Cette thèse traite de l’exposition du patrimoine d’origine catholique dans l’Espagne contemporaine. Elle a pour ambition d’étudier et de circonscrire les différents modes d’exposition de ce patrimoine — musée public, collection privée, musée d’art religieux, musée de confrérie, exposition temporaire etc. — et leur histoire. Les objets d’origine catholique semblent être dans les pays de tradition latine à la racine de la conception de patrimoine culturel. Pourtant, en Espagne, leur intégration dans l’héritage culturel national ne s’est pas déroulé sans heurts. Il est alors question dans cette thèse de retracer les deux trajectoires parallèles de patrimonialisation et de muséification et d’étudier dans quelle mesure elles se nourrissent et contribuent à définir l’objet religieux en patrimoine culturel national. Il est ainsi question de revenir sur les conditions de création des institutions par leurs différents acteurs : les pouvoirs publics, le clergé, ou encore les associations religieuses de laïcs. Enfin, il est question de voir comment politiques culturelle, d’évangélisation et touristique s’entremêlent, dans un pays où aujourd’hui encore les célébrations religieuses rythment le temps. Cette thèse s’articule autour de trois périodes chronologiques qui permettent de retracer les évolutions majeures de ces projets : une première période caractérisée par la confrontation entre le clergé et une classe intellectuelle et politique, à l’origine d’une politique sécularisatrice ; les années 1939-1970, temps de l’alliance entre l’Église et le régime franquiste ; et enfin la période 1970-2007, pendant laquelle on assiste à une politique conjointe de mise en valeur culturelle et touristique. / This thesis deals with the exhibition of catholic heritage in contemporary Spain. Its goal is to study and delineate the different ways in which this patrimony is exposed – public museum, private collections, religious art museums, guilds museums, temporary exhibition, etc. – and their history. Artifacts of catholic origin seem to be, in countries of Latin tradition, at the root of the conception of cultural heritage. Yet, in Spain, their integration into the national culturalheritage has not been entirely smooth. Therefore this thesis aims to chart the two parallel trajectories of patrimonialization and museumization and to study how they both take form and contribute to the definition of religious artifacts as part of the national cultural heritage. This thesis also tracks the conditions of creation of the institutions by their stakeholders: public authorities, clergy, as well as religious and secular associations. Finally, this thesis explores how cultural, evangelization and touristic policies intertwine in a country where religious celebrations still rhythm daily life. This study is based on three chronological periods to trace the main changes of these projects: the first period characterized by the confrontation between the clergy and the intellectual and political classes; the period between 1939 and 1970 when the Church and Franco’s regime allied; finally the period between 1970 and 2007 during which there is a joint policy to emphasize the cultural and touristic value of the religious heritage.

<p>. This thesis consists of an introduction and four previously published articles. The joint empirical focus is papermaking based on textile rags as fibre raw material. Furthermore the physical environment is central in the studies. The relationship between continuity and change is a prevailing theme. The thesis also pays attention to the use of different sorts of rags and to the connection between this kind of papermaking and the textile industry.</p><p>The overall purpose is to throw new light upon the paper industry based on rags – a part of early industry seldom mentioned in historical surveys of the industrialization process in Sweden. The aim is also to question the prevalent Swedish historical writing commissioned by the branch, characterized by set divisions between different phases of technical and industrial development, from simple craft to modern industry. One of these borderlines has been drawn between papermaking by hand and papermaking by machine, with the 1830s as the selected transition period. By studying and analysing changes in the traditional and seemingly static papermaking as well as the opposite: the traditional that has lingered in the new, this thesis shows that the course of events was much more complicated than that. An outcome of the studies is that the industrialization of the rag based paper industry has been a complex, uneven and prolonged process.</p><p>The first main part of the thesis consists of two Swedish regional studies centred on the province of Östergötland in a long-time perspective. The focus is mainly on the long continuity of papermaking by hand, which was carried out between 1628 and 1968. The study shows that a variety of types and sizes of mills regarding ownership, forms of production, location, paper qualities and techniques can be identified. Continuity was the dominating feature but within this framework technological and industrial change also took place.</p><p>The second main part of the thesis has a Nordic perspective and deals with a shorter period, mainly 1830-1870. One study examines the introduction of the paper-machine and the establishment of the first machine-made paper mills in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland with special attention given to the Swedish mill Holmen in Norrköping and the Finnish Tammerfors mill, both situated in textile mill towns. A second Nordic study surveys hand-made paper mills founded during and after the time when the paper-machine technology had been established. As the studies show, two parallel development tracks were prevalent in the paper industry in the Nordic countries during the period 1830-1870 – papermaking by machine and papermaking by hand.</p><p>The first paper machines were imported from Britain to some of the oldest and largest paper mills. The introduction of the new technology led to changes in for instance the paper mill buildings and the organization of work regarding the papermaking process. In the preparatory and finishing work manual methods remained, and as before it employed mostly women.</p><p>At the same time, papermaking by hand continued to change and new hand-made paper mills were founded until as late as the 1890s. The study discusses possible explanations, among them growing markets for special qualities and combinations with other branches of industry.</p><p>All the studies show a connection between hand-made paper mills and wool mills on one hand, and machine-made paper mills and cotton and linen mills on the other hand. The paper industry based on rags could in fact be characterized as a kind of textile industry</p>

The aim of this study is to explore heritage processes within contemporary urban planning in Sweden, which is done through a single-case study. The point of departure for the study is the management of Havrekvarnen, an early modernist industrial building within an urban development area of Nacka, Sweden. Through parallel decisions by the County Administrative Board and the local Municipality in 2016, the building was firstly, listed with the strongest legal, cultural, and historical protection available, and secondly, the municipal urban regulations were changed so that the landowner was given permission to pursuit a reconstruction of the building, replicating its original appearance. As such the case constitutes a hitherto unique example of a listed future reconstruction in Sweden. The study examines how the process took place, focusing on actors and critical junctures involved in the execution and how the description of the building's heritage-values changed. The study uses a composite theoretical framework of authorized heritage discourse and actor network theory. To this an explaining-outcome process tracing is applied as method. Through a sequential process of collecting empirical data, in the form of archival records and interviews, the process was mapped through the conceptualization of a causal mechanism. The method had not previously been used in the field of art history and was chosen as such with a tentative approach. The study gives an extensive presentation of the legal and practical framework surrounding heritage processes within urban planning in Sweden, as well as puts the study within a local historical context. The results of the study show that within the observed case, a trade-off situation between authenticity and aesthetic historical values arose, caused by the poor technical condition of the building: the aesthetic values were deemed to take precedence in the assessment. The study also shows how antiquarian consultants have had a decisive influence on the process of legislative enabling of the reconstruction of Havrekvarnen. The research design’s use of process tracing to map heritage processes is thus deemed useful for future enquiries within the field of art history and heritage studies.