O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da irradiação com lasers de alta intensidade antes da obturação de canais radiculares com cimentos endodônticos resinosos no selamento lateral. Dentes permanentes humanos (n=36) foram endodonticamente tratados e, então, divididos aleatoriamente em nove grupos experimentais (n=4), de acordo com o tratamento dentinário subsequente. Os grupos foram: G1(N-Rickert/sem laser) ; G2(Epiphany SE®/sem laser); G3(EndoREZ®/sem laser); G4(N-Rickert/laser Nd:YAG); G5(Epiphany SE®/laser Nd:YAG); G6 (EndoREZ®/ laser Nd:YAG); G7(N-Rickert/laser Er:YAG); G8(Epiphany SE®/laser Er:YAG)e G9 (EndoREZ®/ laser Er:YAG).Os parâmetros utilizados para o lasers foram: laser de Nd:YAG (1,5 W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz) e laser de Er:YAG (1 W, 100 mJ, 10 Hz). Todos os dentes foram obturados pelo mesmo operador, utilizando a técnica do cone único para os elementos obturados com os cimentos resinosos e cones múltiplos quando utilizado o cimento de N-Richert. Os cimentos estudados foram preparados conforme as instruções dos fabricantes. Após decorrido o tempo de espera de pressa total de todos os cimentos obturadores os espécimes tiveram sua superfície radicular impermeabilizada com Araldite, em toda a sua extensão. Tubos de microcentrífuga de 1,5 mililitros foram cortados em uma das extremidades e o dente foi inserido até que o ápice ficasse localizado externamente. O espaço existente entre a superfície radicular e o tubo de microcentrífuga foi selado com Araldite, esse selamento proporcionou o vedamento da porção inferior do tubo. Após isto os conjuntos foram submetidos processo de esterilização por óxido de etileno a uma temperatura de 56ºC por quatro horas. Os tubos foram imersos em vidros tipo penicilina que continham 5ml de BHI previamente estéreis. Colônias de Enterococcus faecalis foram semeadas dentro dos tubos, para observar ou não a percolação marginal dos cimentos estudados através da turvação do meio de cultura, por um período de 45 dias. Observou que os dentes dos G1, G3 e G8 0% de contaminação, G4, G5 e G6 50% de espécimes contaminadas, G2 e G9 75% de elementos contaminados e G7 100% dos espécimes contaminados após o período de avaliação. / The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze two high power lasers irradiation effects before the root canal filling procedure with resin endodontic cements on the lateral sealing. Thirty-six permanent human molars were endodontically treated and randomly assigned in nine experimental groups (n=4) according with the subsequent dentin treatment. The groups were as follows: G1 (N-Rickert); G2 (Epiphany SE®); G3 (Endo REZ®); G4 (N-Rickert / Nd:YAG laser irradiation); G5 (Epiphany SE® / Nd:YAG laser irradiation); G6 (EndoREZ® / Nd:YAG laser irradiation); G7 (N-Rickert / Er:YAG laser irradiation); G8 (Epiphany SE® / Er:YAG laser irradiation) and G9 (EndoREZ® / Er:YAG laser irradiation). The laser parameters used were: Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) at 1.5W, 100 mJ, 15 Hz; and Er:YAG laser (2940 nm) at 1.0 W, 100 mJ, 10Hz. All the teeth were filled by the same operator using the single cone technique for the elements filled with resin cements and multiple cones when the NRickert cement was used. The analyzed cements were prepared following the manufacturers recommendations. After the waiting and total setting time of all the root canal filling materials all the samples were coated along their root surfaces with Araldite®. Micro centrifuge tubes of 1.5 ml were cut in one of the edges and the samples were introduced until their apexes were externally located. The space between the root surface and the micro centrifuge tubes was sealed with Araldite® in order to seal the inferior tube portion. Following this, all samples were sterilized by ethylene oxide at a temperature of 56oC for four hours. The tubes were immersed in penicillin glasses with 5 ml of BHI previously sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis colonies were sought inside the tubes in order to observe a possible marginal percolation of the studied cements through a culture media turbidity process for a period of 45 days. It was possible to observe after the evaluation period an absence of contamination (0%) on samples from G1, G3 and G8; 50% of contamination on samples from G5 and G6; 75% of contamination on samples from G2 and G9 and 100% of contamination on samples from G7.

Les sources laser à fibre, haute puissance et de faible largeur spectrale sont de plus en plus utiles pour des applications à la fois industrielle et scientifique. Cependant, le développement de ces sources est limité par les seuils d’apparition d’effets non-linéaires tels que la Diffusion Brillouin Stimulée (DBS) du fait d’un fort confinement de la lumière dans le coeur de la fibre. Un premier amplificateur en régime monofréquence de puissance moyenne égale à 50W a été développé à partir d’une diode laser signal de 50 mW. L’étude du bruit d’intensité sur cet amplificateur a montré que l’utilisation de fibres standards (diamètre de coeur < à 20μm) jusqu’à 50W est limitée par l’apparition du phénomène de DBS se traduisant par une dégradation du bruit d’intensité. Pour s’affranchir de ces effets non-linéaires, une solution réside sur l’utilisation de fibres à large aire modale (LMA) dont les diamètres des coeurs est égale à plusieurs dizaines de microns. Les fibres LMA présentent un recouvrement [coeur dopé / onde de pompe] optimisé conduisant à une réduction de la longueur du milieu à gain. Par cette stratégie de la diminution du confinement spatial du faisceau avec une diminution de la longueur d’interaction, le seuil d’apparition des effets non-linéaires est repoussé. Mais paradoxalement, cette stratégie va induire une nouvelle limitation non-linéaire, non plus en termes de puissance crête mais de puissance moyenne. En effet, les coeurs multimodaux des fibres LMA, couplés à une charge thermique par unité de longueur forte (pour une puissance de moyenne de sortie équivalente) vont induire l’apparition d’effets non-linéaires en puissance moyenne : les Instabilités Modales (IM) et la Dégradation Modale de la Fibre (DMF). Ce sont donc les stratégies usuelles utilisées pour repousser les effets non-linéaires qui ont conduit à l’avènement de ces nouveaux effets délétères. Un système d’asservissement du bruit d’intensité efficace (suppression > 30 dB) sur une bande passante d’1MHz permet de supprimer le bruit en excès des diodes de pompe. / High power, narrow linewidth fiber lasers are useful for both industrial and scientific applications. Nevertheless, nonlinear effects like Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) are main limitations of these laser sources due to high power in fiber core. A first amplifier in single-frequency operation with 50W of output power from a laser diode seeder of 50 mW was developed. Study of intensity noise on this amplifier developed with standard fiber (core diameter less than 20 μm) showed that SBS leads to a degradation of noise properties of the laser. The use of large mode area (LMA) fibers is a solution for suppressing nonlinear effects with core diameters bigger than several tens of microns. LMA fibers show an overlap between doped core and pump wave optimized leading to a reduction of gain medium length. This strategy permits to increase nonlinear effect threshold. Second step of high power amplifiers with LMA fibers allows to obtain 100W in single-frequency regime without DBS. LMA fiber used have a core diameter equals to 40μm. Power scaling from 100W to 200W highlights a new limiting non-linear effect: Fiber Modal Degradation (FMD). Indeed, multimodal cores of these fibers, coupled to high thermal load lead to non-linear effects like Modal Instabilities (IM) and FMD. FMD effect, first described by Ward et al in 2016, is a thermo-optic effect characterized by a beam quality degradation with power transfer from fundamental mode to high order modes. Furthermore, a decrease of output power, synonym of guidance loss of fundamental mode in gain medium is observed. Unlike well-known effect IM, this phenomenon doesn’t act like a threshold phenomenon. In fact, transitory regime in association with FMD is longer than IM caused by photodarkening dynamic. In our study, beam quality at the output of the fiber was degraded after several tens of hours at 200W. For understanding this effect, a photodarkening effect study both in continuous wave (CW) and pulsed regime was carried out. This study shows that for the first time a photodarkening and photobleaching equilibrium on high power amplifiers in pulsed regime. These thermo-induced effects threshold depends on thermal load and are different for both regimes: 120W for CW and 150W for pulsed regime. Finally, a study and a reduction of intensity noise based from a servo-loop were carried out on 100W amplifier. A 1MHz bandwidth with a 30 dB decrease of noise were demonstrated. These results allow to develop high power and low intensity noise lasers at industrial level”

High efficiency multi-junction (MJ) solar cells were packaged onto receiver systems. The efficiency change of concentrator cells under continuous high intensity illumination was done. Also, assessment of the receiver design on the overall performance of a Fresnel-type concentration system was investigated. We present on receiver designs including simulation results of their three-dimensional thermal operation and experimental results of tested packaged receivers to understand their efficiency in real world operation. Thermal measurements from solar simulators were obtained and used to calibrate the model in simulations. The best tested efficiency of 36.5% is obtained on a sample A receiver under 260 suns concentration by the XT-30 solar simulator and the corresponding cell operating temperature is ~30.5°C. The optimum copper thickness of a 5 cm by 5 cm simulated alumina receiver design was determined to be 6 mm and the corresponding cell temperature under 1000 suns concentration is ~36°C during operation.

Cette thèse porte sur les architectures d’émission pour des terminaux mobiles multi-radio fonctionnant dans la bande de fréquences, 800 MHz - 6 GHz. Avec l’évolution constante des systèmes de communication, les terminaux doivent fonctionner dans plusieurs bandes de fréquences et modes, correspondant à une grande diversité de normes. Le concept d’une architecture multi-radio unique est une évolution de celui de l’émetteur-récepteur multistandard, caractérisé par une mise en parallèle des circuits pour chaque standard. Il permet alors d’optimiser coût et consommation. L’objet de l’étude est de concevoir des architectures d’émission flexibles, à la fois en fréquence et en format de modulation, capables de générer les formes d’ondes de tous les standards en respectant pour chacun le niveau de puissance en sortie et assurant un bon rendement. Ce type d’architectures pourrait, dans l’avenir, être utilisé pour des applications de radio cognitive. L’amplificateur de puissance est l’élément critique dans les émetteurs. Le principe de fonctionnement des amplificateurs impose un compromis entre la linéarité et le rendement en puissance. L’utilisation des amplificateurs en classes commutées permet d’améliorer les performances en rendement mais nécessite de revoir complètement les architectures classiques d’émission. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs architectures qui transforment les signaux avant l’amplificateur et qui peuvent être utilisées pour la multi-radio ont été considérées. Trois, en particulier, ont été analysées et comparées ; à savoir : l’architecture polaire avec codeur d’enveloppe sigma-delta, l’architecture polaire avec codeur d’enveloppe par largeur d’impulsion et l’architecture cartésienne sigma-delta. La validation a été faite sur les signaux les plus critiques en matière de dynamique de puissance et de bande passante, que sont les signaux LTE et WiMAX mobile. En sortie de l’amplificateur, le filtrage d’émission joue un rôle décisif et plusieurs technologies de filtrage sont envisageables. Dans ce cadre, on s’est plus particulièrement intéressé à la technologie BAW (Bulk Acoustic Wave) et un banc de filtres multi-radio a été synthétisé. Cette thèse a donc permis de chiffrer les performances clés d’un émetteur multi-radio à haut rendement en analysant du traitement en bande de base jusqu’au filtrage d’antenne / This research deals with wireless multi-radio transmitter architectures operating in the frequency band of 800 MHz – 6GHz. As a consequence of the constant evolution in the communication systems, the mobile transmitters must be able to operate at different frequency bands and modes according to existing standards specifications. The concept of a unique multi-radio architecture is an evolution of the multi-standard transceiver characterized by a parallelization of circuits for each standard. Multi-radio concept optimizes surface and power consumption. This study concentrates on flexible multi-radio architectures. This kind of architectures could be used in the future for cognitive radio applications. The power amplifier (PA) is the key element in transmitter architectures. Its operating principle establishes a trade-off between power efficiency and linearity. The utilization of a switched mode amplifier allows improving efficiency performances but implies a review of the classical transmitter architectures. Within this context, some architectures transforming the input signal of the PA and that are candidates for multi-radio applications are considered. In particular, three architectures have been analyzed and compared: the polar architecture with sigma-delta envelope modulator, the polar architecture with pulse width modulator and the cartesian sigma delta architecture. Validation is accomplished with the most critical signals in terms of power dynamics and frequency bandwidth; these are the LTE and mobile WiMAX. At the amplifier output, the band-pass filter plays a key role and many filtering technologies could be envisaged. In particular, we are interested in the BAW technology (Bulk Acoustic Wave) and a filter bank has been synthesized. This research has quantified the key performances of a high efficiency multi-radio transmitter by analyzing the system from baseband signal treatment to RF filtering before the antenna

Les fibres optiques en silice dopées ytterbium sont couramment utilisées pour des applications laser à forte puissance depuis plusieurs années. Ces puissances ne cessent de croître en raison de progrès continus sur les procédés de fabrication des fibres optiques. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’élaboration de cœurs de fibres optiques en silice vitreuse dopée ytterbium par un procédé plasma (SPCVD). Cette technique a été inventée en 1986 pour la fabrication de fibres optiques de télécommunications et nous l’avons adaptée dans ces travaux de thèse à la fabrication de cœurs de fibres à grande aire effective dopés en terres rares. Dans un premier temps, la mise au point du procédé et des différentes sources d’évaporation des précurseurs est présentée. Les principaux cœurs de fibres élaborés sont très riches en silice, et faiblement dopés en aluminium, en fluor et en ytterbium. L’homogénéité radiale et longitudinale des cœurs est discutée, et plusieurs options sont proposées pour l’améliorer. Dans un deuxième temps, la structure du réseau vitreux des cœurs élaborés ainsi que l’environnement et la dispersion de l’ion Yb3+ au sein du réseau vitreux silicaté sont étudiés. Pour cela, une approche multi-spectroscopique est utilisée : la résonance magnétique nucléaire informe sur l’environnement des noyaux à spin nucléaire non nul 29Si, 27Al et 19F tandis que la résonance paramagnétique électronique à impulsions permet à la fois de sonder spécifiquement l’environnement de l’ion Yb3+ et d’étudier sa dispersion au sein du réseau vitreux. Ces expériences sont complétées par des caractérisations optiques telles que l’absorption et la luminescence des ions Yb3+. Enfin, les cœurs de fibres élaborés par la méthode SPCVD sont caractérisés en cavité laser. L’efficacité de conversion, la qualité de faisceau et la résistance au photonoircissement de plusieurs cœurs aluminosilicatés co-dopés en fluor et en ytterbium sont présentés. / Ytterbium-doped silica optical fibers are widely used for high power laser applications for several years. These powers keep on increasing due to continuous improvements in optical fibers fabrication processes. The aim of this PhD is to synthesize ytterbium-doped silica optical fibers’ cores using a plasma process named SPCVD. This method has been created in 1986 for telecommunications optical fibers synthesis, and we have adapted it to fit the fabrication of rare earth-doped large-mode-area optical fiber cores. We first present the development of ways of evaporating low vapor pressure reagents. All the synthesized optical fiber cores are silica-rich, and slightly doped with both aluminum, fluorine and ytterbium. Radial and longitudinal homogeneities are discussed, and we propose several options in order to improve them. Then, the glassy network structure of the fabricated cores and also the neighborhood and dispersal of Yb3+ ion in the silicate network are studied. Thus, we used several spectroscopic studies: nuclear magnetic resonance enables to focus on non-zero nuclear spin nucleus (29Si, 27Al, 19F) whereas electronic paramagnetic resonance is used to probe the neighborhood and the dispersal of Yb3+ ions. We also based our study on optical characterizations as absorption and luminescence of Yb3+ ions. Finally, the fibers’ cores we synthesized using the SPCVD process have been characterized in a laser cavity. We present the power conversion efficiency, the beam quality and the resistance to photodarkening of several ytterbium and fluorine-co-doped aluminosilicate cores.

No description available.

I den här kvantitativa GIS studien har spatiala och temporala koncentrationer/hot spots gällande hög och störande musik från fordon studerats i syfte att undersöka dessa platsers kriminogenitet och gemensamma miljömässiga karaktär samt den sociala kontext som kan vara kopplat till problemet. Studiens resultat visade på tre stabila hot spots men att dessa inte gällde för övrig brottslighet. Platserna kunde därför inte bedömas som kriminogena utom gällande den störande musiken från fordon. Det gemensamma för dessa platser visades vara närheten till genomfartsleder, parkeringsplatser och bensinpumpar. Studien kommer fram till att syftet med att spela musiken inte är att störa andra, utan om att ha kul, hänga med likasinnade, skapa identitet och visa sin kultur genom att synas och höras. Och att valet av plats inte beror på något annat än att de är geografiskt och bekvämt belägna och har de egenskaperna och attribut som passar dessa sammankomster. / This quantitative paper contains a spatial and temporal GIS-analysis regarding hot spots of loud and disturbing music from vehicles, in order to investigate the criminogenic and environmental character of these occurrences, as well as the social context that may be linked to the problem. The results of the study showed three stable hot spots but also that these hot spots did not apply to other crime, the locations could therefore not be judged as criminogenic except for the disturbing music from vehicles. What these places had in common was the proximity to thoroughfares, parking lots and petrol pumps. The study concludes that the purpose of playing music loud is not to disturb others, rather having fun, hanging out with like-minded people, and creating identity and acting out culture by being seen and heard. And that the reason these events happen in these places is not due to anything other than that they are geographically and conveniently located, and they also have the necessary characteristics to suit such gatherings.

Due to the power requirements for today's microprocessors, point of load converter packaging is becoming an important issue.   Traditional thermal management techniques involved in removing heat from a printed circuit board are being tested as today's technologies require small footprint and volume from all electrical systems.  While heat sinks are traditionally used to spread heat, ceramic substrates are gaining in popularity for their superior thermal qualities which can dissipate heat without the use of a heat sink.  3D integration techniques are needed to realize a solution that incorporates the active and components together.  The objective of this research is to explore the packaging of a high current, high power density, high frequency DC/DC converter using ceramic substrates to create a low profile converter to meet the needs of current technologies. One issue with current converters is the large volume of the passive components.  Increasing the switching frequency to the megahertz range is one way to reduce to volume of these components.  The other way is to fundamentally change the way these inductors are designed.  This work will explore the use of low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) tapes in the magnetic design to allow a low profile planar inductor to be used as a substrate.  LTCC tapes have excellent properties in the 1-10 MHz range that allow for a high permeability, low loss solution.  These tapes are co-fired with a silver paste as the conductor.  This paper looks at ways to reduce dc resistance in the inductor design through packaging methods which in turn allow for higher current operation and better heavy load efficiency.  Fundamental limits for LTCC technologies are pushed past their limits during this work.  This work also explores fabrication of LTCC inductors using two theoretical ideas: vertical flux and lateral flux.  Issues are presented and methods are conceived for both types of designs.  The lateral flux inductor gives much better inductance density which results in a much thinner design. It is found that the active devices must be shielded from the magnetic substrate interference so active layer designs are discussed.  Alumina and Aluminum Nitride substrates are used to form a complete 3D integration scheme that gives excellent thermal management even in natural convection.  This work discusses the use of a stacked power technique which embeds the devices in the substrate to give double sided cooling capabilities.  This fabrication goes away from traditional photoresist and solder-masking techniques and simplifies the entire process so that it can be transferred to industry.  Time consuming sputtering and electroplating processes are removed and replaced by a direct bonded copper substrate which can have up to 8 mil thick copper layers allowing for even greater thermal capability in the substrate.  The result is small footprint and volume with a power density 3X greater than any commercial product with comparable output currents.  A two phase coupled inductor version using stacked power is also presented to achieve even higher power density. As better device technologies come to the marketplace, higher power density designs can be achieved.  This paper will introduce a 3D integration design that includes the use of Gallium Nitride devices.  Gallium Nitride is rapidly becoming the popular device for high frequency designs due to its high electron mobility properties compared to silicon.  This allows for lower switching losses and thus better thermal characteristics at high frequency.  The knowledge learned from the stacked power processes gives insight into creating a small footprint, high current ceramic substrate design.  A 3D integrated design is presented using GaN devices along with a lateral flux inductor.  Shielded and Non-Shielded power loop designs are compared to show the effect on overall converter efficiency.  Thermal designs and comparisons to PCB are made using thermal imaging.  The result is a footprint reduction of 40% from previous designs and power densities reaching close to 900W/in3. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21108号 / 工博第4472号 / 新制||工||1695(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 篠原 真毅, 教授 山川 宏, 教授 木本 恒暢 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

This project aims to build an electric powered robot, that by utilizing infrared light, recognizes a device carried by the user. The robot built in this project utilizes swivel wheel similar to car wheels for steering over the more conventional differential steering/drive. The testing done in this project proved that this method of steering has difficulties with navigating in small spaces and completing tight turns at low speeds. The result also gives reason to believe that a fixed reference distance between the user and the robot might not be optimal for all instances. / Detta projekt går ut på att bygga en eldriven robot som genom att använda infraröda dioder, ser en enhet som utan svårighet bärs av användaren. Roboten som byggs i detta projekts primära användningsområde är att transportera varor. Roboten är konstruerad för att använda svägande hjul vilket påminner om bilstyrning, istället för en mer konventionell differentialstyrning. Testen som utfördes i detta projekt visade att denna styrmetod har svårigheter med att navigera i små utrymmen och vid tvära vändingar vid låga hastigheter. Resultatet av tester säger även att ett fast referensavstånd mellan användaren och roboten möjligtvis inte är optimalt vid vissa tillfällen.