1) contrôle passif de repos (baseline) (2) contrôle hypnotique avec suggestions neutres, (3) hypnose avec suggestions de dissociation, et (4) hypnose avec suggestions de pleine conscience. Chaque condition est subdivisée en 2 blocs pendant lesquels les suggestions verbales sont données (bloc 1), puis pendant l’administration des stimuli électriques nociceptifs (bloc 2)). Les données physiologiques ont été enregistrées en continu et la douleur perçue a été rapportée après chaque stimulus nociceptif. Des modèles linéaires mixtes multiniveaux et des tests de corrélation permettent respectivement d’évaluer les contrastes entre les conditions et évaluer les relations entre la modulation des réponses à la douleur et les prédispositions individuelles à l’hypnose et à la pleine conscience. Résultats : Nos résultats confirment que plusieurs indices de la VRC et de l’AED permettent de mesurer les réponses autonomes à la douleur (MeanNN, LFn, HFn, SCL, SCR : p<.001, SD1/SD2 : p<.005, RMSSS p<.05). Toutes les conditions hypnotiques ont permis de diminuer les scores de douleur (p<.05) et ont montré des différences de VRC (RMSSD, SD1 SD2 : p<.05) comparativement à la condition baseline. La condition de dissociation a permis la plus grande diminution des scores de douleurs ainsi que des réponses réflexes diminuées (p<.001). Les participants avec un score SHSS plus élevé ont montré une plus grande diminution du RIII durant les conditions hypnotiques (neutre : p<.05, dissociation et pleine conscience : p<.005). Discussion : Nos résultats fournissent des preuves supplémentaires en faveur de la capacité des suggestions hypnotiques à moduler l’activité physiologique. Les suggestions hypnotiques de dissociation et de pleine conscience ont montré un effet antinociceptif mesuré par les scores de douleur, par une réactivité autonome modifiée et par des réponses réflexes diminuées comparativement à la condition baseline. Toutefois, les réponses autonomes à la douleur et le RIII n’ont pas été significativement différentes entre les conditions hypnotiques. Les personnes hautement susceptibles à l’hypnose pourraient bénéficier d’un effet antinociceptif plus important lors d’interventions hypnoanalgésiques. / Background and objectives: Mindfulness and hypnosis are two non-pharmacological means of reducing pain. The combination of these tools has shown synergistic effects in certain clinical contexts but has not yet been studied in the context of pain modulation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses through physiological manifestations - heart rate variability (HRV) and electrodermal activity (EDA) - as well as nociceptive withdrawal reflex responses (RIII), to nociceptive electrical stimuli in a hypnotic context of mindfulness and dissociation in healthy participants. Method: 48 individuals (13 pilots and 35 participants) were invited to 2 sessions to assess individual predispositions to hypnosis (SHSS scale) and mindfulness (FFMQ questionnaire) (session 1) and then for the main experiment assessing pain modulation (session 2). The main experiment comprised 4 experimental conditions administered to all participants (within-subjects design): (1) passive resting control (baseline) (2) hypnotic control with neutral suggestions, (3) hypnosis with dissociation suggestions, and (4) hypnosis with mindfulness suggestions. Each condition was subdivided into 2 blocks during which verbal suggestions were given (block 1), then during the administration of nociceptive electrical stimuli (block 2)). Physiological data were recorded continuously, and perceived pain was reported after each nociceptive stimulus. Multilevel linear mixed models and correlation tests were respectively used to assess contrasts between conditions, and to evaluate relationships between modulation of pain responses and individual predispositions to hypnosis and mindfulness. Results: Our results confirm that several HRV and EDA indices measure autonomic responses to pain (MeanNN, LFn, HFn, SCL, SCR: p<.001, SD1/SD2: p<.005, RMSSS p<.05). All hypnotic conditions decreased pain scores (p<.05) and showed differences in HRV (RMSSD, SD1 SD2: p<.05) compared with the baseline condition. The dissociation condition resulted in the greatest decrease in pain scores as well as diminished reflex responses (p<.001). Participants with a higher SHSS score showed a greater decrease in RIII during the hypnotic conditions (neutral: p<.05, dissociation and mindfulness: p<.005). Discussion: Our results provide further evidence in favor of the ability of hypnotic suggestions to modulate physiological activity. Hypnotic dissociation and mindfulness suggestions showed an antinociceptive effect measured by pain scores, altered autonomic reactivity, and decreased reflex responses compared to the baseline condition. However, autonomic pain responses and RIII were not significantly different between hypnotic conditions. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis may benefit from a greater antinociceptive effect during hypnoanalgesic interventions.

Lors du dernier consensus international sur les commotions cérébrales (CC) dans le sport tenu à Berlin en 2016, les lignes directrices proposées insistent sur le besoin de biomarqueurs de diagnostic et de suivi des CC, donnant à la prise en charge clinique un caractère plus objectif que celui de l’évaluation traditionnelle des symptômes. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de dresser un inventaire de paramètres d’évaluation clinique pouvant servir de référence et d’outil au clinicien lors la prise en charge des CC, particulièrement chez les athlètes de sports de contact. Pour l’élaboration de ces outils, en plus de tenir compte des spécificités anthropométriques et démographiques des athlètes, une attention particulière a été portée à ceux présentant un trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH) et ceux ayant des antécédents de CC. Le premier objectif de la thèse était de produire des scores normatifs de référence pour l’échelle des symptômes postcommotionnels (PCSS), en plus d’examiner si et comment les antécédents de CC affectent ces scores (étude 1). Le deuxième objectif était de produire des valeurs normatives de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) à court terme, chez des athlètes de sports de contact, tout en tenant compte des principaux déterminants qui pouvaient l’influencer (étude 2). Le troisième objectif était d’évaluer les scores de base du PCSS et la VFC à court terme, chez des athlètes de sports de contact avec TDAH et de les comparer à ceux d’athlètes sains appariés (étude 3). Les résultats de l’étude 1 ont montré que les scores normatifs des symptômes très élevés et susceptibles de signaler une CC variaient de 1 à 4 et plus, sur une échelle de 6, selon les symptômes concernés (n = 22). La comparaison des proportions des symptômes entre les groupes d’athlètes sans CC et ceux ayant des antécédents de CC a confirmé la présence de symptômes anormalement élevés chez les athlètes à CC répétées. Les résultats de l’étude 2 ont montré que la fréquence cardiaque (FC) était le principal déterminant des paramètres de la VFC standard. Par conséquent, les paramètres de la VFC ont été standardisés et leurs limites normatives développées en fonction de la FC moyenne. L’étude 3 a montré que les athlètes avec TDAH ont produit des scores de symptômes significativement plus élevés comparativement à ceux des athlètes sains appariés. L'évaluation de la VFC a révélé une réduction de plusieurs paramètres chez le groupe avec TDAH. En conclusion, les normes de référence proposées dans cette thèse pourraient être utilisées lors de l’évaluation et du suivi des CC chez les athlètes de sports de contact de sexe masculin. Les outils d’évaluation qui accompagnent nos travaux font directement voir si un score donné se situe dans les limites normales. L’accès facile à ces outils et leur simplicité d’utilisation et d’interprétation sont particulièrement intéressants lorsque l’intervention clinique est combinée à d’autres interventions dans un contexte multidisciplinaire. Il reste que, avec les athlètes souffrant d’un TDAH ou ayant des antécédents de CC, l’interprétation des scores devrait être faite avec prudence. / At the last international consensus on concussion in sports held in Berlin in 2016, the guidelines that were proposed emphasized the need for diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers for concussion, giving clinical management a more objective basis than that of traditional symptom assessment. The main objective of this thesis was to develop an inventory of clinical assessment parameters that may serve as reference and toolbox for the clinician in the management of concussion, particularly in contact sport athletes. For the development of these tools, in addition to taking into account the anthropometric and demographic specificities of the athletes, special attention has been paid to those with ADHD and those with a history of concussions. The first objective of the thesis was to produce a normative baseline scores post concussion symptom scale (PCSS), in addition to examining whether and how concussion history affects these scores (Study 1). The second objective was to produce normative values of short-term heart rate variability (HRV) in contact sport athletes, while accounting for the major determinants that could influence it (Study 2). The third objective was to evaluate baseline PCSS scores and short-term HRV in contact sports athletes with ADHD and to compare them with healthy matched athletes (Study 3). Study 1 showed that the higher normative scores of symptoms likely to signal concussion ranged from 1 to 4 and above on a scale of 6, according to the symptoms (n = 22). A comparison of symptom proportions between groups of athletes without concussions and those with a history of concussions confirmed the prevalence of abnormally high symptoms in athletes with a history of concussions. The results of study 2 showed that heart rate (HR) was the primary determinant of standard HRV parameters. Therefore, the HRV parameters were standardized and their normative limits developed in relation to the mean HR. Study 3 showed that athletes with ADHD produced significantly higher symptom scores compared to matched healthy athletes. Assessment of HRV revealed a lowering in several parameters in the ADHD group. In conclusion, the reference standards proposed in this thesis may be used in the assessment and monitoring of concussion in male contact sports athletes. The assessment tools available in our work directly indicate whether a given score is within the normal range. The easy access to these tools and the simplicity of their use and interpretation are of particular relevance when a clinical intervention is combined with other interventions in a multidisciplinary context. However, for athletes with ADHD or a history of concussions, interpretation of scores should be made with caution.

Stress-related exhaustion symptoms have a high prevalence which is only likely to increase further in the near future. Understanding the physiological underpinnings of exhaustion has important implications for accurate diagnosis and the development of effective prevention and intervention programs. Given its integrative role in stress-regulation, the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous systems has been a valid starting point in the exploration of the physiological mechanisms behind exhaustion. The aim of the present study was to examine the directionality and specificity of the association between exhaustion symptoms and vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), a relatively pure measure of parasympathetic tone. Exhaustion symptoms and vmHRV were measured at four annually assessment waves (2015–2018) of the Dresden Burnout Study. A total sample of N = 378 participants who attended at least two of the four annual biomarker measurements were included in the present analyses. Cross-lagged multi-level panel modelling adjusting for various covariates (e.g., age, sex, BMI) revealed that vmHRV was meaningfully predictive of exhaustion symptoms and not vice versa. In addition, these effects were specific for exhaustion symptoms as no effect was shown for the other burnout sub-dimensions, or for depressive symptoms. Our findings indicate a clear link between exhaustion symptoms and vmHRV which may hold great potential for both enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of exhaustion symptoms.