The thesis focuses on how students learn history in the classroom, more precisely on their possibilities and difficulties in developing competence in the school subject of history. There is a particular emphasis on how they explain and understand historical processes and concepts within the subject of history. Participants are students of different grades, 8–19 years old. The purpose of the study is to explore how students learn history in concrete learning situations and my focus is on the types of knowledge students understand, learn, develop and use in comparison with what they are expected to learn.  This is done based on three fundamental and well-established principles of learning. To examine what kinds of knowledge students need I use three main types of knowledge: declarative content knowledge (facts and concepts), procedural knowledge (knowledge about how to do things) and self-regulatory knowledge (knowledge about how to regulate our memory, thought and learning). I also use concepts and insights from systemic functional linguistics (SFL) in order to explain why the students use language and communicate the way they do. The thesis shows that history is challenging for young students. Young students have difficulties with complex and abstract concepts in history as they treat concepts as facts. Older, more competent, students use concepts on a more abstract level and use different kinds of linguistic resources when formulating explanations of higher complexity, more similar to the way explanations in the domain of history are commonly written. The youngest students and some of the older students lacked factual knowledge, concept knowledge, domain specific self-regulatory knowledge and linguistic resources. Declarative content knowledge and facts are more important and more difficult for young students to understand, develop, organize and learn than previous scholars have shown empirically. Students’ abilities to understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework and to organize and structure facts with the help of concepts at different level of abstraction (conceptual understanding) are crucial. Students also need linguistic resources, both lexical knowledge and knowledge of text structures. Language is crucial both in the process of acquiring knowledge and in the process of communication. In the learning process, teaching is crucial, since individual students’ potential to develop competence depend on the potential of the teacher to discover and engage their preconceptions and arrange for learning in a way that give students the kind of knowledge they need.

This study sought to determine the current status of the nuclear armament/disarmament issue as a topic for the moral decision-making model in secondary social studies curriculums and to establish guidelines for its inclusion in future lessons. A review of the relevant literature provided the basis for a questionnaire mailed to four hundred, randomly selected social studies department chairpersons. Their attitudes regarding the legitimacy of the topic and methods employed in instructional lessons were addressed. Survey results were categorized according to respondents' incorporation of the topic into their curriculum and whether they taught in public or private institutions. A majority of the respondents indicated they taught lessons regarding nuclear disarmament and employed at least a portion of the commonly accepted steps of the decision-making model. The related literature and questionnaire results suggested certain recommendations for the development of effective units of instruction in this area.

Esta pesquisa histórica teve como objeto o álbum fotográfico Parques Infantis, produzido em 1937, sob a encomenda do Departamento de Cultura de São Paulo. Percebendo-o como objeto cultural, a pesquisa teve como propósito analisar o álbum a partir de suas condições de emergência e produção, materialidade e circulação. Para tanto, recorreu não apenas ao próprio álbum e suas fotografias como fonte histórica, como também mobilizou fontes escritas (discursos, legislação, artigos de revistas, biografias, entre outras), fontes orais (depoimentos) e fontes iconográficas (revista S. Paulo e outras fotografias) a fim de compor um quadro de entendimento sobre as finalidades e intenções que motivaram sua elaboração. A pesquisa mostra que essa publicação iconográfica impressa conformou parte da estratégia de publicização operada pela inteligência paulista (grupo de Paulo Duarte) sobre o principal projeto desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Cultura: os Parques Infantis. Por meio do impresso, os contratantes procuraram dar a ver o modo como eles delinearam os trabalhos educativos nesses estabelecimentos segundo concepções de educação que se propunham modernas (como a educação higiênica e a cultura física). Os intelectuais contrataram o artista-fotógrafo B. J. Duarte para efetuar os registros e elaborar a paginação do álbum. Para tanto, apropriou-se da estética de representação que estava na ordem da visualidade dos anos 1930, qual seja, a fotografia moderna. / This historical research had as an object the photographic album Children Park, produced in 1937, under the orders of the Department of Culture of Sao Paulo. Perceiving it as a cultural object, the research had as purpose was to examine the album from their conditions of emergency and production, materiality and movement. Thus, appealed not only to their own album and its photographs as historical source, but also mobilized written sources (speeches, legislation, articles from journals, biographies among others),oral sources (testimony) and iconographic sources, (magazine S. Paulo and other photographs) in order to compose a framework of understanding about the aims and intentions that motivated their elaboration. The research shows that this printed iconographic publication complied part of the strategy of publicization operated by Paulista intelligence (group of Paulo Duarte) on the main project developed by the Department of Culture, the Children Park. Through print, contractors tried to see how they outlined the educative works in these establishments\' according education conceptions that proposed itself as modern (such as hygiene education and physical culture). The intellectuals hired the photographer-artist, B. J. Duarte to make the records and prepare the layout of the album. To this end, appropriated from the aesthetics of representation that was on the order of visuality of the years 1930, which is the modern photo.

Esta pesquisa foi dedicada à abordagem das estratégias de reforma da educação pública na capital federal do Brasil entre os anos de 1922 e 1935. Ela teve como objetivo compreender as iniciativas de implementação de políticas públicas na área da educação, então acionadas na Diretoria Geral de Instrução Pública do Distrito Federal. Em especial, propôs-se a investigar as ações que Carneiro Leão no quadriênio 1922- 1926, Fernando de Azevedo entre 1927 e 1930 e Anísio Teixeira de 1932 a 1935 desenvolveram nessa instância da prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, pesquisou uma série de textos produzidos no âmbito da administração pública. Relatórios, atas e legislação, bem como correspondências e até publicações em periódicos informaram acerca das várias tentativas de controle das práticas escolares e seus óbices. Igualmente, foram fontes para o estudo da administração central do ensino no Distrito Federal as memórias e parte da produção intelectual de seus principais componentes. Ao final da análise, concluiu-se que toda uma inconfessa atividade de improvisação e invenção cotidiana contribuiu para a reforma da educação pública no período. No estudo dos serviços educacionais e de sua burocracia, sobretudo, interessou mostrar as estratégias de controle e organização do funcionamento escolar como uma incessante invenção de subterfúgios e artifícios da ação administrativa. Para além disso, importou considerar o modo de administrar a educação pública segundo suas formalidades, a partir das suas normas regulamentares. Nesse sentido, predominou uma preocupação com os desdobramentos que, por meio das estratégias de reforma do ensino, a ação sobre os espaços e temporalidades da escola, sobre a carreira docente e sua especialização e sobre as populações escolares logrou alcançar à época. Em virtude dessas relações, a pesquisa, por um lado, ocupou-se da inventividade da ação administrativa e, por outro, das políticas públicas de educação que a Diretoria Geral de Instrução Pública do Distrito Federal gerou entre 1922 e 1935. / This research deals with the strategies concerning the public educational reform in Brazil`s federal capital between 1922 and 1935. The chief goal has to understand the measures taken by the Federal District`s Public Instruction General Directorate as to the implementation of public policies in Education. Particular attention was given to the programs developed by Carneiro Leão (1922-26 term), Fernando de Azevedo (1927- 1930), and Anísio Teixeira (1932-1935) while at the head of such portfolio at Rio de Janeiro government. A careful scanning of a series of documents issued by the public administration - ranging from reports, minutes and legislation to official correspondence and periodicals - was the source to learn about the attempts to control school practices and their set backs. Likewise the memoirs and a fair part of the intellectual output of the notables involved in Educational central administration were duly probed. A surprising outcome at the end of the analysis revealed an impressive amount of improvisation and daily reinvention playing a key role in the reform of public instruction at the time. Of special interest to show the mechanism of control and the organizational work as a continuous make up subterfuges and artifices of administrative action was the examination of educational services and their bureaucracy. The formal aspect of public instruction administration starting from basic rules has taken into account as well, with a keen eye on the unfoldings brought about by actions on school ambience, teaching, career, its specialization and students staff. This research aiming to the relations between both instances in the analysis, engaged in the inventiveness of administrative action to shape a historical understanding of public educational policies engendered by the Federal District`s Public Instruction General Directorate between 1922 and 1935.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARTA BEATRIZ.pdf: 990013 bytes, checksum: 06e03c2cabd04c559153223395b31bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-19 / Since the decade of 1990 an education speech led by the World Bank (MB) it was impinged Latin America fomenting order words as citizenship, justness, partnership and Shared Administration (GC), with significant alterations in the paper of the National State and being authenticated inside of the public schools. This work is devoted the clarification of the transition of the passage of the school citizen's ideal for the ideal of excellence school, changes that they signaled the passage of the Democratic Administration (1991-1994) in the government's of the State of Paraná administration, Roberto Requião and of the Shared Administration (1995-2002), in Jaime Lerner Government in order to elucidate a doubt on that model implemented in Paraná as for their true objectives: mobilization of the Association of Parents and Masters (APMs) for participation of the parents or decentralization of responsibilities? Does the research investigate as he/she felt the process of reconfiguration of the public education system in the State of Paraná with the application of trainings of GC for AMPs accomplished in the University of the Teacher (UP) in the period from 1995 to 2002? Objectively, he understands the process of reconfiguration of the public education system in Brazil, in specific in the State of Paraná in the delimited period, that they approach the Programs of Institutional Development for the Project of Total Quality (PQE) financed by BM in trainings accomplished in UP for APMs in Faxinal do Céu starting from the Proposal of GC, he interprets what demands of the capitalism assist the education for the State, it accompanies how redefined were being the concepts disseminated in the field of the education in the trainings accomplished with APMs in UP, and, it analyzes as the guidelines of the education programs of the General office of State of the Education of Paraná were implemented (SEED) and the nature of the administrative and pedagogic mechanisms, servants or altered in the sense of rendering them. The research felt in bibliographical studies, analysis of the documents of SEED, observation (in loco) of the works developed by the Consultant ship of Education Mobilization (he AME), analysis of the appraisers' of the Seminars of GC reports accomplished during the period delimited by the research and the comparison of those actions of the State to the Pedagogic Political Project (PPP) of two schools: the State School La Salle and the São João Bosco school, located in the municipal district of Pato Branco. The questionnaires with open and closed subjects were driven 98 people, presidents of APMs, teachers, parents, volunteers and to the managers of the two schools. Interview was accomplished with the organizers of the seminars of GC, the team of the he AME and the coordinator of the magazine Administration in Net, including recordings, filming and pictures in the places, UP and SEED. The results confirmed a model of administration of the education that excelled for the decentralization of responsibilities of the State and for the summons of the civil society for what was called GC. It was ended that the process of reconfiguration of the public education system in the State of Paraná in the period from 1995 to 2002 can be recognized by the results obtained in the researches confirming that GC in the Education of Paraná went a government artifice to decentralize the responsibilities of the State, understood and here registered, that historical period. / Desde a década de 1990 um discurso educacional liderado pelo Banco Mundial (MB) foi impingido à América Latina fomentando palavras de ordem como cidadania, eqüidade, parceria e Gestão Compartilhada (GC), com alterações significativas no papel do Estado Nacional e convalidando-se no interior das escolas públicas. Este trabalho dedica-se a explicitar a transição da passagem do ideal da escola cidadã para o ideal de escola de excelência, mudanças que sinalizaram a passagem da Gestão Democrática (1991-1994) na gestão do governo do Estado do Paraná, Roberto Requião e da Gestão Compartilhada (1995-2002), no Governo de Jaime Lerner a fim de elucidar uma dúvida sobre esse modelo implementado no Paraná quanto aos seus verdadeiros objetivos: mobilização da Associação de Pais e Mestres (APMs) para participação dos pais/comunidade ou descentralização de responsabilidades? A pesquisa investiga como se deu o processo de reconfiguração do sistema de ensino público no Estado do Paraná com a aplicação de treinamentos de GC para as AMPs realizados na Universidade do Professor (UP) no período de 1995 a 2002? Objetivamente, compreende o processo de reconfiguração do sistema de ensino público no Brasil, em específico no Estado do Paraná no período delimitado, que abordam os Programas de Desenvolvimento Institucional pelo Projeto de Qualidade Total (PQE) financiado pelo BM em treinamentos realizados na UP para APMs em Faxinal do Céu a partir da Proposta da GC, interpreta a que exigências do capitalismo atende a educação pelo Estado, acompanha como estavam sendo redefinidos os conceitos disseminados no campo da educação nos treinamentos realizados com as APMs na UP, e, analisa como se implementaram as diretrizes dos programas educacionais da Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Paraná (SEED) e a natureza dos mecanismos administrativos e pedagógicos, criados ou alterados no sentido de concretizálos. A pesquisa se deu em estudos bibliográficos, análise dos documentos da SEED, observação (in loco) dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Assessoria de Mobilização Educacional (AME), análise dos relatórios dos avaliadores dos Seminários de GC realizados durante o período delimitado pela pesquisa e a comparação dessas ações do Estado ao Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) de duas escolas: o Colégio Estadual La Salle e o Colégio São João Bosco, localizados no município de Pato Branco. Os questionários com questões abertas e fechadas foram dirigidos a 98 pessoas, presidentes das APMs, professores, pais, voluntários e aos gestores das duas escolas. Foi realizada entrevista com os organizadores dos seminários de GC, a equipe da AME e o coordenador da revista Gestão em Rede, incluindo gravações, filmagem e fotografias nos locais, UP e SEED. Os resultados confirmaram um modelo de gestão da educação que primou pela descentralização de responsabilidades do Estado e pela convocação da sociedade civil para o que se denominou GC. Concluiu-se que o processo de reconfiguração do sistema de ensino público no Estado do Paraná no período de 1995 a 2002 pode ser reconhecido pelos resultados obtidos nas pesquisas confirmando que a GC na Educação do Paraná foi um artifício governamental para descentralizar as responsabilidades do Estado, compreendido e aqui registrado, esse período histórico.

Driven by the overarching objective of promoting reconciliation through education, this thesis strives to unpack the first national goal of education set out by the Sri Lankan Ministry of Education, which involves nation building and the establishment of a Sri Lankan identity through the promotion of social cohesion and the recognition of cultural diversity in Sri Lanka's plural society. Within education, history teaching in secondary school acts as the main focus of the research, due to the relevance of this goal to the subject of history as well as the ability of history to shape the attitudes and perceptions of youth. As such, the original contribution of this thesis is the development of an understanding of how the goal of nation building is being carried out through the Sri Lankan education system by focusing on the subject of history, which in turn facilitates an analysis of the identity politics of teaching history in a multicultural post-war society. With the intention of developing such an understanding, the study aims to answer three research questions: 1) What type of nation is being built through history education in Sri Lanka?; 2) How is the ethnic and religious diversity which characterises the Sri Lankan nation being dealt with through history education?; and 3) How are Sri Lankan youth being aided in understanding the sensitive matters which impeded the nation building exercise in the recent past and resulted in the break out of the ethnic conflict? The thesis draws on an inductive approach, using qualitative research and secondary literature. Findings are generated from field work and textbook analysis. Conducted in four different districts around the country chosen based on their ethnic and religious compositions, field work involves the conducting of interviews with youth, history teachers, curriculum developers, textbook writers and other academics. This thesis argues that an ambiguity regarding the composition of the 'Sri Lankan nation' is being created through history education, with it sometimes being characterised as a purely Sinhalese-Buddhist nation instead of a multicultural one. This is most likely because the prominent players involved in the development of the curriculum themselves appear to be conflicted about the monoethnic versus polyethnic nature of the nation, with their views filtering through to the educational materials they produce. It is evident that the history curriculum predominantly contains Sinhalese-Buddhist history, with little information being conveyed about the history of the minority groups. Tamils and Muslims are portrayed as invaders and outsiders since the national story is narrated through the perspective of the Sinhalese-Buddhist community who play the role of the protagonist. With respect to stakeholder reactions, there appears to be a contrast in the attitudes of Tamil and Muslim youth regarding the portrayal of minority history, with Tamils being vocal about their anger towards the perceived bias, but Muslims being reluctant to discuss ethnic matters, preferring to sweep them under the rug. Finally, in terms of the ethnically sensitive matters in recent history, while some are completely omitted from the history lessons, others are narrated through a majoritarian perspective or glossed over by leaving out key pieces of information. Youth are therefore largely unaware of the contentious matters that led to the breakdown of ethnic relations in the country, despite having lived through a brutal ethnic conflict. These findings indicate the failings of the nation building exercise being carried out through history education. Instead of building a strong Sri Lankan identity, this type of education is creating confusion regarding the composition of the nation and adversely affecting the sense of belonging of minority youth. It is also creating a younger generation who are unaware of their country's past troubles. The recent spate of ethnic and religious violence that shook the nation highlight the need to address these weaknesses in a timely manner, with a view to promoting reconciliation through education.

Esta pesquisa histórica teve como objeto o álbum fotográfico Parques Infantis, produzido em 1937, sob a encomenda do Departamento de Cultura de São Paulo. Percebendo-o como objeto cultural, a pesquisa teve como propósito analisar o álbum a partir de suas condições de emergência e produção, materialidade e circulação. Para tanto, recorreu não apenas ao próprio álbum e suas fotografias como fonte histórica, como também mobilizou fontes escritas (discursos, legislação, artigos de revistas, biografias, entre outras), fontes orais (depoimentos) e fontes iconográficas (revista S. Paulo e outras fotografias) a fim de compor um quadro de entendimento sobre as finalidades e intenções que motivaram sua elaboração. A pesquisa mostra que essa publicação iconográfica impressa conformou parte da estratégia de publicização operada pela inteligência paulista (grupo de Paulo Duarte) sobre o principal projeto desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Cultura: os Parques Infantis. Por meio do impresso, os contratantes procuraram dar a ver o modo como eles delinearam os trabalhos educativos nesses estabelecimentos segundo concepções de educação que se propunham modernas (como a educação higiênica e a cultura física). Os intelectuais contrataram o artista-fotógrafo B. J. Duarte para efetuar os registros e elaborar a paginação do álbum. Para tanto, apropriou-se da estética de representação que estava na ordem da visualidade dos anos 1930, qual seja, a fotografia moderna. / This historical research had as an object the photographic album Children Park, produced in 1937, under the orders of the Department of Culture of Sao Paulo. Perceiving it as a cultural object, the research had as purpose was to examine the album from their conditions of emergency and production, materiality and movement. Thus, appealed not only to their own album and its photographs as historical source, but also mobilized written sources (speeches, legislation, articles from journals, biographies among others),oral sources (testimony) and iconographic sources, (magazine S. Paulo and other photographs) in order to compose a framework of understanding about the aims and intentions that motivated their elaboration. The research shows that this printed iconographic publication complied part of the strategy of publicization operated by Paulista intelligence (group of Paulo Duarte) on the main project developed by the Department of Culture, the Children Park. Through print, contractors tried to see how they outlined the educative works in these establishments\' according education conceptions that proposed itself as modern (such as hygiene education and physical culture). The intellectuals hired the photographer-artist, B. J. Duarte to make the records and prepare the layout of the album. To this end, appropriated from the aesthetics of representation that was on the order of visuality of the years 1930, which is the modern photo.

This thesis investigates and analyzes certain significant aspects of the Centennial celebrations of 1967 as they took place in Toronto-area schools. By considering the Centennial activities involving art, travel, music and historical pageantry—those deemed most significant by educational planners—I propose to evaluate how students, and Canadians in general, were thinking and learning about Canada and its people at the time. Throughout this essay, I argue that the Centennial celebrations are crucial evidence of a developing shift in the way that Canadians conceived of national identities and a change in how students were educated about Canadian history. In particular, I will argue that the Centennial celebrations in Toronto-area schools often demonstrated the continued development of a post-imperial vision of Canada’s national character, and an approach to history education which moved beyond the traditional timeline-oriented and British nation-building narratives that dominated early-twentieth-century Canadian education.

This thesis investigates and analyzes certain significant aspects of the Centennial celebrations of 1967 as they took place in Toronto-area schools. By considering the Centennial activities involving art, travel, music and historical pageantry—those deemed most significant by educational planners—I propose to evaluate how students, and Canadians in general, were thinking and learning about Canada and its people at the time. Throughout this essay, I argue that the Centennial celebrations are crucial evidence of a developing shift in the way that Canadians conceived of national identities and a change in how students were educated about Canadian history. In particular, I will argue that the Centennial celebrations in Toronto-area schools often demonstrated the continued development of a post-imperial vision of Canada’s national character, and an approach to history education which moved beyond the traditional timeline-oriented and British nation-building narratives that dominated early-twentieth-century Canadian education.

This thesis offers critical perspectives on a history syllabus for vocational education and training (VET) tracks in Swedish upper secondary schools and adds to our knowledge and understanding of the educative function of history education for the individual and for society. The overall aim of this thesis is to critically investigate discourses that are voiced in different fields about the construction and reproduction of the history curriculum in VET tracks. A general question addressed is how vertical (critical and theoretical) and horizontal knowledge is articulated by the discourses in terms of the meaning of history in a VET context. The following four research questions were the focus of the four different studies in this thesis: How were non-vocational subjects discussed on a policy level during the post-war period, and what meanings were ascribed to history education? What aspects of history as a field of knowledge are recontextualised into a pedagogic discourse for the VET curriculum? How do teachers perceive the history syllabus? What do the students express concerning the history syllabus and history education? The results of these studies are reported in separate papers, and the aggregated results are analysed in this thesis. The data consisted of government bills and committee reports, material from the National Agency of Education archives, and interview data gathered through interviews with 5 teachers and 46 students. The major theoretical inspiration comes from Basil Bernstein whose theories of classification and framing, pedagogic discourse, pedagogic code, and vertical and horizontal discourses are used in the analysis. With the aid of these concepts, the content and meaning of history education for VET are connected to macro levels of education, and the way in which education reproduces social order when certain forms of knowledge are distributed to different groups in society is discussed. Three major conclusions are drawn. First, history as a pedagogic discourse comes forward as versatile and contradictory when the results from the studies are aggregated. There is, however, a shared understanding that the meaning of history in VET is to educate the students to become democratic and active citizens. Secondly, the investigated discourses ascribe history education with the potential to distribute critical and powerful knowledge. The students see a value for history education in their future as citizens and for giving them access the public conversation of society. A final conclusion is that the pedagogic code, embedded in the history curriculum, can be interpreted in two different ways. The emphasis on competencies and the focus on the last two hundred years can be interpreted as (A) an expression of a wish for immediate utility and thus an instrumental view of education or (B) the recontextualisation of scientific theories, concepts, and practices into a pedagogic discourse as a means to give students access to disciplinary (powerful) knowledge.