This study describes in detail the preparation that must be done by aspiring orchestral horn players in order to be sufficiently ready for an orchestral audition. The general physical and mental preparation, through to the very specific elements that require attention when practicing and learning a list of orchestral excerpts that will be performed for an audition committee, is investigated. This study provides both the necessary tools and the insight borne of a number of years of orchestral experience that will enable a player to take a given excerpt and learn not only the notes and rhythms, but also discern many other subtleties inherent in the music, resulting in a full understanding and mastery thereof. Ten musical examples are included in order to illustrate the type of additional information that a player must gain so as to develop an in-depth knowledge of an excerpt. Three lists are presented within the text of this study: 1) a list of excerpts that are most commonly found at auditions, 2) a list of those excerpts that are often included and 3) other excerpts that have been requested but are not as commonly found. Also included is advice regarding the audition procedure itself, a discussion of the music required for auditions, and a guide to the orchestral excerpt books in which these passages can be found. / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted

En état de douleur chronique, la sensibilisation centrale s’accompagne d’une modification de l’équilibre excitation/inhibition en faveur d’une excitation accrue de la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière. Cet équilibre implique des molécules d’adhérence telles que les neuroligines postsynaptiques (NLs). Dans une première partie de notre travail de thèse, nous avons étudié la régulation éventuelle de ces protéines dans un modèle de douleur neuropathique (Spinal Nerve Ligation, SNL) chez le rat. Nos données ont montré une surexpression inattendue de la NL2, généralement associée à l’inhibition, alors que l’expression de la NL1, généralement associée à l’excitation, ne change pas. Le blocage de l’expression de NL2 in vivo par application intrathécale de siRNA, a produit des effets anti-nociceptifs réversant de façon significative l’allodynie mécanique observée chez les rats SNL. L’étude ultérieure des partenaires pré- et postsynaptiques de NL2, a démontré une co-variation spécifique avec PSD95, une protéine d’échafaudage des synapses excitatrices. De plus, une approche par co-immunoprécipitation a mis en évidence une augmentation significative des interactions protéiques NL2 /PSD95 chez les rats SNL. Enfin, cette association inhabituelle en condition neuropathique, est apparue liée à la surexpression spécifique de NL2(-), un variant d’épissage de NL2 normalement minoritaire en condition physiologique. La surexpression, l’augmentation d’association avec PSD95, et l’effet pro-nociceptif inattendu de la NL2 « inhibitrice » en condition de douleur neuropathique, indiquent une permutation fonctionnelle de la NL2 de l’inhibition vers l’excitation modifiant le rapport synaptique en faveur d’une excitation globale plus élevée dans la corne dorsale.Dans une deuxième partie du travail, nous avons exploré le rôle des molécules d’adhérence NLs dans la sensibilisation spinale associée à un autre type de douleur chronique, à savoir la douleur cancéreuse, sur un modèle de cancer de l’os chez le rat. L’étude de l’expression des NLs et de leurs partenaires, a montré une augmentation d’expression spécifique de la NL1 et de S-SCAM, une autre protéine d’échafaudage des synapses excitatrices. D’autre part, d’après la littérature, ce modèle se caractérise par une importante activation gliale dans les cornes dorsales de la moelle épinière, se traduisant notamment par une astrogliose massive. Cependant, nous avons montré que dans le modèle utilisé, il n’y avait aucune variation ni de marqueurs classiques de l’activation astrocytaire (GFAP, S100β), ni des marqueurs microgliaux (OX-42 et Iba1). Au contraire, tous ces paramètres étaient effectivement augmentés dans la corne dorsale ipsilatérale d’animaux neuropathiques. Ces résultats suggèrent que, contrairement à ce qui a été décrit précédemment, la douleur cancéreuse d’origine osseuse n’est pas nécessairement corrélée à une surexpression spinale des marqueurs de la glie réactive, tandis que la douleur neuropathique l’est.En conclusion, nos résultats obtenus dans le modèle de douleur cancéreuse montrent un phénotype concernant des molécules impliquées dans la formation, la spécification et la modulation des synapses, bien différent de celui que nous avons mis en évidence dans le modèle de douleur neuropathique. Nous montrons notamment dans les deux modèles, une implication bien distincte des molécules d’adhérence NLs et de la glie confortant les données de la littérature indiquant que ces deux grandes catégories de douleur chronique ont chacune une signature propre. De plus, nos résultats ouvrent la perspective d’identifier de nouveaux diagnostics et/ou de nouvelles possibilités thérapeutiques, en ciblant spécifiquement les NLs. / In chronic pain states, central sensitization is associated with a modification in the excitation/inhibition balance toward increased excitation in the spinal dorsal horn. This balance involves adhesion molecules such as the postsynaptic Neuroligins (NLs). In a first part of our thesis work, we investigated the putative regulation of these proteins in the Spinal Nerve Ligation (SNL) model of neuropathy in the rat. Our data showed an unexpected upregulation of NL2, usually associated to inhibition, whereas expression of NL1, usually associated to excitation, did not change. The in vivo expression blockade of NL2 by intrathecal injection of siRNAs, produced specific antinociceptive effects, significantly reversing the SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. Subsequent study of pre- and postsynaptic NL2 partners, demonstrated a specific co-variation with PSD95, a scaffolding protein of excitatory synapses. Moreover, a co-immunoprecipitation approach showed a significant increase of NL2/PSD95 protein interactions in SNL rats. Finally, this unusual association in neuropathic conditions, appeared to be linked to specific over-expression of NL2(-), a NL2 splice variant usually a minority in physiological conditions. Over-expression, increased association with PSD95, and unexpected pronociceptive effect of the “inhibitory” NL2 in neuropathic pain condition, suggest a functional shift of NL2 from inhibition to excitation changing the synaptic ratio toward higher overall excitation in the dorsal horn.In a second part of our work, we investigated the role of the NLs adhesion molecules in spinal sensitization associated with another type of chronic pain, namely cancer pain, using a rat model of bone cancer. The study of the expression of NLs and partners, showed a specific increase in the expression of NL1 and S-SCAM, another postsynaptic scaffolding protein at excitatory synapses. Moreover, according to the literature, this model is characterized by a strong glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn, identified especially by a massive astrogliosis. However, we showed that in the bone cancer model used, there was no variation, neither in the classical markers of astrocyte activation (GFAP, S100β), nor in microglial markers (OX-42 et Iba1). On the contrary, all these parameters did actually increase in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of SNL neuropathic rats. These results suggest that, at odd with what was previously described, bone cancer pain is not necessarily correlated with a spinal overexpression of markers of reactive glia, whereas neuropathic pain is.In conclusion, our results obtained with the cancer pain model, show that the molecules involved in the formation, specification and modulation of synapses, yield a phenotypes clearly different to the one evidenced in the model of neuropathic pain. More particularly, we show in the two models, a well distinct involvement of the NL adhesion molecules and of glia, reinforcing reports from the literature, which indicate that the two important categories of chronic pain, cancer and neuropathic, each have a peculiar signature. Moreover, our results raise the possibility that new diagnosis and/or new therapeutic possibilities may emerge from targeting NL expression

The work is concerned with political problems in the Horn of Africa region (Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea). It is focused on the course of politics, analysis and future development of both regional and mutual conflicts. First part provides general characteristics of the region as the whole. Next parts deals in detail with each state separetely. There is also given special space to the Ethiopia-Eritrea and Somalia-Ethiopia conflicts.

With global warming on the rise and the urge for conserving our natural resources, it becomes very important that proper steps are taken to protect our natural resources and utilize them efficiently. Forest fires are one of the many issues on the charts towards protection of natural resources. The catastrophic aftermaths caused by forest fires are known to all. The causes for these fires could be known/unknown natural causes or human intervention. Remote sensing techniques use the electromagnetic radiation in the RF/Microwave region, emitted from an object. The amount of energy emitted from an object depends on its present conditions, primarily its temperature and its emissivity. The sensing devices used in such measurements are classified into active and passive sensors. Herein, passive radiometry is used to investigate a model for the propagation of subsurface radiation from underground forest fires through upper ground layers of soil till the land-air interface. Passive radiometry involves capturing the radiation incident on a radiometer antenna aperture directly or deflected from several objects. The energy emitted from sources above 0K is collected and is compared with the calibration standards to estimate the physical quantity under test. Detecting forest fires is one of the potential applications of passive radiometry investigated here.

A unique and significant composition, the Althorn Sonata by Paul Hindemith contains several enigmas and anomalies: details about the premiere remain unknown; scored for the alto horn, a band instrument of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the piece seldom finds itself performed on that instrument; although Hindemith composed his instrumental sonatas as composition exercises, for the instruments he intended to use in his large-scale works, his sonata for alto horn marks an unusual exception; the work evolves through Baroque sonata da chiesa form; a Morse code message from a Renaissance painter appears in the second movement, along with references to numerology; and, after the third movement, the horn player and pianist recite a poem, penned by the composer, which becomes musically depicted in the final movement. Hindemith’s apparent fondness, for the art of word play, proves the inspiration for enigmas and anomalies found in this sonata. The key to his mystery lies in plain sight: “Alt” translates as both “alto” and “old.” The purpose of this dissertation is to unveil to the musical world, especially to horn and saxophone players, the several enigmas and anomalies found in Hindemith’s Althorn Sonata. By exposing the nature and depth of this mystery, it will illuminate the intellectual prowess of Paul Hindemith, elevating his Althorn Sonata to a place it deserves in the horn repertoire.

The thesis is focused on the design of antennas for wireless power transfer inside a car near the frequency of 8 GHz. In the last century, a number of scientists dealt with wireless transmission of energy with high power and long distances. Currently, attention is given to methods capable of transmitting energy with good effectively over a distance of meters for charging mobile devices, wireless sensors and other devices with low power consumption.

Research has been conducted on Francis Poulenc and his prominent 20th century sonata for brass instruments. Poulenc and members of the French compositional collaboration known as Les Six have all been subjects of research. Francis Poulenc's Sonata for Horn Trumpet and Trombone is a crucial piece in the development of brass chamber music during the 20th century. As one of the first works written for modern brass instruments, it demonstrates a highly crafted compositional style representative of Poulenc's early period. Research includes background and historical significance of the Sonata, analysis of form and compositional techniques, biographical information on Francis Poulenc and the members of Les Six and a section on implications for the performance of the work. This study is necessary due to the lack of research available for the piece especially considering its relevance to the development of brass chamber music. This study explores the compositional style of Francis Poulenc and his contribution to the brass ensemble repertoire.

In the early 1920s, Gustav Friedrich Hartlaub created a fine arts movement that began in Weimar, Germany, which questioned artistic Expressionism. In 1923, he formed an art exhibition to display new art works of simplicity that were of his anti-Expressionist goal. This exhibition was termed Neue Sachlichkeit, or New Objectivity, and quickly became associated with all fine arts. Music of Neue Sachlichkeit ideals during the 1920s and 1930s began to exhibit anti-Expressionist concepts of form, neoclassicism and limited instrumentation. Paul Hindemith was among the leading figures of Neue Sachlichkeit music. Although Paul Hindemith's Septet (1948) was composed during his later career, it shows many Neue Sachlichkeit traits found previously in the 1920s and 1930s. Characteristics of limited/mixed instrumentation, neoclassic instrumentation and form, and Baroque counterpoint are found in the Septet. These traits can also be head in earlier Neue Sachlichkeit pieces by Hindemith such as Hin und zuruck, op. 45a (1927), Das Marienleben (1922/23, rev. 1948) and Neues vom Tage (1929). Chapter 2 examines the Neue Sachlichkeit movement within the fine arts. Chapter 3 gives a brief biography of Paul Hindemith with a concentration on his influence of Neue Sachlichkeit music of the 1920s and 1930s. This chapter also relates this period of Hindemith's earlier career with his techniques used in later works, such as the Septet. Chapter 4 discusses how the Septet directly relates to the Neue Sachlichkeit fine arts movement. Chapter 5 gives a general analysis of the Septet. This analysis provides the reader with an understanding of the forms and tonal relationships used in the Septet. This summarizes the neoclassicism of the Septet and shows traits of Neue Sachlichkeit. Chapter 6 concludes with an examination of the mixed instrumentation of the Septet.

No description available.

Das Trio für Violine, Horn und Klavier – in der Besetzung von Brahms‘ Opus 40 – entstand 1988 nach Abschluss meines Kompositionsstudiums bei Ulrich Leyendecker in Hamburg. Ausgangspunkt des knapp 10-minütigen Werkes ist eine punktuelle Staccato-Musik in c-Moll. Die Pausen zwischen den Ereignissen verschwinden mehr und mehr. Verdichtungen führen zu dynamischen Höhepunkten. Ein zweites Thema in der Durdominanttonart G-Dur erinnert an die Tradition der Sonatenexposition, eine virtuose Klavierpassage an die Kadenz im Solokonzert. Die Coda hebt sich durch ihr Adagio-Tempo vom Allegro der vorausgehenden Teile des einsätzigen Werkes ab. (Matthias Drude) (Überarbeitet und Computer-Notensatz (SIBELIUS): Juli - August 2020)