Submitted by Maria Dulce (mdulce@ndc.uff.br) on 2014-02-06T17:54:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos, Beatriz-Dissert-2013.pdf: 979494 bytes, checksum: ce044e3590d5d82f2249b94be9745a9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-06T17:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos, Beatriz-Dissert-2013.pdf: 979494 bytes, checksum: ce044e3590d5d82f2249b94be9745a9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / nserida no contexto das discussões sobre o Ultramar e do chamado Mundo Atlântico, a região denominada pelos portugueses de “Guiné do Cabo Verde” reconhecidamente apresentou desde os primeiros contatos, durante o período expansionista português, características singulares. No entanto, o foco sobre o estudo da cultura da Guiné parece ter sido sempre ofuscado pelas curiosidades e potencialidades que as interações, de diversas naturezas, entre europeus, africanos e árabes geravam. Dessa forma, apresenta-se nesta dissertação um estudo que visa dar um passo em direção ao preenchimento dessa lacuna deixada em aberto. Para este fim, o objetivo aqui é o de contextualizar a região no período dos séculos XVI e XVII e seu lugar dentro da lógica do mundo Ultramarino. Tendo como proposta principal promover uma análise sobre um dos grupos étnicos mais conhecidos do período, os mandingas. Esta proposta utiliza como fontes os relatos de três viajantes cabo-verdianos que comerciaram na região durante décadas. Assim apresenta-se aqui uma análise reflexiva a respeito de vários assuntos pertinentes a temática de estudos da cultura, história da África e das imagens deixadas aos historiadores, por meio das fontes, do período da expansão marítima / Inserted in the context of discussions on the so-called Ultramarine and the Atlantic World, region called by the Portuguese “Guinea of the Cape Verde” admittedly showed unique characteristics since the first contact during the expansionary period. However, the concentration on the study of ethnic groups in the region seems to have been overshadowed by curiosity and the potential interactions of various kinds, among Europeans, Africans and Arabs generated. Thus, this dissertation presents a study that aims to take a step toward filling this gap left open. To this end, the goal here is to contextualize the region during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and its place within the world of logic Overseas. With the proposed main promote an analysis of one of the best known ethnic groups period, mandingas. This proposal use the reports written three travelers Cape Verdeans who traded in the region of decades. Thus, we present here a reflective analysis on various matters pertaining to the theme of cultural studies, African history and images left to historians, through sources, the period of maritime expansion.

The tribal life and the oral traditions of black South Africans have been marginalized. The consequence of the western civilization and the apartheid regime forced people to do away from their traditional heritage and culture; they adopted the western way of life. They buried their oral tradition and only a little has survived. To save the dying culture of the art of the oral tradition we need to go out and record and document the surviving oral tradition as soon as possible. Since the art of the oral tradition is an art form conducted by an artist, it may be possible to tell the ibali likaNongqawuse by means of visual imagery. Visual images can be read and be understood easily by the public because visual forms, sings, images can make up a language for both the literate as well as the illiterate.

This thesis in an exploration of political mobilisation and its relation to violence and control in the townships of the Vaal Triangle, South Africa, c.1976 to 1986, with a particular focus on the Vaal Uprising of 1984. It examines the emerging conflict between councillors and local communities and the redrawing of imagined boundaries of community. Councillors were demarcated as a collective group that was perceived to be violating the social contract and were regarded as being obstacles to meaningful political change. The period saw the emergence of a localised discourse around accountability, political legitimacy, transparency, freedom and community. Political subjectivities were influenced by the straddling of everyday experiences of oppression, violence, inequality and poverty on one hand and the impact of ideologies of freedom and liberation on the other. The latter were promoted by the African National Congress in exile, as well as the United Democratic Front, but these organisations did not provide direct leadership. On 3 September 1984 the conflict escalated, sparked by an announcement to increase rent, service tariffs and municipal levies. It led to a large-scale uprising that altered the political and social landscape. It heralded the beginning of the insurrectionary period of the mid-1980s that brought the most sustained challenge to the apartheid regime. The relative success of the uprising in enforcing concessions from local authorities and the departure of councillors from the townships informed subsequent political strategies. The state attempted to win Hearts and Minds with limited reforms but also used heavy-handed repression. Terror began to escalate and state violence further conscientised and radicalised local communities. Youth activists in particular came to believe that the regime could only be overcome if confronted with strategies of political violence. Alleged informers and black policemen came under increasing attack, reflecting a redrawing of boundaries of community and hindering effective policing.

No abstract available / Thesis (PhD (Science of Religion and Missiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section 07summary of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Cultural History))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Esta tese se dedica a investigar o papel dos guerreiros (identificados e reconhecidos como \"nguni\") nas redes de poder de Gaza, formado no sul do atual Moçambique ao longo do século XIX. Associados ao inkosi e integrados a desenvolvimentos de longo alcance, os guerreiros transpunham fronteiras em perspectiva de comunicação, atribuindo com a sua movimentação dimensões de reciprocidade ou interdição, enunciadas em aproximação ritualizada. Na historiografia, a referência ao guerreiro se alinha em relação a dois eixos principais de análise, apresentados muitas vezes de forma associada. O primeiro, descreve o comportamento agressivo como supostamente inerente ao homem \"africano primitivo\", em uma redução do social ao natural, que retém o guerreiro na atemporalidade de sua própria selvageria. No segundo, a perspectiva econômica se sobrepõe como fundamento analítico, apresentando a violência como o resultado da combinação entre escassez de recursos e fraqueza das forças produtivas. Afastando-se da interpretação da violência como um impulso humano simples e universal e do paradigma \"que se concentra na luta pela reprodução e na competição por sobrevivência e status\", como observou o historiador Jon Abbink, esta tese busca recompor as relações sociais de força, poder e dominação que moldavam a potencialidade do ato violento, ao tempo em que os guerreiros interconectavam histórias e influíam em seus cursos, com sua movimentação e interação múltiplas. / This thesis is dedicated to investigating the role of warriors (identified and recognized as \"nguni\") in the Gaza power networks, formed in the south of present-day Mozambique during the 19th century. Associated with the inkosi and integrated with long-range developments, the warriors crossed borders in perspective of communication, attributing with their movement dimensions of reciprocity or interdiction, enunciated in a ritualized approach. In historiography, the reference to the warrior aligns in relation to two main axes of analysis, often presented in a related manner. The first describes aggressive behavior as supposedly inherent in \"primitive African\" man, in a reduction from social to natural, which retains the warrior in the timelessness of his own savagery. In the second, the economic perspective overlaps as an analytical foundation, presenting violence as the result of a combination of scarce resources and weak productive factors. Moving away from the interpretation of violence as a simple and universal human impulse and from the paradigm \"which focuses on the struggle for reproduction and competition for survival and status\", as the historian Jon Abbink remarked, this thesis aims to recompose the social relations of power, and domination that shaped the potentiality of the violent act, at a time when warriors interconnected histories and influenced their courses with their multiple movements and interactions.

MA (Tshivenda) / Senthara ya M. E. R. Mathivha ya Nyambo dza Vharema , Vhutsila na Mvelele / Musi ḽifhasi ḽoṱhe na lushaka lwoṱhe vho sedza u losha sa u tambudza vhathu vha mbeu ya tshinnani na ya tshifumakadzini, kha mvelele ya Tshivenḓa u losha hu tou vha u ḓiṱongisa ngazwo. Vhavenḓa ndi lushaka lune lwa dzhia u losha tshi tshone tshithu tsha ndeme kha mvelele yavho ya Tshivenḓa zwine zwa bvukulula tshivhumbeo na vhuvha, u ṱhonifha, u hulisa, u ṋea tshirunzi, u tenda mulandu na vhuthu nga u angaredza. Ngauralo, ṱhoḓisiso iyi i khou ṱoḓisisa u losha ha vhanna na vhafumakadzi kha mvelele ya Tshivenḓa. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo dovha ya ṱoḓisisa nḓila dzo fhambanaho dza u losha vhukati ha kuloshele kwa kale na kuloshele kwa musalauno hu u itela uri ṱhoḓisiso iyi i dzie kana i angalale zwavhuḓi. Muṱoḓisisi u ḓo shumisa ngona ya khwaḽithethivi hune muhanga wa thyori wo ḓisendeka nga Afrocentrism kana Afrocentricity Framework. Iyi ndi thyiori ine ya khwaṱhisa u ombedzela kana u khwaṱhisedza mvelele ya Vharema na u bveledza mvelaphanḓa kha u alusa mvelele ya Vharema. Ṱhoḓisiso iyi i ḓo dovha ya ṱalutshedza siangane, tshitatamennde tsha thaidzo, ndivho, zwipikwa na ndeme ya ṱhoḓisiso khathihi na ṱhalutshedzo dza mathemo a ndeme. / NRF

Student Number : 7805464 - MA dissertation - School of SLLS - Faculty of Arts / This dissertation interrogates Anne Landsman’s The Devil’s Chimney. The novel is narrated by the poor-white alcoholic, Connie, who imagines a story about Beatrice, an English colonist living on a farm in the Little Karoo. Connie, who is a product of the apartheid era, interweaves her own story with that of Beatrice’s and, in this way, comes to terms with her own memories, her abusive husband and the new South Africa. Connie deploys the genre of magical realism to create a defamiliarised farm setting for Beatrice’s narrative. She thus challenges the stereotypes associated with the traditional plaasroman and its patriarchal codes. These codes are also subverted in Connie’s representation of Beatrice, who contests her identity as the authoritative Englishwoman, as constructed by colonial discourse. In addition, Beatrice’s black domestic, Nomsa, is given voice and agency: facilities denied to her counterparts in colonial and apartheid fiction. Nomsa’s relationship with Beatrice is also characterised by subversion as it blurs the boundaries between colonised and coloniser. In this regard, the text demands a postcolonial reading. Connie, in narrating Beatrice’s and Nomsa’s stories, reinvents their invisible lives and, by doing so, is able to rewrite herself. In this, she tentatively envisions a future for herself and also potentially ‘narrates’ the nation, thus contributing to the new national literature. The nation is inscribed in the Cango caves, whose spaces witness the seminal episodes in Beatrice’s narrative. In these events, the caves ‘write’ the female body and women’s sexuality and the text thus calls for an engagement with feminism. The caves also inscribe South African history, the Western literary canon, the imagination and Landsman’s own voice. Hence, the caves assume the characteristics of a palimpsest. This, together with the metafictive elements of the novel, invites an encounter with postmodernism.

In semi-arid regions subject to rising temperatures and drought, palaeoecological insights into past vegetation dynamics under a range of boundary conditions are needed to develop our understanding of environmental responses to climatic changes. Here, we present a new high-resolution record of vegetation history and fire activity spanning the last 12,000 years from Lake Sidi Ali in the southern Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The record is underpinned by a robust AMS radiocarbon and 210Pb/137Cs chronology and multi-proxy approach allowing direct comparison of vegetation, hydroclimate, and catchment tracers. The record reveals the persistence of steppic landscapes until 10,340 cal yr BP, prevailing sclerophyll woodland with evergreen Quercus until 6,300 cal yr BP, predominance of montane conifers (Cedrus and Cupressaceae) until 1,300 cal yr BP with matorralization and increased fire activity from 4,320 cal yr BP, and major reduction of forest cover after 1,300 cal yr BP. Detailed comparisons between the pollen record of Lake Sidi Ali (2,080m a.s.l.) and previously published data from nearby Tigalmamine (1,626m a.s.l.) highlight common patterns of vegetation change in response to Holocene climatic and anthropogenic drivers, as well as local differences relating to elevation and bioclimate contrasts between the sites. Variability in evergreen Quercus and Cedrus at both sites supports a Holocene summer temperature maximum between 9,000 and 7,000 cal yr BP in contrast with previous large-scale pollen-based climate reconstructions, and furthermore indicates pervasive millennial temperature variability. Millennial-scale cooling episodes are inferred from Cedrus expansion around 10,200, 8,200, 6,100, 4,500, 3,000, and 1,700 cal yr BP, and during the Little Ice Age (400 cal yr BP). A two-part trajectory of Late Holocene forest decline is evident, with gradual decline from 4,320 cal yr BP linked to synergism between pastoralism, increased fire and low winter rainfall, and a marked reduction from 1,300 cal yr BP, attributed to intensification of human activity around the Early Muslim conquest of Morocco. This trajectory, however, does not mask vegetation responses to millennial climate variability. The findings reveal the sensitive response ofMiddle Atlas forests to rapid climate changes and underscore the exposure of the montane forest ecosystems to future warming.

Cette thèse porte sur la pratique des échanges et du commerce dans la société précoloniale du Gabon. L’enjeu est d’étudier cette pratique en privilégiant un angle d’approche général au départ, et en mettant en œuvre une démarche analytique progressive, afin de saisir les acteurs, les modes de production mais également les produits faisant l’objet de ces échanges. L’objet « La pratique des échanges commerciaux dans la société précoloniale du Gabon : XVIe-XIXe siècle » se situe à la croisée des relations internationales, de l’analyse des contacts avec les peuples de « l’extérieur », de processus d’européanisation et peut donc faire l’objet d’approche différentes selon les variables qu’on entend privilégier. Nous avons choisi de l’étudier selon une démarche non seulement historique mais anthropologique et sociologique qui nous conduisent à privilégier certains concepts clés : historique des peuples, étude de leur milieu et mode de vie, configurations de relations entre acteurs structurant un nouvel espace social d’interactions. D’un point de vue méthodologique, cette étude s’appuie sur une démarche qualitative et privilégie l’usage des entretiens : le corpus de compose d’une cinquantaine d’entretiens, complétés par l’audio-visuel, la littérature spécialisée et grise sur le sujet. Elle se compose de deux parties, découpées en six (6) chapitres totaux. Dans une première partie, la thèse se concentre sur l’historique des peuples du Gabon précolonial en prenant en compte les facteurs, les circuits et les dénouements des migrations, en l’occurrence les implantations de ces groupes ethniques dans leur habitat actuel. Elle s’étend ensuite sur l’étude de l’organisation sociale politique et culturelle des peuples à travers l’analyse des structures parentale, matrimoniale, juridique et culturelle. Enfin, cette partie précise le contexte et le jeu des différents acteurs à l’origine du développement de ces échanges : la production agricole et artisanale favorisée d’une part par la division sociale du travail et la spécialisation des groupes et d’autre part par les failles écologiques (l’inégal répartition de ressources, aridité des sols, animaux dévastateurs des cultures). Dans un second temps, la thèse fait porter l’analyse sur le déroulement des activités d’échange d’une part et de commerce d’autre part. Elle met en relief les différents circuits empruntés par les acteurs et les produits ainsi que les zones d’aboutissement. D’abord, elle fait une description des échanges en milieu local mettent en scène les membres des mêmes milieux ou des milieux proches les uns des autres. Cette interdépendance observée au sein des groupes avait comme base les liens de familiarité ou d’amitié entre ces différents groupes d’acteurs concernés. Ensuite, est évoqué le système d’échange hors des territoires, quoi que le concept territoire ne soit qu’employé de façon péjorative. Cette catégorie d’échange fait naître des contacts entre les populations avec celles des localités environnantes du nord au sud, de l’est à l’ouest. Enfin, le poids de l’abolition de la traite des noirs joue à un niveau macro comme obstacle des activités économiques des européens, ce qui soulève dès lors des enjeux capitalistes pour ces derniers. La naissance de cette économie de traitre, mais également son déroulement et son ascendance sur l’économie traditionnelle préexistante font l’objet de notre troisième et dernier chapitre de cette seconde partie. Entre héritage et ajustements de nature, ces politiques économiques vont mettre en place de types de monnaies, de produits et d’habitudes. Là encore, le poids des cultures et des habitudes étrangères à ces peuples, limitaient la pratique des échanges traditionnels, développant les effets d’apprentissage aux métiers pourvoyeur du gain. / This thesis deals with the practice of the exchanges and some trade in the pré-colonial society of the Gabon. The stake is to study this practice by favoring an angle of general approach at first, and by operating a progressive analytical approach, to seize the actors, the modes of production but also the products being the object of these exchanges. The object " the practice of the trades in the pré-colonial society of the Gabon: XVIe-XIXe century " is situated between the international relations, between the analysis of the contacts with the peoples of " the outside ", process of Europeanization and can thus be the object of different approaches according to the variables which we intend to favor. We chose to study it according to an approach not only historic but anthropological and sociological which leads us to favor certain key concepts: history of the peoples, the study of their middle and lifestyle, configurations of relations between actors structuring a new social space of interactions. From a methodological point of view, this study leans on a qualitative approach and favors the use of the conversations: the corpus of composes of about fifty conversations, completed by the broadcasting, the specialized and grey literature on the subject. It consists of two parts, cut in six (6) total chapters.In a first part, the thesis concentrates on the history of the peoples of the pre-colonial Gabon by taking into account factor, circuits and outcomes of the migrations, in this particular case the setting-up of these ethnic groups in their current housing environment. It extends then over the study of the political and cultural social organization of the peoples through the analysis of the parental, marital, legal and religious structures. Finally, this part specifies the context and the game of the various actors at the origin of the development of these exchanges: the agricultural and craft production favored on one hand by the social division of the work and the specialization of groups and on the other hand by the ecological weaknesses uneven distribution of resources, aridity of grounds, devastating animals.Secondly, the thesis makes concern the analysis the progress of the activities of exchange on one hand and trade on the other hand. It accentuates the various circuits borrowed by the actors and the products as well as the zones of outcome. At first, It makes a description of the exchanges in local environment stage the members of the same circles or the close circles from each other. This interdependence observed within the groups had for basis the links of familiarity or friendship between these various groups of concerned actors. Then, is evoked the system of exchange outside territories, whatever the concept territory is only used in a pejorative way. This category of exchange creates contacts between the populations with those of the surrounding localities from north to south, from east to west. Finally, the weight of the abolition of the slave trade plays a level macro as obstacle of the economic activities of the European, what lifts from then on capitalist stakes for the latter. The birth of this economy of traitor, but also its progress and its ancestry on the pre-existent traditional economy are the object of our third and last chapter of this second part. Between inheritance and natural adjustments, these economic policies are going to set up of types of currencies, products and habits. Even there, the weight of the cultures and the habits foreign to these peoples, limited the practice of the traditional exchanges, developing the effects of apprenticeship in the jobs supplier of the earnings.