This thesis analyses farm household behaviour and livelihood strategies in the presence of market imperfections. The first chapter uses a farm household model to explain the presence of three household groups determined on the basis of the labour regime adopted: small-scale peasants, self-cultivators and hiring-in households. A partial generalised ordered logit model is used to test the main predictions of the model using data from the 1997 Rural Survey. The results show that access to liquidity and market imperfections matter in the choice of the labour strategy and that liquidity constrained households are more likely to sell labour off-farm. The second chapter provides an analysis of household technical effciency (TE) using using data on the KwaZulu Natal Province. The analysis is conducted at household-level and off-farm activities are considered as additional outputs of production. This approach better captures the jointness between farm and non-farm activities generated by the presence of market imperfections. An important source of li- quidity for the household is the receipt of a pension. Its effect on household TE is identified exploiting the age eligibility criteria adopted by the pension program. The results show that access to liquidity and income diversification has positive effects on household TE. Finally the last chapter investigates the relationship between land and household welfare. It uses the year of arrival in the current location as an instrument for land access and size for households in the former homelands. This identification strategy relies on the argument that African households have been forcibly relocated to the homelands since the introduction of the Native Land Act in 1913. Because of increasing population pressure in the homelands, later arrivals were less likely to have access to land and to larger plots of land. Results show that access to land positively affects the welfare of rural household.

Durante o século XVII, uma acentuada presença de missionários capuchinhos marcou definitivamente a história da África Central. Buscamos verificar até que ponto a entrada dos capuchinhos influenciou as relações estabelecidas entre a coroa portuguesa e as autoridades locais na África Central, uma vez que estes missionários eram subordinados diretamente ao papado, por meio da Sagrada Congregação de Propaganda Fide. Dessa forma, analisamos o modo (conflituoso ou não) como os capuchinhos se relacionaram com as autoridades e população locais e com a coroa portuguesa. Por meio de relatos e correspondência dos missionários da Ordem do Frades Menores Capuchinhos, que estiveram no reino do Congo entre 1645 e 1665, período de inúmeras conversões de africanos ao cristianismo, estudamos o contexto político-social e as características deste catolicismo africano, buscando compreender como africanos e europeus adaptavam e reelaboravam a crença cristã no contexto das experiências de contato. / During the XVII century, an accentuated presence of capucin missionaries in Central Africa marked definitely its history. This work analizes the extension of the impact of the Capucin missions in the established relations between the Portuguese crown and the local authorities in Central Africa, since these missionaries were directly under the papado authority, by means of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide. In doing that, we analyze the way (conflicted or not) that the Capucins dealed with local authorities and population and with the Portuguese royal house. Through the accounts and mailing of the Order of Capucin Minor Friars missionaries, that had been in Congo kingdom between 1645 and 1665, period of countless conversions of Africans to Christianity, we examine the political-social context and the characteristics of this African Catholicism, in order to understand how Africans and Europeans adapted and reelaborated the Christian belief in the context of contact experiences.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2008.

Thesis(MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study excavates a century’s worth of the history of household waste in South Africa, from 1890-1996. It shows that waste history is entangled with histories of disease and poor sanitation, advances in technology, the impact of war, environmental concerns and – perhaps above all – shifting socio-economic circumstances. Using a socio-environmental analytical framework, this analysis of waste history unearths empirical archival data and oral testimony, to contextualise themes of gender, race, class and nationalism in order to place rubbish within the wider historical debates in South Africa. This study uses Rubbish Theory and Broken Windows Theory as well as concepts of “Othering” and the “Sanitation Syndrome” to explore the role of waste in the construction of racial identities and perceptions. This thesis shows that Apartheid should not be seen as a watershed within this waste history, but rather as a continuation of colonial ideas of cleanliness that helped to perpetuate racist stereotypes. This study argues that the lack of waste services in “locations” during this time helped to contribute to the perception of the urban African as the unsanitary Other. The state and civic societies fostered gender roles, which (coupled with wartime nationalist propaganda) helped in shaping waste behaviour promoted by the National Anti-Waste Organisation (NAWO) during the Second World War (WWII). In the years after WWII, the threats of wartime shortages and enthusiastic solutions suggested to municipalities to “end the waste problem” were thwarted by the spread of the landfill as an even more convenient disposal method. The implementation of Apartheid, especially the Group Areas Act (No 41 of 1950) and the rise of consumer society, led to increasingly divergent experiences of waste for urban Africans and whites. The thesis uses a case study of the Devon Valley Landfill community outside of Stellenbosch. This ethnographic history explores notions of the “Subaltern” in order to give this history a human face. The diachronic analysis of this community offers a lens into ideas of “ordentlikheid” (decency), “weggooi mense” (throwaway people) and how these waste-pickers experience the environment in which they live. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie grawe ’n eeu se geskiedenis van huishoudelike afval in Suid-Afrika op, van 1890-1996. Dit toon dat die geskiedenis van afval verweef is met geskiedenisse van siekte en swak sanitasie, tegnologiese vooruitgang, die impak van oorlog, omgewingskwessies en – dalk bowenal – veranderende sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede. Deur middel van ’n sosio-omgewings-analitiese raamwerk ontgin hierdie analise empiriese argiefdata en mondelingse getuienis om temas van geslag, ras, klas en nasionalisme te kontekstualiseer ten einde afval binne die breër historiese debatte in Suid-Afrika te plaas. Die studie gebruik Afval-teorie en Gebreekte Vensters-teorie sowel as begrippe van “Othering” en die “Sanitasie-sindroom” om die rol van afval in die totstandkoming van rasse-identiteite en -persepsies te ondersoek. Die tesis toon dat Apartheid nie as ’n waterskeiding in hierdie afval-geskiedenis gesien moet word nie, maar eerder as ’n voortsetting van koloniale idees oor higiëne wat gehelp het om rasse-stereotipes te perpetueer. Die studie argumenteer dat die gebrek aan afvalverwyderingsdienste in “lokasies” in die tyd bygedra het tot die persepsie van die stedelike Afrikaan as die onhigiëniese Ander. Die staat en burgerlike samelewings het geslagsrolle gekweek, wat (tesame met oorlogtydse nasionalistiese propaganda) gehelp het met die vestiging van afval-gedrag wat bevorder is deur die National Anti-Waste Organisation (NAWO) gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. In die jare na dié oorlog is die bedreigings van oorlogtydse tekorte en die entoesiastiese oplossings wat vir munisipaliteite aanbeveel is om die “afvalprobleem te beëindig”, gefnuik deur die toenemende gebruik van stortingsterreine as ’n selfs geriefliker afvalverwyderingsmetode. Die implementering van Apartheid, veral die Groepsgebiedewet (No. 41 van 1950) en die opkoms van die verbruikersamelewing, het gelei tot toenemend uiteenlopende ervarings van afval onder stedelike Afrikane en wit mense. Die tesis maak gebruik van ’n gevallestudie van die gemeenskap van die Devonvallei-stortingsterrein buite Stellenbosch. Hierdie etnografiese geskiedenis verken denkbeelde van die “Ondergeskikte” om ’n menslike gesig aan die geskiedenis te gee. Die diakroniese analise van die gemeenskap is ’n venster op idees van “ordentlikheid”, “weggooimense” en hoe hierdie afvalontginners die omgewing waarin hulle woon, beleef.

Since the euphoria of a hard-won independence and the hopes attached to socialist nation-building, Algeria has experienced liberalisation, increasing inequality and civil war. This thesis sets out to explore memories of post-independence nation-building in the 1970s, interrogating the past-present relationship, by asking how Algerians remember their own recent past, and what these memories reveal about contemporary subjectivities. Based on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in the low-income Algiers neighbourhood of Bab el-Oued, the research focuses specifically on memories of politics, urban space and sociability. While the authoritarianism of the period was rejected for its repression of civil liberties, the overwhelming narrative on the period was nostalgic, with the past routinely couched as more positive than the present. Memories of intense social mobility and rising living standards within the context of state-led development, competent urban management and warm neighbourhood relations governed by traditional morality and solidarity were used to critique the present; particularly the retreat of the state from its responsibilities since the 1980s and the fragmented, consumerist society that has emerged from civil conflict since the 1990s. However, social memory also translated a series of principles that demonstrated the continued relevance of the egalitarian claims made by postcolonial nationalism. Popular notions of social justice mapped future aspirations for the Algerian polity. Nostalgia was not only a matter of the past, but of the lost future of material plenty and equality promised by industrial modernisation that once seemed just over the horizon, but is now divorced from present experience. Such memories translated the passing of the dream of mass utopia, even though the modernist principles of equality, justice and progress continued to underpin both daily interactions and the political aspirations of the present.

Please read the abstract (Summary) in the section, 20summary of this document Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bauermeester, EM 2002, Die Kaapse slawe in kultuurhistoriese perspektief - 1652-1838 (Afrikaans), MA dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11082007-092819 / > / Dissertation (MA (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / Unrestricted

Submitted by Jakeline Ortega (jakortega@unoeste.br) on 2017-07-07T17:54:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Alice Rosa de Sena Ferrari.pdf: 2212433 bytes, checksum: 3991db33d7cab0ba5c6e7c63b6c42e45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T17:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Alice Rosa de Sena Ferrari.pdf: 2212433 bytes, checksum: 3991db33d7cab0ba5c6e7c63b6c42e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / This dissertation has as its main purpose the study of Africa and Africans as addressed in notions and concepts presented in the Guide of Textbooks and History collections for the 4th year of Elementary School, which were approved by the National Textbook Program (known as PNLD) 2016. It is inserted in the current discussions about how the Directives of the Law no.10,639/03 are expressed in textbooks analyzed in the PNLD. The overall goal, therefore, is to understand how are presented both Africa and Africans in the notions and contents published in textbooks aimed for the teaching of History. As specific objectives, it was defined: a) to identify "how" the approach of the African History is proposed in the PNLD's textbooks - History - 2016 and what is its conformity with the guidelines contained in the Directives of the Law no.10,639 / 03; b) to verify how Africa and Africans are represented in the contents (written texts and images) and historical notions existing in textbooks and their respective reports, as pointed out in the PNLD Guide - History 2016; c) to verify the convergences between the records selected for analysis in the textbooks and the studies about Africa and Africans, existing in thematic studies and, d) to recognize the elements that operate in the production of textbooks and which result in a given elaboration form. The research is identified by a qualitative nature, (GAMBOA, 2003), with a bibliographic and documentary base, being theoretically based on cultural and sociological studies that allow to investigate the relations of power implied in the practices of differentiation and identification of subjects through the curriculum, school organization and educational policies. The organization and sequence of the analysis procedures of the various textual and imagery registers under study, are guided by the floating reading in search of thematic and conceptual elements, such as proposed by Minayo (2004). As major results, we highlight that, although the continuities regarding the teaching of history traditionally taught are maintained, are observed attempts of change in order to adjust to Law no. 10,623/03 and to PNLD criteria. The criticisms we raise do not have the purpose of discarding the textbook, instead, the idea is to make notes so that this material, considered by us as one of the main resources for teaching and learning of History in educational institutions, to be problematized and questioned. / Esta dissertação tem como objeto o estudo da África e dos africanos conforme apresentados nas noções e conteúdos veiculados no Guia de Livros Didáticos e em coleções de História para o 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental, as quais foram aprovadas pelo PNLD 2016. Insere-se nas discussões atuais sobre os modos como as Diretrizes da Lei nº10. 639/03 estão expressas em livros didáticos analisados no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático-PNLD. O objetivo geral, portanto, é compreender como a África e os africanos são apresentados nas noções e conteúdos veiculados nos livros didáticos para o ensino de História. Como objetivos específicos, foram definidos: a) identificar “como” a abordagem da História da África é proposta nos livros didáticos do PNLD – História- 2016 e qual é a sua conformidade com as orientações constantes das diretrizes da Lei nº. 10.639/03; b) verificar como a África e os africanos estão representados nos conteúdos (textos escritos e imagens) e noções históricas presentes nos livros didáticos e seus respectivos pareceres, conforme apontados no Guia do PNLD –História 2016; c) verificar as convergências entre os registros selecionados para análise nos livros didáticos e os estudos sobre a África e os africanos presentes em estudos no tema e d) reconhecer os elementos que operam na produção dos livros didáticos e que resultam em uma dada forma de sua elaboração. A pesquisa identifica-se por uma natureza qualitativa segundo Gamboa (2003), com base bibliográfica e documental, fundamentando-se teoricamente em estudos culturais e sociológicos que proporcionam investigar as relações de poder implicadas nas práticas de diferenciação e identificação dos sujeitos, através do currículo, da organização da escola e das políticas educacionais. A organização e sequência dos procedimentos de análise dos diversos registros textuais e imagéticos em estudo, pauta-se pela leitura flutuante em busca de elementos temáticos e conceituais, tais como propostos por Minayo (2004). Como principais resultados ressaltamos que, embora se mantenham continuidades no tratamento do ensino da história tradicionalmente ensinada, observam-se tentativas de mudanças para adequação à Lei nº 10.623/03 e aos critérios do PNLD. As críticas que levantamos não tem o objetivo de descartar o livro didático, ao contrário, a ideia é fazer apontamentos para que esse material, considerado por nós como um dos principais recursos para o ensino-aprendizagem de História nas instituições escolares, seja problematizado e questionado.

This series is devoted principally to short scholarly editions of unpublished or little-known sources on African history.

Short monographs on African history and culture, mainly by graduates of the University of Leipzig.

Bibliography: pages 278-301. / The principal intention of this thesis was to study the archaeologically excavated remains from the site of the Grand Parade in central Cape Town. The main lines of argument are centred around the question of the ceramics and how these can be interpreted to add to the knowledge of everyday life at the Cape. This involved excavation of the site, a descriptive report on the site, formulating a typological system of classification relevant to the sample, and interpretation of the ceramic data, considering its context within the local ceramic tradition and the overarching historical background of the Cape. The typological framework used in the ceramic analysis is largely based on the work by Mary Beaudry and others and the interpretive style draws heavily on the ideas about the food domain postulated by Anne Yentsch. A social history paradigm has been used to study the nature of the local evidence, to investigate how the excavated ceramics can be used to inform in one of the most basic cultural traditions involving the foodways of early Capetonians. It has been found: that the typological framework for the ceramic analysis set out in this thesis, is successful in interpreting the ceramics; that the ideological functions of the ceramics remain a less tangible aspect of recreating the past; that although the local food way tradition of the mid-18th century continues to be a complicated web of cultural interactions, through the use of a multi-disciplinary approach, the archaeological evidence can be successfully integrated with the faw:ial, inventory and other docwnentary sources; and that all the aforementioned are crucial to a better, more holistic understanding of the local Cape foodway tradition of the mid-18th century.