L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier, chez les sportifs, les déterminants des attitudes envers l'homosexualité. Au regard des niveaux de Doise, il est attendu la proposition d’un modèle prédictif des déterminants à différents niveaux : intra personnel, interpersonnel, positionnel et idéologique. Le travail comporte 4 volets : 1) une étude préliminaire auprès de 322 personnes permettant la validation d'un outil de mesure des attitudes envers les gays et les lesbiennes, 2) une étude auprès de 1002 sportifs analysant les déterminants des attitudes notamment en distinguant le sport masculin et le sport féminin, 3) une étude sur la mise au jour des normes envers l'homosexualité, 4) une étude auprès de 572 footballeurs proposant un modèle prédictif des attitudes envers les gays et les lesbiennes, incluant le rôle de l’entraineur et des processus collectifs. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats indiquent une nette différence dans l'acceptation de l'homosexualité en fonction du sexe. La normativité est le principal prédicteur des attitudes, tendant vers une grande acceptation chez les femmes et une conservation de l'hétérosexisme chez les hommes. Ainsi, dans le cadre du sport masculin, l'homosexualité apparaît comme un stigmate non protégé, lié directement à la dynamique de groupe. De plus, l’hétérosexisme est étroitement lié au sexisme, à la religion et au racisme. En ce sens, il paraît primordial de mettre en place des actions de sensibilisation et de formations auprès des athlètes et des entraîneurs. Ces actions pourront s’effectuer sous l’angle général de la gestion de la diversité dans le sport. / The objective of this research is to study, among athletes, determinants of attitudes towards homosexuality. With respect to levels of Doise, it is expected the proposal of a predictive model of the determinants at different levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, positional and ideological.The work consists of 4 components: 1) a preliminary study of 322 people for the validation of a tool for measuring attitudes toward gays and lesbians, 2) a survey of 1002 athletes analyzing the determinants of attitudes toward homosexuals, distinguishing men's sports and women's sports, 3) a study on the discovery social norms towards homosexuality in sport, 4) a survey of 572 football players offering a predictive model of attitudes toward gays and lesbians, including the role of the trainer and group processes.Overall, the results indicate a clear difference between women and men athletes in the acceptance of homosexuality. Normativity is the main predictor of attitudes, tending towards a greater acceptance among women and preservation of heterosexism in men. Thus, in the masculine sport, homosexuality appears unprotected stigma directly related to group dynamics. In addition, heterosexism is closely related to sexism, racism and religion.In this sense, it seems important to develop awareness and training with athletes and coaches. These actions may be carried out under the general terms of the management of diversity in sport.

This thesis treats the relation of Kenyan non-heterosexual women to AIDS. It studies the ways in which women come to realise their non-heterosexuality and how consecutively they adopt the identity of lesbians or bisexuals. The thesis also describes how women construct non-heterosexual spaces where they can meet and support each other in a heterosexist society where homosexuality is criminalised and how association function as a strategy of fight against heterosexism. Last but not least, it is concerned with the question how women conceptualise their relationship to AIDS and the prevention of spread of HIV. The aim of the present thesis is to present the difficulties of negotiation of non-heterosexual identity in a culturally different environment. The analysis of the interviews shows that the stigmatisation of women's sexuality has practical consequences for the fight against AIDS. Key words: AIDS, gender, lesbians, bisexuals, heterosexism, homosexuality, Kenya

The deleterious impact of negative stereotypes toward gays has been established, but less thoroughly examined are the potentially harmful effects that positive stereotypes may carry. Gay Americans lack multiple legal rights enjoyed by heterosexual citizens, yet many people do not see gays as a genuinely disadvantaged group. One possible reason for this is the popular misconception that gays are wealthier than the average American. Drawing on previous research regarding popular support for underdogs, it was predicted that, to the extent people endorsed the conception of gay affluence, they would be less likely to support legal reform benefiting gays. This hypothesis was supported: after controlling for overall homophobia and religiosity, perceiving gays as wealthy negatively predicted support for gay rights. This project also explored what emotional or cognitive mechanisms might influence the predicted relationship. Support was found for both resentment and system justification motivations as potential contributors to the effect.

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the complexity of modern-day hiring discrimination against gay men. This is the first study known to the author that experimentally manipulated gender presentation (feminine or masculine), sexual orientation (gay or heterosexual), and job type (gay- and female-typed or heterosexual- and male-typed) to examine their collective effect on hiring recommendation. Furthermore, much remains to be understood about how descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes operate to explain hiring discrimination against gay men. Drawing on implicit inversion theory, social cognitive career theory, and the lack of fit model, a descriptive stereotype model was proposed to investigate the influence of descriptive stereotypes (perceptions of communality and agency) about male subtypes (gender presentation-sexual orientation combinations), in conjunction with occupational stereotypes about the extent to which different male subtypes are believed to occupy specific job types, on perceptions of job fit and hiring recommendation. Drawing on expectancy violation theory, a prescriptive stereotype model was also proposed to explore the influence of stereotypical expectations about male subtypes, and male subtype-job type combinations, on consequences of prescriptive stereotype violation (perceptions of respect) and hiring recommendation. Sexual orientation did not have an effect in the descriptive or prescriptive stereotype models. However, results of the descriptive stereotype model revealed that perceptions of job fit decreased when gender presentation misaligned with job type (feminine-presenting men who applied to the heterosexual- and male-typed job and masculine-presenting men who applied to the gay- and female-typed job). Evidence of moderated mediation indicated that when applying to the heterosexual- and male-typed job, feminine-presenting men were seen as less agentic, and thus received lower ratings for hiring recommendation, than masculine-presenting men. In contrast, when applying to the gay- and female-typed job, masculine-presenting men were seen as less communal, and thus received lower ratings for hiring recommendation, than feminine-presenting men. These findings suggest that perceptions of agency and communality, and job fit, were serial mediators that positively correlated with hiring recommendation. Evidence of moderated mediation for the prescriptive stereotype model occurred only for the gay- and female-typed job, revealing that masculine-presenting men were less respected, and thus received lower ratings for hiring recommendation, than feminine-presenting men. Follow-up research to develop and refine the proposed descriptive and prescriptive stereotype models is crucial to furthering our understanding of hiring discrimination against gay men in today’s organizations.

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<p>While literature on sexual minority issues is limited, there is evidence supporting poor retention rate among lesbian, gay, and bisexual students (LGB) studying science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). STEM fields often have heterosexist environments that present unique barriers to LGB individuals, though, more must be done to understand factors that deter sexual minorities from entering and remaining in the field. I aim to contribute to the scarce LGB scholarship by examining the STEM climate and exploring factors related to persistence.</p><p> This dissertation is composed of two independent articles that each investigate the issue of underrepresentation of LGB individuals in STEM fields. The first article analyzes existing literature and calls on counseling psychologists to address the problem through using queer theory. I identify various factors that make sexual minorities a difficult population to research, note the additional challenges heterosexism creates for LGB individuals, and recommend counseling psychologists use queer theory to research the systems within STEM. I conclude with recommendations for clinicians and universities.</p> The second article includes an empirical study examining factors related to poor persistence in STEM among LGB undergraduates. Using a mediation model, I hypothesized burnout and the imposter phenomenon would mediate the relationships between stereotype threat and STEM identity, as well as the relationship between STEM identity and persistence. Results indicated stereotype threat was a significant positive predictor of burnout and imposter phenomenon, while STEM identity was a significant predictor of persistence. Results also suggested the effect of stereotype threat on STEM identity is explained better using burnout and imposter phenomenon.

This study examined patterns of framing in newspaper articles that mention gay teen suicide, gay bullying, and the "It Gets Better" campaign. A content analysis of randomly selected newspaper articles from 2009-2011 was performed. After presenting the frequency of content themes, emergent patterns are discussed. The most consistent theme--an evasive frame-- occurred with regard to homophobia, heterosexism, and meaningful solutions to anti-gay bullying. The day-to-day discrimination that LGBTQ people face was rarely addressed; instead, hot-button political topics such as same-sex marriage and "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" were presented as signs of social progress. This research shows the importance of media framing, particularly the news media, in stories that report on gay bullying, suicide, and homophobia.

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