Zhang Ye. / "October 2001." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-224). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Este estudo investigou se o tratamento com glicocorticoide durante a gestação altera o metabolismo energético, hormonal e molecular materno, a função das ilhotas pancreáticas e mudanças correlativas sobre miRNAs. Foram utilizadas 80 ratas dividas em dois grupos de 40 animais, sendo um grupo destinado para envelhecimento até um ano após o desmame da prole, e o seguinte grupo destinado para experimentação no 20º dia de gestação, ambos dispostos em: CTL - controle, CTL-Dex - controle tratadas com dexametasona por 6 dias, P - prenhes e P-Dex - prenhes tratadas com dexametasona do 14º-19º dia de gestação. A expressão de miRNA das ilhotas foram analisadas em larga escala. Os genes alvos foram rastreados em banco de dados e confirmados. Por fim, investigou-se o mecanismo de modulação da homeostasia glicêmica. Inúmeras modificações resultaram da terapia com DEXA na gestação concluindo que a associação do tratamento ao período gravídico modula positivamente membros da família miRNA-29 ocasionando um desequilíbrio na homeostasia glicêmica por meio de falha na maquinaria exocitótica em longo prazo, desencadeado pela modulação negativa de progesterona e seu receptor promovendo prejuízo no processo de remodelação da ilhota pancreática na fase final da gestação. / This study investigated whether treatment with glucocorticoids during pregnancy alters the energetic, hormonal and molecular maternal metabolism, function of pancreatic islets and correlative changes of miRNAs. Were used 80 rats divided into two groups of 40 animals, one group designed to aging up one year after weaning, and the next group destined to experimentation at 20th day of gestation, both arranged: CTL - control, CTL-Dex - control treated with dexamethasone for 6 days, P - pregnant rats and P-Dex - pregnant rats treated with dexamethasone from 14th to 19th day of pregnancy. Pancreatic islets were collected for large-scale analysis of miRNA expression. The target genes were screened and confirmed by qPCR. Finally it was investigated the mechanism of modulation of glucose homeostasis through qPCR and Western Blot. We can be observed numerous changes resulting from therapy with DEXA in pregnancy concluded that the association of treatment to the pregnancy period modulates members of the miRNA-29 family causing an imbalance in glucose homeostasis through long-term failure in exocytotic machinery, triggered by the downregulation of the progesterone and its receptor promoting injury in the pancreatic islet remodeling process in late pregnancy.

Orientador: Renato Luis Furlan / Resumo: Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização de dietas com baixo teor protéico, formuladas usando o conceito de proteína ideal, para frangos de corte de 7 a 21 dias (experimento 1) e de 21 a 42 dias (experimento 2) criados em diferentes temperaturas. Foram utilizados 900 e 720 frangos machos para os experimentos 01 e 02 respectivamente, da linhagem Cobb-500, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, com os fatores: níveis de proteína bruta (uma dieta controle e duas com redução protéica de 1,5 e 3,0% em relação a dieta controle) e temperaturas ambiente (fria, termoneutra e quente), totalizando nove tratamentos com quatro repetições cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais, percentagem de gordura abdominal, temperaturas superficiais e cloacal e a perda de calor por radiação. No experimento 1 a redução do teor protéico prejudicou o desempenho dos frangos independente da temperatura, enquanto que no experimento 2 a redução da proteína bruta foi prejudicial somente para a temperatura quente. O desempenho foi reduzido pelas temperaturas quente e fria (experimento 1) e quente (experimento 2). A redução protéica aumentou a deposição de gordura abdominal das aves em ambos os experimentos. A temperatura quente proporcionou maior rendimento de carcaça, de coxa+sobrecoxa e de asas, enquanto o rendimento de peito foi reduzido. A gordura abdominal aumentou com a elevação da temperatura somente no experimento 1. Nos dois experimentos, as temperaturas superficial e cloacal aumentaram com a elevação da temperatura ambiente, e a perda de calor por radiação diminuiu, enquanto que os níveis de proteína não afetaram a homeostase térmica das aves. / Abstract: Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the use of low-protein diets, formulated on ideal protein concept, for broilers from 7 to 21 days (experiment 1), and from 21 to 42 days (experiment 2) reared under different environmental temperatures. Nine hundred (experiment 1), and seventy hundred and twenty (experiment 2) male broilers of Cobb-500 strain were randomly housed in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement: crude protein levels (a control diet, and two other diets with reductions of 1,5 and 3,0% of the protein level from control diet), and environmental temperatures (cold, thermoneutral, and hot) resulting in nine treatments with four replicates each. Performance, carcass and part yields, abdominal fat deposition, surface and cloacal temperatures, and heat loss by radiation were evaluated. Low-protein diets impaired broiler performance irrespective the environment temperature in experiment 1, while the performance was reduced only when low-protein diets were fed at hot temperature in experiment 2. Performance was reduced by cold and hot temperature (experiment 1) and hot temperature (experiment 2). Low-protein diets increased the abdominal fat deposition in both experiments. Hot temperatures improved carcass, thigh+drumstick, and wing yields, while breast yield was reduced. Abdominal fat (experiment 1), and surface and cloacal temperatures (experiments 1 e 2) increased as environmental temperature was increased, while heat loss by radiation decreased. There was no effect of protein levels on thermal homeostasis of broilers. / Mestre

La macroautophagie est un processus catabolique, situé au carrefour entre l’homéostasie et le métabolisme cellulaire. Dans le système immunitaire, elle joue des rôles spécialisés, en contribuant notamment à la régulation de l’inflammation et la présentation antigènique. En utilisant deux modèles murins, nous avons pu démontrer que la macroautophagy est nécessaire à la lignée lymphocytaire B et contribue à l’élaboration d’une réponse humorale optimale. En effet, la macroautophagie contribue à la survie des cellules sécrétrices d’antigènes, notamment la population plasmocytaire, ainsi que des cellules à longue durée de vie, telles que les lymphocytes B mémoire. Nous avons également démontré qu’une forme d’autophagie non-canonique était nécessaire pour la présentation efficace d’antigènes particulaires reconnus par le récepteur des lymphocytes B. Dans ce contexte, la machinerie macroautophagique contribue à la polarisation du cytosquelette des lymphocytes B, afin de former une synapse immunologique, nécessaire au chargement efficace du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe II, et ainsi, à la présentation antigènique. A l’aide d’un troisième modèle de souris transgénique, nous avons caractérisé un rôle jusqu’alors inconnu de la macroautophagie dans le maintient de l’homéostasie des cellules de Langerhans. L’inhibition de la macroautophagie altère la survie de ces cellules, en les exposant à potentiel stress du réticulum endoplasmique, potentiellement non compensé. En somme, nous avons démontré que la macroautophagie était un acteur majeur au sein des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes. / Macroautophagy is a catabolic process at the crossroad between homeostasis and metabolism. In the immune system it also possesses specialized roles such as inflammation regulation and antigen presentation. Here we demonstrated in two mice models that macroautophagy is integral to B cell lineage for proper humoral responses. Indeed it insures the survival of secreting cells such as plasma cells and long living cells such as memory B cells. We also report that non-canonical autophagy is also needed for an efficient presentation of particulate antigen recognized by the B cell receptor. In this context it drives B cell cytoskeleton polarization to form an immune synapse necessary for the efficient loading of class two major histocompatibility complexes and the subsequent antigen presentation. Using a third mice model we unveiled a yet uncharacterized function of macroautophagy in Langerhans cells, a subset of epidermal dendritic cells, homeostasis. Macroautophagy inhibition impairs their survival by exposing them to a potentially uncompensated endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Altogether we demonstrated that macroautophagy is a major actor in several types of antigen presenting cells.

A homeostase da mama normal depende das interações entre células epiteliais e o estroma a elas associado. Estudos anteriores mostraram que no carcinoma mamário o estroma é constituído por células com diferentes funções. Estes elementos do estroma incluem fibroblastos, os quais modulam o comportamento tumoral, fornecendo fatores de crescimento e componentes de matriz extracelular. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a expressão gênica diferencial entre fibroblastos derivados de tecido mamário neoplásico ou não neoplásico e analisar a influência de células epiteliais normais (MCF10A) no perfil de expressão gênica de fibroblastos obtidos de tecido mamário neoplásico. Culturas primárias de fibroblastos foram estabelecidas e a expressão de vimentina e actina de músculo liso foi positiva. Foi realizada a co-cultura destas células com separação por insertos, o que permite a passagem de fatores solúveis, e o RNA foi extraído. Após a amplificação do RNAm foram sintetizadas sondas de cDNA, as quais foram marcadas com fluorocromos conjugados a deoxinucleotídeo, hibridizadas competitivamente sobre lâminas de vidro contendo 4.608 ORESTES criadas no Instituto Ludwig de Pesquisa sobre o Câncer/FAPESP e os sinais fluorescente gerados foram quantificados. Após a normalização destes dados, os genes diferencialmente expressos, com False Discovery Ratio (FDR) menor que 0,05, foram selecionados para análises posteriores. Encontramos 283 genes diferencialmente expressos em fibroblastos derivados de tecido mamário neoplásico quando comparados àqueles derivados de tecido mamário não-neoplásico. Dentre estes genes, 187 foram quantitativamente regulados negativamente (com variação de expressão de 1,05 a 4,14) contra 96 regulados positivamente (variação de expressão de 1,17 a 7,73). A maioria destas alterações foram relacionadas ao transporte entre membranas, transdução de sinal e biosíntese. Estes resultados podem sugerir uma redução na expressão gênica durante o processo de transformação. Após a co-cultura com células MCF10A, encontramos 566 genes diferencialmente expressos nos fibroblastos derivados de tecido mamário neoplásico, 323 foram regulados negativamente (expressão variando de 1,09 a 10,62) e 243 regulados positivamente (variação de expressão de 1,03 a 16,62). A influência das células MCF10A na expressão gênica destes fibroblastos pôde ser vista através da desregulação da expressão de genes relacionados com a proliferação celular, adesão, apoptose e sobrevivência. / The homeostasis of normal breast depends on interactions between epithelial cells and their associated stroma. Previous studies indicated that in breast cancer carcinoma, tumor associated stromal cells with different functions appear to be emerged. These stromal elements include fibroblasts which modulate tumor behavior providing various growth factors and extracellular matrix components. Our aim was to evaluate the differential gene expression between fibroblasts derived from mammary tissue neoplasic or not and to analyze the influence of normal epithelial cells (MCF10A) on gene expression profile of fibroblasts obtained from neoplasic mammary tissue. Fibroblast primary cultures were established and expression of vimentin and smooth cell actin was positive. Co-culture of these cell types separated by inserts, which allow the passage of soluble factors, was done and total RNA was extracted. After mRNA amplification using a template-switching prime, cDNA probes were synthesized, labeled with fluorochrome conjugated deoxynucleotide, a competitive hybridization was undertaken onto cDNA microarray glass slides in which 4,608 ORESTES (open reading frame expressed sequence tags) from Instituto Ludwig de Pesquisa sobre o Câncer/FAPESP bank were spotted and fluorescent signals were quantified. After normalization, the differentially expressed genes, at a False Discovery Ratio (FDR) less then 0.05, were selected for further analysis. We found 283 differentially expressed genes in fibroblasts obtained from neoplasic mammary tissue when compared with non neoplasic derived fibroblasts. Among these genes, 187 were quantitatively down regulated (fold ranging from 1.05 to 4.14) against 96 up regulated (fold ranging from 1.17 to 7.73). The majority of alterations were related to membrane transport, signaling transduction and biosynthesis. Overall these results could suggest a reduced gene expression along transformation process After coculture with MCF10A cells, we found 566 differentially expressed genes in neoplasic mammary tissue derived fibroblasts, 323 were down regulated (fold ranging from 1.09 to 10.62) and 243 up regulated (fold ranging from 1.03 to 16.62). MCF10A influence in mammary tissue neoplasic derived fibroblasts gene expression could be seen trough the deregulation of expression of some genes possibly related cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and survival.

Phosphate is an essential compound for life. Escherichia coli employs a signal transduction pathway that controls the expression of genes that are required for the high-affinity acquisition of phosphate and the utilization of alternate sources of phosphorous. These genes are only expressed when environmental phosphate is limiting. The seven genes for this signaling pathway encode the two-component regulatory proteins PhoB and PhoR, as well as the high-affinity phosphate transporter PstSCAB and an auxiliary protein called PhoU. As the sensor kinase PhoR has no periplasmic sensory domain, the mechanism by which these cells sense environmental phosphate is not known. This paper explores the hypothesis that it is the alternating conformations of the PstSCAB transporter which are formed as part of the normal phosphate transport cycle that signal phosphate sufficiency or phosphate limitation. We tested two variants of PstB that are predicted to lock the protein in either of two conformations for their signaling output. We observed that the pstBQ160K mutant, predicted to reside in an inward facing, open conformation signaled phosphate sufficiency whereas the pstBE179Q mutant, predicted to reside in an outward facing, closed conformation signaled phosphate starvation. Neither mutant showed phosphate transport.

La respiration est un processus fondamental qui doit être optimisé en réponse aux besoins cellulaires et aux conditions environnementales. Il a été démontré que la localisation subcellulaire dynamique du complexe nitrate réductase (NR) chez la bactérie E. coli est un moyen efficace de contrôler le flux d’électrons au cours la respiration nitrate.Pendant ma thèse, deux questions ont été posées : (i) Quels sont les facteurs moléculaires impliqués dans le mécanisme de localisation de la nitrate réductase ? (ii) Comment rendre compte de l’augmentation du flux d’électron dans la chaîne respiratoire lorsque le complexe est localisé aux pôles de la cellule ?Dans un premier temps, j’ai développé un crible génétique visant à identifier le ou les facteurs impliqués dans l’organisation spatiale de la nitrate réductase. En parallèle, j’ai mis en place une approche d’immunoprécipitation visant à identifier des protéines en interaction avec la NR lorsque celle-ci est localisée aux pôles. Cette approche associée à des expériences de microscopie à fluorescence nous ont permis de démontrer le regroupement de la formiate déshydrogénase FdnGHI avec la NR en condition de respiration nitrate expliquant l’importance de l’organisation spatiale de la NR pour l’efficacité de la chaîne respiratoire. Dans cet interactome, nous avons également identifié des acteurs impliqués dans l’homéostasie du NO qui est une molécule toxique dont la production est associée à l’optimisation de la respiration nitrate. Ainsi, le regroupement d’acteurs impliqués dans la chaîne de transfert d’électrons et dans l’homéostasie du NO semble être la clef du maintien de l’équilibre efficacité et toxicité. / Respiration is a fundamental process that must be optimized in response to metabolic demand and environmental changes. It has recently been demonstrated that dynamic subcellular localization of the respiratory complex nitrate reductase in E. coli is an efficient mean to control the electron flux during nitrate respiration, known to be crucial for gut colonization by enterobacteria when inflammation occurs.During my PhD, I focused on two key questions: (i) What are the molecular factors involved in the localization mechanism of nitrate reductase? (ii) How to account for the increase of the electron flux in the respiratory chain when the complex is localized at the cell poles? First, I designed a genetic screen aiming at identifying the underlying factor(s) involved in the spatial organization of nitrate reductase. Concomitantly, I implemented an immunoprecipitation approach to identify protein interacting with nitrate reductase when localized at the poles. Using this approach and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated the clustering of formate dehydrogenase FdnGHI and nitrate reductase at the poles under nitrate respiring condition. These data provide a mechanistic explanation on the importance of subcellular organization towards nitrate respiration efficiency. In this specific interactome of nitrate respiring condition, we also identified factors involved in NO homeostasis, a toxic compound resulting from the maximization of nitrate respiration. Hence, the clustering of actors involved in electron transfer and NO homeostasis seems to be the key to maintain the balance between maximizing electron flux and the resulting toxicity.

Neurons are specialized cells that communicate via electrical and chemical signaling. It is well-known that homeostatic mechanisms exist to potentiate neuronal output when activity falls. Likewise, while neurons rely on excitable states to function, these same excitable states must be kept in check for stable function. However, the identity of molecular factors and pathways regulating these pathways remain elusive. Chapter 2 of this thesis reports the findings from an RNA interference- and electrophysiology-based screen to identify factors necessary for the long-term maintenance of homeostatic synaptic potentiation. Data is reported to resolve a long-standing question as to the role of presynaptic Cav2-type channels in homeostatic synaptic potentiation at the Drosophila NMJ. It is shown that reduction in Cav2 channel expression and resultant activity is not sufficient to occlude homeostatic potentiation. Thus, the homeostatic block of a amino-acid substituted Cav2-type calcium channel (cacS) channel is presumed to be due to loss of a specific signaling or binding activity, but not due to overall diminishment in channel function. It is also reported that both Drosophila homologs of phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) and its putative activator Gαq were found to be necessary for a scaling up of neurotransmitter release upon genetic ablation of glutamate receptors. These factors are canonically involved in the activation of intracellular calcium stores through the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and the closely related ryanodine receptor (RyR). Likewise, the Drosophila homolog of Cysteine String Protein (Csp) is identified as important for long-term homeostatic potentiation. CSP has also been reported to be involved in regulation of intracellular calcium. PLCβ, Gαq, and CSP are also known to regulate Cav2-type channels directly, and this possibility, as well as others, are discussed as mechanisms underlying their roles in homeostatic potentiation. Chapter 3 of this thesis reports the extended findings from expression of a gain-of-function Cav2-type channel. The Cav2.1 channel in humans is known to cause a dominant, heritable form of migraine called familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). Two amino-acid substitutions causative for migraine were cloned into their analogous residues of the Drosophila Cav2 homolog. Expression of these migraine-modeled channels gave rise to several forms of hyperexcitability. Hyperexcitability defects included abnormal evoked waveforms, generation of spontaneous action potential-like events, and multi-quantal release. It is shown that these forms of hyperexcitability can be mitigated through targeted down-regulation of the PLCβ-IP3R-RyR intracellular signaling pathway. Chapter 4 presents an extended discussion as to the roles for presynaptic calcium channels, PLCβ, and CSP in homeostatic synaptic potentiation, and the mechanism underlying hyperexcitability downstream of gain-of-function Cav2-type channels. The proposed model aims to bridge the involvement of the PLCβ pathway in both homeostatic potentiation and neuronal excitability. Last, the implications for these findings on human disease conditions are elucidated.

Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) displays heterogeneity in the genes involved and clinical features. Mutations in 19 genes have been associated with BBS. Eight BBS proteins (BBS1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 18) form the BBSome. Assembly of the BBSome is mediated by three BBS proteins (BBS6, 10, 12) in a complex with the CCT/Tric chaperonins. The BBSome is involved in formation and maintenance of primary cilia and vesicle trafficking. The clinical features of BBS include obesity, degenerative retinopathy, polydactyly, renal dysfunction, hypogonadism, and learning disability. Diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with BBS, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Our objective was to understand the molecular mechanism of BBS-associated diabetes. The role of BBS in insulin receptor (IR) signaling in Bbs4-/-mice was tested by preventing obesity using calorie restriction. These studies demonstrate the genetic defect in BBS directly contributes to the diabetes phenotype independently from the obesity phenotype. Emerging evidence implicating neuronal mechanisms in various BBS phenotypes led us to test the possibility that loss of Bbs1 in the central nervous system (CNS) disrupts glucose homeostasis. We found that deletion of the Bbs1 gene throughout the CNS or in specific hypothalamic neurons leads to hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Our data demonstrate the critical role of neuronal Bbs1 in the regulation of glucose in an insulin-independent manner. Finally, the IR was found to interact with BBS proteins. The loss of BBSome proteins leads to a specific reduction in the amount of IR at the cell surface. The results demonstrate that BBSome proteins are required to maintain adequate levels of IR at the cell surface. The role of BBS proteins in transporting IR has not been previously described. Loss of the BBSome appears to be a novel mechanism of insulin resistance.

Offenders accepting contraband cell phones in secured facilities violate state corrections law, and the possession of these cell phones is a form of risk taking behavior. When offenders continue this risky behavior, it affects their decision making in other domains where they are challenging authorities; and may impact the length of their incarceration. This qualitative phenomenological study examined the lived experience of ex-offenders who had contraband cell phones in secured correctional facilities in order to better understand their reasons for taking risks with contraband cell phones. The theoretical foundation for this study was Trimpop's risk-homeostasis and risk-motivation theories that suggest an individual's behaviors adapt to negotiate between perceived risk and desired risk in order to achieve satisfaction. The research question explored beliefs and perceptions of ex-offenders who chose to accept the risk of using contraband cell phones during their time in secured facilities. Data were collected anonymously through recorded telephone interviews with 8 male adult ex-offenders and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings indicated participants felt empowered by possession of cell phones in prison, and it was an acceptable risk to stay connected to family out of concern for loved ones. The study contributes to social change by providing those justice system administrators, and prison managers responsible for prison cell phone policies with more detailed information about the motivations and perspectives of offenders in respect to using contraband cell phones while imprisoned in secured facilities.