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The purpose of this research is to give a historical account of the educational developments for black students in Fairfax County, Virginia. The research will first address a brief history of education in Virginia. The second and third chapters will respectively address education for black students in the state and pre-Civil War education in Fairfax County. Chapters four and five will focus on the formation of post-Civil War public education in Fairfax County and the education of black students within the county. The author will fit the education of Fairfax County's black students into the context of education within the state of Virginia. Comparisons and contrasts can then be made regarding the quality of education offered to black students in Fairfax County. As with many southern communities, the growth of public education was affected by complacent attitudes, agrarian life styles, poor quality roads and lack of transportation. Fairfax County was no exception. Although numerous private and free schools existed prior to the Civil War, few received black students. The education of the black child, then, was left to the mercy and interest of those around him who chose to teach him basic reading and writing. Alexandria, for example, boasted of a large free black population--many of whom were educated in Alexandria when it was a part of Fairfax County. Both philanthropic and missionary agencies supported education for black students. After the Civil War other schools existed such as the Freedmen's Bureau schools. These schools functioned until 1871. By this time free public education was a reality in Virginia and the issue of placing both black and white children in the same school became the major topic of educational discussion. In an effort to avoid integration black students were sent outside of Fairfax County to Manassas and Washington. After years of struggle, Luther Jackson School was built within the county to educate Fairfax County's black students. Other schools were gradually built to accommodate the educational needs of the county's black students. Even though schools were built to educate black students, there were many disparities in terms of the quality of facilities within the buildings. Following the 1954 Brown Decision outlawing de jure segregation school assignment was not based on race for black or white children. As a result, parents could have a voice in school selection. In reality, the Brown Decision offered black parents more voice as these parents often sent their children to the formerly white schools. The general belief by whites was that black schools were inferior. Many of the formerly all-black schools eventually became administrative offices for Fairfax County Public Schools and black students began attending schools in their home districts. / Ed. D.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa visa conhecer a HistÃria do Ensino Militar Naval no CearÃ, com Ãnfase na criaÃÃo da Escola de Aprendizes Marinheiros do CearÃ, entre 1864 a 1889 e sua contribuiÃÃo para a sociedade cearense. Nosso campo de anÃlise a inseriu dentro do campo das InstituiÃÃes Escolares, especificamente, a partir discussÃo da histÃria do ensino militar, articulando-a com os campos da histÃria da social, da infÃncia, dos mÃtodos de ensino, dentre outros. Para conduzir essa pesquisa, utilizamos como referencial bibliogrÃfico autores como Fernando Azevedo, PlÃcido Aderaldo Castelo, Primitivo Moacyr, Prado Maia, dentre vÃrios, para sedimentar as reflexÃes sobre esse tema. Como metodologia, utilizamos estudos documentais junto à prÃpria Escola de Aprendizes Marinheiro do Cearà e diversas instituiÃÃes como: Biblioteca PÃblica Governador Menezes Pimentel, Arquivo PÃblico do Estado do CearÃ, Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Nacional, assim como, pesquisamos nos estabelecimentos navais como: Biblioteca, Arquivo e Museu da Marinha. Como procedimentos, fizemos o cruzamento das leis da educaÃÃo brasileira, dos documentos institucionais, de revistas militares navais, assim como de reportagens junto aos jornais do perÃodo. De acordo com essa pesquisa descobrimos que as Companhias de Aprendizes Marinheiros surgiram no Brasil a partir de 1840 como projeto de formaÃÃo profissional, tendo como pÃblico alvo menores, ÃrfÃos e desvalidos, sob a guarda das autoridades locais - Presidentes das ProvÃncias, JuÃzes de ÃrfÃos e Delegados de PolÃcia. Entre os anos de 1840 e 1885, foram instaladas companhias de aprendizes marinheiros em diversas provÃncias brasileiras. As companhias de aprendizes marinheiros, portanto, se constituÃram em estabelecimentos profissional e educacional, um quartel-escola. ConcluÃmos que a Companhia de Aprendizes Marinheiro do CearÃ, na medida em que foi se estruturando para formaÃÃo profissional, moral e religiosa, e intelectual dos aprendizes, promoveu a formaÃÃo para o trabalho atendo principalmente os anseios do Estado, da InstituiÃÃo e da sociedade que buscavam a formaÃÃo do novo homem-cidadÃo. De fato a pesquisa nos mostrou que a EAMCE atuou como instrumento do Estado no sentido de controle da camada popular, dando a essa aÃÃo cores prÃprias dentro de um processo de militarizaÃÃo que se efetivou durante o Segundo Reinado.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Sue Zschoche / Historians have often linked the route of the second wave of the women's movement on college campuses with the development of women's liberation as young women involved in the New Left came to feminist consciousness working in civil rights and anti-Vietnam protests. This dissertation considers a “longer, quieter” route to feminist consciousness on a college campus by considering the role of a dean of women, Dr. Emily Taylor, at the University of Kansas between 1956 and 1974. Through her office that centered on women’s affairs, Taylor used the student personnel and counseling profession to instigate the dissolution of parietals at KU, a project that has long been associated with New Left student protests. A liberal feminist committed to incremental change to benefit women’s equal status in society, Taylor structured her office to foster feminist consciousness in undergraduate students, and provided staff support to New Left and radical women’s groups as they emerged on the KU campus. As a result, the inter-generational exchange that occurred within the KU dean of women’s office illustrates one example of how liberal and radical feminists interacted to foster social change within an institution of higher learning. The projects undertaken within her office illustrate that these seemingly separate groups of women overlapped, collaborated, and sometimes clashed as they worked toward achieving feminist goals. Her career at KU also shows that the metaphor of a first and second wave of the women’s movement may not be an accurate picture of the growth of feminism on co-educational campuses. Little scholarly work exists on the role of deans of women in higher education, or regarding women college students in the years immediately following World War II. This dissertation adds to the literature in both areas, showing that in the case of KU the administration was not a monolithic obstacle to student protest, the New Left, civil rights, and feminism. Instead, Taylor as dean of women pushed initiatives that bore on all of these areas. While Taylor is one example, her career illustrates patterns in deans of women’s activities that deserve further study and consideration.

The aim of this thesis is to characterise the shifting relationship between public and private education in nineteenth-century Sweden. It does so by a study of modern language teaching in Stockholm 1800–1880. Whereas modern languages had long been taught by private language masters, German, French and English were only officially recognised as subjects of public grammar schools in 1807. The study shows that, unlike the impression given by earlier studies, the introduction of public teaching of modern languages did not bring an end to private language instruction. The study further demonstrates that although private language teaching continued to thrive alongside the expanding public language education, the relationship between the two types of education changed over time. Until the 1840s, both private and public education operated as competitors in a local educational market, adjusting their language teaching to local demand and mutual competition. A crucial condition for this competition was the fact that state curriculums still had a relatively limited impact on the actual teaching of public schools. In the later part of the century, the language teaching within public schools became more influenced by the idea of formal education, leading to an increased focus on grammar. Simultaneously, the role of private language instruction evolved into complementing public teaching, primarily by providing the practical proficiency neglected in public schools. While the study questions the importance and effects of central reforms, especially in the earlier decades of the 19th century, it points to other significant factors that influenced the local education market. In particular, the gradual centralisation and systematisation of public schools diminished their ability to cater for local demand. But the growing importance of formal credentials meant that public schools had less need to compete for students. Students were no longer necessarily attracted by the practical usefulness of schooling, creating both the possibility of the specific form of language teaching that developed within public schools, as well as the need of supplementary private instruction.

Literature within the field of Comparative Education often cautions against the transfer of foreign policies from one context to another. Despite this warning, Ontario’s public education system is said to have been based on an eclectic mix of foreign examples: teacher training institutes replicating Prussian Seminaries, school financing and the role of the chief superintendent and board of education as in the states of Massachusetts and New York, and using the Irish curriculum. This study conceptualises the manner in which these foreign elements became part of the 1846 school law and the reaction of stakeholders in and outside of government. The period covered by this study, 1844 – 1876, corresponds to Egerton Ryerson’s time as Chief Superintendent of education in Ontario. Extensive archival research of incoming and outgoing correspondence from the department of education, district council meeting minutes, newspapers, and local superintendent, inspector and trustee reports revealed contrasting opinions. On the one hand, sources indicated favourable results: increased pupil attendance, number of facilities and money raised to fund schools. There is also evidence that many foreign educationalists not only requested resources from Ontario’s board but aspired to emulate features of the province’s reformed education system in their own nations. This study’s finding of a ‘reverse cross-national attraction’ is a new contribution to Canadian historical studies. However, many resented features of the school bill. Critics called the superintendent and board’s method of organisation ‘Prussian despotism’ in Canadian schools; others argued the injustice of property tax to fund free schools and the cost burden of importing Irish textbooks. An original conceptual framework has been produced to review the manner in which Ryerson defended the new bill and the internalisation of these foreign policies and practices. This framework may serve as an analytical device for those engaged in researching educational policy borrowing.

Cette thèse porte sur l’usage du dictionnaire général français monolingue dans l’enseignement primaire. Cet usage, aujourd’hui banal, est-il ancien ? Depuis quand le dictionnaire a-t-il sa place dans l’enseignement ? Au XXIe siècle, de quels dictionnaires s’agit-il ? Sont-ils couramment consultés par les enseignants et les élèves ? Quel rôle jouent-ils dans l’apprentissage de la langue maternelle ? Quelle place occupent les outils numériques ? Pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, cette étude s’organise en trois parties consacrées, respectivement, à l’institutionnalisation de l’enseignement primaire ; à l’adaptation des premiers dictionnaires à cet enseignement ; à l’usage actuel du dictionnaire à l’école. Ces trois parties sont précédées d’un préambule qui s’attache à la définition du dictionnaire, à son élaboration et à son histoire. Il est toujours tenu compte du contexte historique, sans négliger les rapprochements contemporains, notamment géographiques. La conclusion dresse un bilan des efforts accomplis et ouvre des perspectives. À cette thèse sont jointes plusieurs annexes : textes de lois, listes de dictionnaires chronologiquement ou thématiquement classés, extraits de rapports officiels, tableaux comparatifs.. / This thesis focuses on the use of French general monolingual dictionary in elementary education. How far does this now commonplace practice go back in history? Since when does the dictionary have a place in education? What dictionaries do we refer to in the twenty-first century? Are they commonly consulted by teachers and students? What roles do they play in learning the mother tongue? What is the place of the digital tools? In order to try to provide an answer to these questions, the study is organized into three parts: the institutionalization of elementary education; the adaptation of the first dictionaries to this education; the current use of the dictionary in schools. These three parts are preceded by a preamble defining the dictionary, its production and its history. The historical context has always been taken into account, as have contemporary comparisons, especially geographical. The conclusion gives an evaluation of efforts undertaken so far and offers future perspectives. Several appendices are attached : legislation, lists of dictionaries classified by date or theme, excerpts from official reports, comparative tables..

[pt] O objetivo do presente trabalho é oferecer um panorama dos debates acerca da educação no Rio de Janeiro na década de 1920. Para tanto, recorremos à análise dos artigos publicados no Jornal do Commercio, periódico de grande circulação na então capital federal, Rio de Janeiro - a vitrine da modernidade nacional. O Jornal do Commercio possuía um espaço diário para a publicação dos atos oficiais nas colunas Diretoria geral de instrução pública e Diretoria geral de instrução pública municipal, além de artigos diversos, propagandas de colégios, discursos de paraninfos eventualmente publicados no corpo do jornal. Por meio desta análise foi possível visualizar os temas educacionais mais polêmicos e/ou mais recorrentes do período, ou seja, a construção do espaço escolar, o papel da escola primária, a obrigatoriedade escolar, além da abordagem da Educação como agente de progresso nacional, que banhava e se associava a todas as demais questões. / [en] The aim of this study is to make a view of the debates about instruction in Brazil in the 1920s. In view of that, we resort to the analysis of the news published at Jornal do Commercio, a newspaper which had huge circulation in capital of Brazil at the time, Rio de Janeiro - the shop window of national modernity. The Jornal do Commercio used to publish every day, in a permanent space of the journal, the determinations of the Diretoria Geral de Instrução Pública (General Board of Public Instruction) and of the Diretoria Geral de Instrução Pública Municipal (General Board of Public Municipal Instruction). Furthermore, the newspaper had published too a diversity of texts such as advertisements of schools and speeches of paraninfos.Through this analysis was possible to have a vision about the educational themes which were more polemical, and/or which have given more attention in the mentioned period, for example, the construction of scholar space, the role of primary school, the compulsory of education. Beyond these, it was a question which all others were associated: the role of Education as the responsible agent for the national progress.

O presente trabalho é o resultado de um estudo sobre a implantação de parques infantis na cidade de Ribeirão Preto a partir da década de 1950, tendo como fonte de pesquisa documentos de natureza oficial, além de jornais, legislação e fotografias encontrados no Arquivo Público e Histórico do município. Objetivando analisar a gênese da instituição na cidade e identificar as bases sobre as quais o atendimento à criança se deu no interior dos parques, foi necessário buscar as origens da proposta parqueana e cotejar os diferentes modelos que foram implantados. Para tal, contou-se com um levantamento bibliográfico de dissertações, teses e outros trabalhos de pesquisa acerca do conceito de Parques Infantis que colaborou no sentido de evidenciar que o modelo precursor, instalado na capital paulista na década de 1930 por orientação do então Chefe do Departamento de Cultura Mário de Andrade, apresentava pontos em comum com algumas iniciativas que vinham sendo articuladas em outros países desde o século XIX. Além disso, a bibliografia delineou aspectos acerca do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo (DEF-SP) que permitiram situar melhor este órgão no contexto da construção dos parques não apenas em Ribeirão Preto, mas em outras cidades do interior paulista, onde orientava a construção dos prédios e difundia um modelo mais voltado para a Educação Física. Para atingirmos os resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa foi realizado, ainda, um levantamento sistemático de cada instituição que funcionou na cidade a partir de 1951 dados acerca do terreno e da localização dos parques, dos diferentes espaços e atividades desenvolvidas, dos funcionários e suas atribuições, entre outros. A leitura das fontes oficiais que consultamos, guardadas no Arquivo Municipal, sugere fortemente o protagonismo do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado na mobilização das autoridades políticas locais para a instalação dos parques e dizem respeito ao contexto político e social da cidade, que recebeu seu primeiro parque infantil em 1951. As fontes evidenciam que o modelo de instituição instalado em Ribeirão Preto se diferenciou do projeto criado por Mário de Andrade, em São Paulo, especialmente sob os aspectos culturais, que eram pouco ou quase nada considerados na rotina das crianças que frequentavam os parques da cidade em estudo. / This work is the result of a study on the implementation of children\'s playgrounds in the city of Ribeirão Preto from the 1950s, and has as source official documents, and journals, legislation and photographs found in the Public Archives and History about the city. Aimed at analyzing the genesis of the institution in the city and identify the basis on which to attendance the child took place inside the playground, it was necessary to seek the origins of playground proposal and collate the different models that have been deployed. To this end, counted on a literature review of dissertations, thesis and other research papers about the concept of playgrounds that collaborated in order to show that the precursor model, installed in São Paulo in the 1930s under the guidance of then Chief Department of Culture Mário de Andrade, had points in common with some initiatives that were being articulated in other countries since the 19th century. In addition, the literature outlined aspects about the Department of Education of São Paulo State Physics (DEF-SP) that allowed better situate this organ in connection with the construction of playground not only in Ribeirão Preto but in other cities of São Paulo, where directed the construction of buildings and diffused a friendlier model for Physical Education. To achieve the results obtained in this study , was conducted, a systematic survey of each institution that worked in the city since 1951 - data about the terrain and location of playgrounds, different spaces and developed activities , employees and their assignments , among others. Reading the official sources we consulted, stored in the Municipal Archive, strongly suggests the role of the state Department of Physical Education in the mobilization of local political authorities for the installation of playground and concern the political and social context of the city, which received its first playground in 1951. The sources show that the institution model installed in Ribeirao Preto differed design created by Mário de Andrade, in São Paulo, especially in the cultural aspects which were little or nothing considered in the routine of the children attending the city\'s playgrounds studied.