Scandinavian prehistory has hitherto received little attention in the field of history didactics. In Swedish schools, it is taught in the lower grades in accordance with traditional periodization: the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the Viking Age. The aim of the present thesis is to provide an overview of Scandinavian prehistory as presented by 20th- and early 21st-century history textbooks and to trace its development and revisions. These revisions are situated in relation to contemporary society and concurrent developments in archaeological research. This study attempts to demonstrate the extent to which history textbooks and archaeological research correspond. In a long-term perspective, the textbooks form a developmental chain in which the gradual revision of historical culture is made manifest. As presented in the textbooks, prehistoric history expresses a historical culture valid in the context of a particular era. The concept of cultural memory, a memory that extends so far back in history that it can only be mediated by someone with expert knowledge (e.g. teachers, journalists or scholars), is applied in order to observe changes in its description. Cultural memory reveals how some stories constantly recur, while others are neglected or forgotten. The textbooks have been compared to standard archaeological works and their development and revisions have been examined from dual perspectives - "story" as cultural memory and gender. The present thesis reveals that most of the stories have been remembered and repeated for more than a century, though interpretations sometimes change along with changes in society and progress in research. A gender perspective elucidates the chores and activities ascribed to prehistoric men and women, respectively, and the changes they have undergone. Although archaeological findings have been influenced by gender research, this study indicates that society itself has had the greatest impact on the treatment of gender in the textbooks. Perceptions of "male" and "female" have changed and women have been become visible after previously being as good as ignored. Both history textbooks and archaeological research are clearly affected by general trends in society and the textbooks under investigation have evolved from focusing on nationalistic aspects and the predominance of men to assigning equal value to people of all cultures and to the sexes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the historical consciousness and the use of history among pupils in 6th grade, in Swedish elementary school. To do this, the aim is to answer the following questions: Which types of history use are to be found among 6th graders, and how are these expressed? What historical consciousness/historical thinking do 6th graders display, and how is this expressed? What interest do 6th graders have in history? The method used in this study is a survey, which has been answered anonymously by 60 pupils in four different classes, from four different elementary schools, and in four different Swedish suburbs. The final analysis is based on theories on historical thinking/historical consciousness, uses of history, and history cultures, described by important historians, such as Rüsen, Ammert, and Karlsson. The study has led to the conclusion that, although a large majority of the pupils say that they are interested in history and think it is relevant, very few of them can mention uses of history outside the school context. The answers do not reveal a notably developed historical consciousness, even though there are signs expressing historical consciousness to a limited extent. One of the main characteristics of historical consciousness among the pupils is their use of concepts for historical change, such as development and consequence.

É possível aprender História com sentido para a Vida? Esta pesquisa, cujo objetivo é compreender em que medida o pensamento histórico de estudantes brasileiros e portugueses apresenta aspectos de uma consciência histórica pertinente para a reflexão acerca das demandas da cultura histórica contemporânea, pautou-se por essa indagação. Em outras palavras, procurou verificar como o ensino de História, nas escolas públicas de Brasil e Portugal, tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de uma consciência histórica que possibilite a satisfação das carências de orientação temporal e constituição de identidade na sociedade atual. Para a consecução dessa meta coletou informações com o intuito de conhecer os diferentes perfis de caráter socioeconômico e cultural dos grupos pesquisados, além de narrativas discentes geradas pela interpretação de um fato histórico comum a Brasil e Portugal - a transferência da família real portuguesa (1808). Tal material empírico foi analisado com critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, balizados pela interpretação do repertório teóricoepistemológico composto por experiências de autores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento histórico como a Filosofia da História, a Didática da História e a Educação Histórica. Este percurso possibilitou a construção de uma tipologia de análise narrativa que permite verificar as tendências de constituição do sentido histórico à orientação temporal subsumidas a grupos pesquisados. Em outras palavras, o exercício meta-histórico realizado ao longo da pesquisa permitiu a elaboração de uma tipologia que indica qual ou quais tipos de consciência histórica são predominantes nos discursos de um grupo. Finalmente, discutir com os estudantes como os conceitos estruturadores do pensamento histórico atuam para construir conhecimento, mediado pela consciência histórica subsumida à argumentação, se constitui como a proposição desta pesquisa. Potencializar as ideias históricas através de princípios metodológicos que invistam no desenvolvimento da argumentação é função intransferível do ensino de História e, por isso, conceitos metahistóricos podem ser trabalhados nas aulas do ensino básico, paulatina e progressivamente, como meios pelos quais se articula o pensamento histórico. Dessa forma, a História mostrará como é área do conhecimento fundamental para a geração de reflexão e autorreflexão acerca das experiências humanas. Aprender História com sentido para a Vida. / This research aims at understanding how far the historical thinking of Brazilian and Portuguese students present aspects of a historical consciousness relevant to discuss about Contemporary Historical Culture, in order to answer the question: is it possible to learn History with sense to life?. In other words, the aim of this work is to verify how the History teaching in the public schools in Brazil and Portugal has contributed to the development of a historical consciousness that enables the satisfaction to fulfill the lack of time orientation and identity formation in contemporary society. In order to achieve this goal, data was collected in order to know the different profiles of socioeconomic and cultural of the groups searched, beyond the students narrative about their interpretation of a common historical fact to Brazil and Portugal - the transfer of the Portuguese royal family (1808). This empirical material was analyzed with quantitative and qualitative criteria, guided by the studies on a theoretical epistemology of author experiences from different areas of historical knowledge as the Philosophy of History, the Didactic of History and the History Education. This way of study has enabled the construction of an analysis narrative typology which allows verifying the trends of historical sense formation to time orientation subsumed to groups searched. In other words, the metahistorical exercise done throughout the research allowed the development of a typology that indicates how or what types of historical consciousness are predominant in a group discourse. Finally, discuss with students how the concepts of historical thinking work to build knowledge, mediated by the historical consciousness subsumed to the argument, it is the aim of this research. Improve the historical ideas through methodological principles that invest in developing the argument is indelible function of teaching history and therefore, metahistorical concepts can be worked in class , gradually and progressively, as the means by which articulates historical thought. Thus, history will show how the area of fundamental knowledge is to generate reflection and self reflection about the human experience. Learn History with sense to Life.

The present study addresses what happens when historical feature film is used in history education. The purpose of this thesis is to develop new knowledge of historical film literacy through a study of the feature film's didactical potential in an educa­tional context. This is carried out through an analysis of the historical meaning making among upper secondary students when viewing historical feature films, and special attention is paid to the importance of emotions in the students' meaning making through historical feature film. A focus of the study is the didactical dilemma, previously addressed in historical film research, that arises in the use of feature film in history or social studies education, in relation to educational context, film experience, and historical understanding. The present thesis is an independent continuation of my licentiate thesis History as Fiction (2014). The empirical material consists of interviews with students and teachers from two upper secondary schools in Sweden, as well as documentation from students' assessments and selected scenes from feature films experienced by the students as they were used in history class. The theoretical framework for the study takes an interdisciplinary approach. It is based on Jörn Rüsens under­standing of historical meaning and histo­ri­cal culture, as well as on transaction theory described by John Dewey and Louise M. Rosenblatt. Film reception theory is equally important, represented by theories from David Bordwell and Carl Plantinga. The main research question focused on how the concept of historical film literacy could be developed theoretically. Historical film literacy is understood in this thesis as an advanced consciousness of how historical meaning making is created through the individual's transaction with film's narration in a specific context, and how meaning making ideally links historical disciplinary thinking with practical orientation in life. The core of theoretically developed historical film literacy is an understanding of the individual's emotional and aesthetic experience of historical feature film, and elaborated theoretical knowledge about the close relationship between the affective response and the more distanced cognitive activity during and after watching a film. Also crucial for historical film literacy is an under­standing of the historical film's representation of the past as a conflation of facts and fiction. The knowledge of history that students' gain from historical feature film should be constructed in a synthesis of an aesthetic and an efferent stance in the transaction process. This is because the feature film has the capacity to stimulate both a feeling of empathy and of nearness in the viewer as well as a movement of the viewer away from the narration and towards more distanced cognition. This movement helps the viewer to analyze and interpret the historical meaning making from a critical perspective, when the experience of the feature film is transformed to a reflected experience.

The present study addresses what happens when historical feature film is used in history education. The purpose of this thesis is to develop new knowledge of historical film literacy through a study of the feature film's didactical potential in an educa­tional context. This is carried out through an analysis of the historical meaning making among upper secondary students when viewing historical feature films, and special attention is paid to the importance of emotions in the students' meaning making through historical feature film. A focus of the study is the didactical dilemma, previously addressed in historical film research, that arises in the use of feature film in history or social studies education, in relation to educational context, film experience, and historical understanding. The present thesis is an independent continuation of my licentiate thesis History as Fiction (2014). The empirical material consists of interviews with students and teachers from two upper secondary schools in Sweden, as well as documentation from students' assessments and selected scenes from feature films experienced by the students as they were used in history class. The theoretical framework for the study takes an interdisciplinary approach. It is based on Jörn Rüsens under­standing of historical meaning and histo­ri­cal culture, as well as on transaction theory described by John Dewey and Louise M. Rosenblatt. Film reception theory is equally important, represented by theories from David Bordwell and Carl Plantinga. The main research question focused on how the concept of historical film literacy could be developed theoretically. Historical film literacy is understood in this thesis as an advanced consciousness of how historical meaning making is created through the individual's transaction with film's narration in a specific context, and how meaning making ideally links historical disciplinary thinking with practical orientation in life. The core of theoretically developed historical film literacy is an understanding of the individual's emotional and aesthetic experience of historical feature film, and elaborated theoretical knowledge about the close relationship between the affective response and the more distanced cognitive activity during and after watching a film. Also crucial for historical film literacy is an under­standing of the historical film's representation of the past as a conflation of facts and fiction. The knowledge of history that students' gain from historical feature film should be constructed in a synthesis of an aesthetic and an efferent stance in the transaction process. This is because the feature film has the capacity to stimulate both a feeling of empathy and of nearness in the viewer as well as a movement of the viewer away from the narration and towards more distanced cognition. This movement helps the viewer to analyze and interpret the historical meaning making from a critical perspective, when the experience of the feature film is transformed to a reflected experience.

The use of historical source material and teaching in how to do historical analysis of sources is specific subject goal and knowledge requirements in all the upper secondary school's history courses. Previous research has shown that when historical sources and how the handling of these are the content of teaching, social science source criticism is practiced. Which means that the focus is not on historical disciplinary skills, which means that Swedish upper secondary school students' skills in managing sources in a disciplinary way are relatively low. The purpose of this study is to find new knowledge about which understandings history teachers have of analysis historical sources and which underlying reasoning form the basis for teachers' design of history teaching where sources and handling of them is the lesson content. The idea is that a study like this should be able to contribute with new knowledge about the problems with source handling in schools. The study uses interviews, four history teachers were interviewed, all active in upper secondary school. The results from the study partly confirm the previous research but also contribute with new knowledge. When history teachers talk and describe the teaching of source handling is based on an absolute source concept, it is likely that the teaching is conducted in an absolute and reconstructivist approach. In the process of handling historical sources, the teachers in this study describe that great emphasis is placed on source-critical criteria, arranged and simplified source exercises as well as conveying certain predetermined perspectives on history. This provides a knowledge contribution where insight and understanding are given on how history teachers perceive historical sources, how these should be handled and how they describe the implementation of their practical teaching. Previous research has been action-based or at an overall level examined source management. Through this study, new knowledge is provided that deepens and variegate the previous research knowledge of history teachers' handling of sources. / Användandet av historiskt källmaterial och undervisning i källhantering utgör ett specifikt ämnesmål och kunskapskrav i alla gymnasiets historiekurser. Den tidigare forskningen har visat att när historiska källor och hanteringen av dessa utgör historieundervisningens innehåll praktiseras ett samhällsvetenskapligt källkritiksbegrepp.  Detta gör att fokus inte är på ämnesdisciplinära förmågor, något som i sin tur medför att svenska gymnasieelevers färdigheter i att hantera källor på ett historiskt sätt på goda grunder kan antas vara förhållandevis låga. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka förståelser till källhantering av historiskt källmaterial som historielärare har och vilka bakomliggande resonemang som ligger till grund för deras utformning av historieundervisning där källor och källhantering utgör lektionsinnehållet. Tanken är att en sådan undersökning ska kunna bidra med ny kunskap om problemen med källhantering i skolorna. Undersökningen utgår från forskningsintervjuer intervjuades fyra stycken historielärare, alla verksamma i gymnasieskolan.  Resultatet från studien bekräftar delvis den tidigare forskningen men bidrar också med ny kunskap. När historielärare talar och beskriver undervisningen i källhantering utifrån ett absolut källbegrepp så är det sannolikt att undervisningen bedrivs på ett absolut och rekonstruktivistiskt sätt. I processen att hantera källor beskriver lärarna i denna studien att stor vikt läggs på källkritiska kriterier, tillrättalagda och förenklade källövningar samt förmedling av lärarens förbestämda perspektiv på historien. Därigenom lämnas ett kunskapsbidrag där det ges inblick och förståelse om hur historielärare uppfattar historiska källor, hur dessa bör hanteras och hur de beskriver genomförandet av deras praktiska undervisning. Tidigare forskning har varit aktionsbaserad eller på övergripande nivå undersökt källhanteringen. Genom denna studie ges ny kunskap som fördjupar och nyanserar forskningens kunskap om historielärares källhantering.

This licentiate thesis explores the activity of historical reasoning in terms of primary source analysis among upper secondary school students. The thesis is a compilation of two scientific articles in history didactics. Two Learning studies, a theory-informed and interventionistic research methodology, were organised to explore historical reasoning. Three research questions are ad- dressed: (1) what does it mean to be able to analyse historical primary sources, (2) what is critical to discern when learning primary source analysis, and (3) what is characteristic for the processes of learning and meaning- making when students work with source analysis assignments? The first article uses phenomenography to explore fifteen students’ perceptions of a historical primary source and the difficulties they face when examining the source. Data was collected through a series of group interviews where stu- dents were asked to respond to a historical letter. The analysis resulted in four qualitatively different categories of perceptions of the source and three critical aspects that emerged between the categories. It is suggested that it is critical to (1) discern and separate the historical perspective, (2) to discern and separate the perspective of the historical actor and (3) to discern and separate the subtext of the source in relation to the historical context. The second article uses a form of content focused conversation analysis to ex- plore the processes of learning and attributing meaning when students work with primary sources. Data was collected through audio recordings of stu- dents’ collaborative work on two assignments. The main results are descrip- tions of the students’ learning and meaning making processes. For instance, when students discern and separate the historical perspective and historical actors’ perspectives. An interesting finding was a strategy used by students to take on the roles of hypothetical historical agents. It is suggested that cer- tain aspects of school culture might inhibit students’ learning of primary source analysis and that students’ life-world perspective is vital in creating meaning. Finally, historical reasoning is discussed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness and it is argued that historical reasoning should include the perspectives of deconstruction, subjectivity and interpretation to better comply with history teaching.

No description available.

La recherche en didactique de l’histoire a analysé de nombreuses approches et ressources employées pour atteindre les diverses visées éducatives de l’enseignement des sciences sociales au secondaire. Elle traite cependant peu de l’usage des artéfacts ou des sites historiques pour faire apprendre aux élèves la démarche critique associée à la pensée historienne et à son mode de lecture. Dans le cadre de cette recherche qualitative et exploratoire, nous avons tenté de réduire cette lacune en documentant et en analysant l’apport d’un cours-voyage virtuel pour enseigner l’euristique de contextualisation partir d’artéfacts et de sites historiques de la Grèce ancienne pris comme objets d’interprétation de l’histoire. Cette étude de cas s’est déroulée dans un collège privé de la région métropolitaine de Montréal durant l’année scolaire 2019-2020. Les participants de cette étude (n= 23), âgés de 16 et 17 ans, étaient inscrits à un cours d’histoire hors programme menant à un voyage en Grèce. L’annulation des voyages scolaires au Québec à la mi-mars 2020 a eu pour effet de « virtualiser » le cours-voyage en intégrant le mode découverte (TD) du jeu vidéo à caractère historique Assassin’s Creed Odyssey. Afin de décrire l’apport de ce cours-voyage virtuel sur la mobilisation de l’euristique de la contextualisation, nous avons opté pour l’analyse de sources multiples et variées, comme le questionnaire, les lettres de motivation, l’observation participante, les productions didactiques et les entretiens de groupe. Les résultats obtenus montrent entre autres que les élèves accordent une grande confiance aux artéfacts, sites historiques et restitutions archéologiques pour étudier le passé. De plus, les élèves contextualisent des artéfacts et des sites historiques lorsqu’ils sont engagés dans une enquête historienne à titre d’interprètes de l’histoire. Enfin, les résultats indiquent que l’action médiatrice de l’enseignant dans les démarches d’apprentissage représente un atout pour la mobilisation des composantes de l’euristique de la contextualisation par les élèves. Ces résultats apportent un éclairage dans le champ indépendant, récent et à défricher de cette euristique de l’histoire, tout en interrogeant l’effet des pratiques enseignantes sur la mobilisation des composantes de la mise en contexte pour la compréhension des réalités sociales. Les résultats serviront de guides pour (re)penser nos cours, ainsi que pour juger de la progression des élèves et de l’efficacité de nos interventions éducatives. / Research in history didactics has analyzed many approaches and resources used to achieve the various educational aims of teaching social sciences in secondary school. However, it does not deal much with the use of artifacts or historical sites to teach students the critical approach associated with historical thinking and its mode of reading. As part of this qualitative and exploratory research, we have tried to reduce that gap by documenting and analyzing the contribution of a virtual field trip to teach a heuristic from artifacts and historical sites of ancient Greece taken as objects of interpretation of history. This case study took place in a private college in the Montreal area during the 2019-2020 school year. The participants in this study (n = 23) between the ages of 16 and 17 years old, were enrolled in an extra-curricular history course leading to a trip to Greece. The cancellation of school trips in Quebec in mid-March 2020 had the effect of “virtualizing” the initial field trip by integrating the Assassin’s Creed Odyssey Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece. To document and describe the contribution of this virtual field trip on the mobilization of the heuristics of contextualizing, we opted for the analysis of multiple varied sources such as a questionnaire, motivation letters, participant observation, historical inquiry, and group discussions. The results obtained show, among other things, that the students perceive artifacts, historical sites, and archaeological restitutions as documents of great confidence for the study of the past. Furthermore, students contextualize artifacts and historic sites when engaged in a historical inquiry as interpreters of history. Finally, the results indicate that the mediating action of the teacher in the learning process represents an asset for the mobilization of the components of the heuristic of contextualization by the students. These results shed light on the independent and recent field of research of this heuristic, while questioning the effect of teaching practices on the mobilization of the components of contextualization for the understanding of social realities. They will serve as guides for (re)thinking our courses, as well as for assess student progress and the effectiveness of our educational interventions.

No description available.