Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-30T21:41:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ÉLIDA RAMALHO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1673716 bytes, checksum: 5a29d0bda3716e01868ec2d52457caa1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T21:41:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ÉLIDA RAMALHO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1673716 bytes, checksum: 5a29d0bda3716e01868ec2d52457caa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A conservação de alimentos consiste em métodos que visam prolongar a vida útil dos mesmos, diversas alternativas são empregadas no âmbito de se minimizar desperdícios, na área das frutas e hortaliças são evidenciados em toda cadeia produtiva grandes perdas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação combinada de revestimento a base de fécula de mandioca com adição de diferentes concentrações de óleo Essencial do cravo-da-índia (Eugenia Caryophyllata) e citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) na conservação pós-colheita de Banana Musa Paradisíaca L. (Banana Prata) armazenada em diferentes temperaturas, ambiente (≈35°C) e refrigerada (16°C). Foram elaborados os tratamentos: amostras controle (T0), fécula de mandioca a 3,0% (T1), fécula de mandioca (3,0%), associados a Óleos Essenciais (OEs) do cravo-da-índia e citronela nas concentrações 0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5% cada (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) respectivamente, totalizando oito ensaios armazenados em diferentes temperaturas. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas no inicio e fim dos tratamentos, monitoramento da qualidade pós-colheita e avaliações microbiológicas realizadas em três etapas para ambas as temperaturas de armazenamento no intervalo doze dias. As bananas avaliadas obtiveram média de 130 (mm) de circunferência e 17,20 (cm) de comprimento. Os valores para cinzas oscilaram de 0,85% a 0,89%; lipídios 0,11% a 0,32%; proteínas 0,80% a 1,59% não havendo diferença estatística em nenhum destes parâmetros. Houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos nas diferentes etapas de monitoramento de perda de massa, com aumento gradativo em ambos os armazenamentos, a interação temperatura, tempo e revestimento (fécula de mandioca 3%) se mostrou mais eficiente que os demais tratamentos enquanto que tratamento armazenado a temperatura de refrigeração com maior percentual de OEs de citronela ocasionou as maiores perdas. De modo geral, os valores para umidade variaram de 95,57% a 96,68% sendo que os fatores temperatura e concentrações de óleos essenciais não resultaram em grandes variações nos teores obtidos ao longo do monitoramento. Os valores descritos para acidez total tilulavel variaram de 0,08% a 0,84% entre todas as etapas ao longo do período de armazenamento, contudo, apenas três valores referentes a amostras armazenadas a ≈35°C encontram-se acima da faixa padrão de ATT estabelecida para banana que corresponde a 0,22% a 0,65%. A Temperatura de 16°C alterou o metabolismo de amadurecimento das amostras, ocasionou retardo no processo de degradação do amido em açúcares totais, o revestimento do T1 (3% fécula de mandioca) resultou no menor índice, 1,75 (g/100g), ao final da terceira etapa, assim como tratamentos que foram empregados baixas concentrações de OEs, T2 (0,5% OEs cravo-da-índia) 2,95(g/100g) e T5 (05% OEs citronela) 3,71 (g/100g). O fator temperatura de refrigeração influenciou positivamente em teores de açúcares redutores mais baixos, as concentrações de 0,5% e 1,0% de OEs do cravo-da-índia ao final dos 12 dias de armazenamento a 16°C resultou nos menores índices (T2 0,21 g/100g e T3 0,29 g/100g), contudo nenhuma amostra avaliada ao final do experimento atingiu o nível máximo de hidrolise dos açúcares. Não houve crescimento microbiológico para o parâmetro coliformes 30°C, desta forma não houve necessidade da realização de análise de Coliformes a 45°C. Quanto à avaliação de bolores e leveduras, apenas os tratamentos T0 da segunda etapa e T0, T1 na última etapa exibiram um leve crescimento, no entanto não existe legislação que estabelece padrões para este contaminante. Todos os resultados foram negativos na avaliação do parâmetro Salmonella. / The conservation of food consists of methods that aim to prolong the useful life of the same, several alternatives are used in the scope of minimizing waste, in the area of fruits and vegetables are evidenced throughout the productive chain great losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combined application of manioc starch-based coating with the addition of different oil concentrations of clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) in the post-harvest conservation of Banana Musa Paradisíaca L. (Banana Silver) stored at different temperatures, ambient (≈35 °C) and refrigerated (16 °C). The treatments were: control (T0), manioc starch at 3,0% (T1), manioc starch (3,0%), associated with Essential Oils (OEs) of clove and citronella at concentrations 0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5% each (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) respectively, totaling eight assays stored at different temperatures. Physical and chemical analyzes were performed at the beginning and end of treatments, post-harvest quality monitoring and microbiological evaluations performed in three stages for both storage temperatures in the twelve-day interval. The evaluated bananas obtained average of 130 (mm) of circumference and 17,20 (cm) of length. The ash values ranged from 0,85% to 0,89%; Lipids 0,11% to 0,32%; 0,80% to 1,59%, with no statistical difference in any of these parameters. There was a statistical difference between treatments in the different stages of mass loss monitoring, with a gradual increase in both storage, temperature, time and coating interaction (3% manioc starch) was more efficient than the other treatments, whereas stored treatment the cooling temperature with a higher percentage of OEs of citronella caused the greatest losses. In general, the values for humidity ranged from 95,57% to 96,68%, and the temperature factors and concentrations of essential oils did not result in large variations in the levels obtained during the monitoring. The values reported for tiltable total acidity ranged from 0.08% to 0.84% across all steps over the storage period, however, only three values for samples stored at ≈35 ° C are above the standard range Of ATT established for banana corresponding to 0,22% to 0,65%. The temperature of 16 °C altered the ripening metabolism of the samples, caused delay in the starch degradation process in total sugars, the coating of T1 (3% cassava starch) resulted in the lowest index, 1,75 (g/100g) , At the end of the third stage, as well as treatments that were employed low concentrations of OEs, T2 (0,5% OEs cloves) 2,95 (g/100g) and T5 (05% OEs citronella) 3,71 (g/100g). The coolant temperature factor positively influenced lower reducing sugar contents, 0.5% and 1,0% OE concentrations of clove at the end of the 12 days storage at 16 °C resulted in the lowest rates (T2 0,21 g /100 g and T3 0,29 g/100 g), yet no sample evaluated at the end of the experiment reached the maximum level of sugar hydrolysis. There was no microbiological growth for the coliform parameter 30 °C, so there was no need to perform Coliform analysis at 45 °C. Regarding the evaluation of molds and yeasts, only the treatments T0 of the second stage and T0, T1 in the last stage showed a slight growth, however there is no legislation that establishes standards for this contaminant. All the results were negative in the evaluation of the Salmonella parameter.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Identifica y adecúa la siembra y producción de productos saludables y/o antioxidantes con demanda en el mercado internacional en la sierra del Perú. Estableciendo su viabilidad del cultivo identificado estableciendo un modelo sistémico. Específicamente, realiza un esbozo de la situación actual de los berries en el Perú y también se presentan las características del sector agrario de Ancash. Se plantea también la factibilidad de iniciar un negocio en este rubro cuya inversión inicial es de s/.686,449.27 por 10 hectáreas de sembrío, cuya extensión de tierra deja 21 toneladas en total. / Tesis

Durante tres años climatológicamente diferentes (2006, 2007 y 2008), se evaluó el impacto de la añada, el vigor de la vid y la heterogeneidad del racimo sobre la composición de la uva y el vino en terruños precoces y tardíos de Cariñena y Garnacha situados en la región mediterránea cálida de la Terra Alta. Para determinar si la maduración del racimo era homogénea, sus partes distales fueron analizadas por separado. Mediante cromatografía, se identificaron los antocianos de la baya y las proantocianidinas de las semillas. El terruño tardío presentó mayor rendimiento y menor concentración de azúcares y antocianos que el precoz. En año cálido (2007), se acumularon más antocianos que en año templado (2008), pero la respuesta de cada variedad fue distinta según el vigor. Los antocianos acilados tendían a concentrarse en las bayas inferiores. En año templado, las semillas presentaron niveles altos de monómeros flavan-3-ol y baja polimerización de procianidinas, mientras que en año cálido los niveles de procianidinas también dependían del vigor. / For three climatically different years (2006, 2007 and 2008), the impact of vintage, vine vigor and bunch heterogeneity was evaluated on grape and wine composition in early and late terroirs of Carignan and Grenache, which were located in the warm Mediterranean region of Terra Alta. To determine the homogeneity of the bunch ripening, top and bottom half of the bunch were analyzed separately. Berry anthocyanins and seed proanthocyanidins were identified by chromatography. The late terroir provided higher yield and lower concentration of sugars and anthocyanins than the early terroir. In warm year (2007), anthocyanins were more concentrated than in temperate year (2008), but the response of each variety differed according to the vigor. Acylated anthocyanins tended to concentrate in the bottom berries. In temperate year, seeds had high levels of monomeric flavan-3-ol and low polymerization of procyanidins, whereas in warm year the procyanidin levels also depended on the vigor.

El siglo XXI plantea un nuevo reto para la agricultura: las predicciones de aumento de la población mundial exigen aumentar la productividad de los cultivos. La incidencia del cambio climático sobre regiones históricamente agrícolas es causa ya del descenso en el rendimiento agrícola, al estar afectados por el impacto creciente de estreses abióticos como la sequía y la salinidad. Una de las estrategias para abordar este desafío es la generación y análisis de colecciones de mutantes de especies vegetales de gran importancia agro-alimentaria como tomate para la identificación de genes y la disección de mecanismos implicados en el desarrollo y la producción así como en la tolerancia a estreses abióticos. Dentro del programa de mutagénesis insercional con T-DNA en tomate que se lleva a cabo entre los grupos de investigación del IBMCP, UAL y CEBAS, en este trabajo nos hemos centrado en la identificación de mutantes afectados en el desarrollo reproductivo, que en último extremo afecta a la producción de fruto, y en la respuesta a la salinidad y la sequía, por ser estreses abióticos tan importantes por su incidencia en el rendimiento final. En el primer caso se aborda la identificación y caracterización de un mutante de gran interés agronómico por su fenotipo afectado en el desarrollo reproductivo, denominado afs1 (abnormal fruit set-1). El mutante afs1 se caracteriza por presentar una mayor tasa de cuajado de fruto, reflejada en un marcado aumento del número de frutos que, aunque de menor tamaño, promueven una mejora significativa de la producción. Entre las características de afs1 cabe destacar que sus frutos son partenocárpicos y destacan por su mayor calidad debido a una mayor concentración de glucosa y fructosa, así como de ácido cítrico, que dan lugar a un incremento del índice de sabor. La mutación responsable de dicho fenotipo no se debe a una inserción de T-DNA si no a una mutación somaclonal generada durante la transformación y cultivo in vitro, algo ya observado en otras colecciones de mutantes insercionales, y se está procediendo a su localización genómica. En el segundo caso se aborda la caracterización de un mutante alterado en la respuesta al estrés salino e hídrico. El mutante se ha denominado wak1 (Wall-associated kinase 1), ya que la mutación responsable ha sido etiquetada por un inserto T-DNA que se sitúa en la región promotora del gen SlWAK1, que forma parte de un clúster génico de cuatro isoformas que están localizadas en el cromosoma 9, que codifican para unas proteínas quinasas asociadas a pared celular (cell wall-associated kinases). Aunque la expresión del gen SlWAK1 está anulada en el mutante, no lo están sin embargo los genes flanqueantes SlWAK2 y SlWAK3. El mutante wak1 presenta un fenotipo similar a la planta no transformada cuando se cultiva sin estrés, muestra un fenotipo sutil en condiciones de estrés hídrico y salino a medio plazo, y finalmente reduce significativamente el rendimiento en términos de producción de fruto en estrés a largo plazo. A nivel fisiológico, el mutante wak1 presenta mayor tolerancia al estrés iónico inducido por salinidad, con menor acumulación de Na+ en hoja. Sin embargo, el mutante es sensible al estrés osmótico inducido tanto por estrés salino como hídrico. Además, la anulación del gen SlWAK1 provoca una acumulación de sacarosa en raíz, relacionada con una alteración en la expresión de genes implicados en el metabolismo de sacarosa. Considerados en conjunto, los resultados de la caracterización de estos mutantes fenotípicamente tan diferentes demuestran el gran interés que tiene el análisis de mutantes para avanzar en el conocimiento de los procesos y los genes clave en el desarrollo y en la tolerancia a estreses abióticos. / The XXI century poses new challenges to agriculture: the predictions of global population growth invite us to focus all our efforts on increasing crop yields. In turn, the impact of climate change on historically farming regions promotes the decrease of the performance of these vegetable species with high agronomic interest, such as the tomato, which is one of the most important global vegetable species. Among the strategies proposed to address the problems exposed, generating mutant collections is one of the most widespread strategies and it has provided much information about processes, pathways and relevant mechanisms. To this end, a collection of insertional mutants using an enhancer trapping has been created in the commercial cultivar of the tomato "Moneymaker" and we have directed our interest in selecting mutants affected in the reproductive development and in the response to abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) to be key processes that directly affect the final crop yield. Within the collection, we have identified a mutant with high agronomic interest related to reproductive development, which we have named afs1 (abnormal furit set-1), characterized by an increased vegetative growth rate and higher rate of fruit set. Their flowers show an opening in the base of the stamen caused by the early fruit set, initiated before the anthesis. The higher fruit set rate is reflected in the increase in fruits number, despite the smaller size, leading to a significant improvement in the production and final yield in greenhouse conditions. Among the characteristics of production, it is noteworthy that this afs1 produces parthenocarpic fruits with improved organoleptic characteristics, brought about by an increase in glucose and fructose, and citric acid therefore, leads to an increased rate of flavor. It has also been selected and characterized by a mutant response to salt and water stresses, named wak1 (Wall-associated Kinase 1) which carries a T-DNA inserted in the promoter region for canceling the SlWAK1 gene expression in the mutant. This gene is part of a gene cluster consisting of four total WAK isoforms genes in chromosome 9. qPCR expression analysis has indicated that the SlWAK1 expression is root specific and reduces its expression levels in response to salt stress . The two flanking SlWAK1 isoforms genes (referred to SlWAK3 and SlWAK2 in this paper) are not affected by the T-DNA insertion and have a similar pattern to the described for SlWAK1 response. At a phenotypic level, this mutant has a WT phenotype in standard culture conditions and displays a subtle phenotype under water and salt stresses, characterized by a significant reduction in the height rate of the aerial part, and the reduction of shoot water content. Paradoxically, despite the reduction in development, salt stress experiences have shown that the wak1 mutant has an increased tolerance to the accumulation of toxic concentrations of Na+ in the shoot. Furthermore, it has been shown that this mutant is sensitive to osmotic effect, which occurred in both the water stress and in the first phase of the salt stress. The results indicate that the basis of this sensitivity is an alteration in osmotic adjustment ability and in the sugar metabolism promotes an increased sucrose transport to the root at the expense of the growth rate and the transport of water toward the apex.

The infection process of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica was compared on zucchini squash, cucumber, melon, pumpkin and watermelon in a growth chamber. All cucurbits were susceptible to the three isolates although M. javanica showed higher invasion rates, faster development and egg production than M. arenaria. Differences among cucurbits were primarily due to root invasion rates and formation of egg masses. Cucumber and melon were better hosts for nematode invasion and reproduction than zucchini followed by watermelon. The suitability of five zucchini, three cucumber, eight watermelon and seven cucurbit rootstocks genotypes to M. incognita (MiPM26) and M. javanica (Mj05) was determined. The number of egg masses did not differ among the genotypes of zucchini or cucumber, but the reproduction factor did slightly. A marked differenced was observed between the nematode isolates; M. incognita MiPM26 showed lower reproduction traits than M. javanica Mj05, and, in zucchini, only 22% of the females of M. incognita produced egg masses compared to 95% of the M. javanica females. In cucumber, 86% of the M. incognita and 99% of the M. javanica females produced egg masses. Also, populations of the three Meloidogyne species were tested on zucchini and cucumber. A greater parasitic variation was observed on zucchini than cucumber. Zucchini responded as a poor host for M. incognita MiPM26, MiAL09 and MiAL48, but as a good host for MiAL10 and MiAL15. Cucumber was a good host for all the tested populations. The watermelon cultivars did not differ in host status within each nematode isolate, supporting lower reproduction than the cucurbit rootstocks. The top development of field-grown non-grafted watermelon plants was significantly delayed in plots where the nematodes were detected at planting. However, no differences were observed in plots with grafted plants. In plots with nematodes, non-grafted and Titan-grafted plants had similar yield, which was higher than that of RS841-grafted plants. The Titan-Sugar Baby combination was tolerant to M. javanica. The relationship between the Pi and final (Pf) population densities of M. javanica in response to increasing initial inoculum levels and the effect on yield in zucchini cv. Amalthee were determined using a geometric series of 12 Pi from 0 to 51,200 eggs/100 cm3 of soil. The maximum multiplication rate of the nematode was 425, and the equilibrium density was 701,951 eggs/100 cm3 soil. The relative yield, represented as dry top weight, fitted the Seinhorst damage function model and the minimum relative yield (m) was 0.82 and the tolerance limit (T) was 402 J2/100 cm3 soil. Regression analyses indicated a negative relationship between the Pi and the leaf chlorophyll content, fitting the Seinhorst damage-function model. Zucchini cv. Dyamant was planted in a plastic greenhouse with a range of M. javanica Pi from 0 to 861 J2/100 cm3 soil. The maximum multiplication rate of M. javanica under field conditions was 3,093, and the equilibrium density was 1,485 J2/100 cm3 soil. The relationship between Pi and relative yield, represented as fruit weight, fitted the Seinhorst damage function model and m was 0.48, and T was 0.02 J2/100 cm3 soil. The relationship between the Pi and Pf of M. javanica in response to increasing initial inoculum levels and the effect on yield in watermelon cv. Sugar Baby were determined. The maximum reproduction rate of the nematode was 14, and the equilibrium density 49,400 eggs/100 cm3 of soil. Yield data represented as fresh top weight fitted the Seinhorst damage function, and m was 0.65 and T was 74 eggs/100 cm3 of soil. In the field experiments (2011 and 2012), the maximum reproduction rate was 73 and 70, and the equilibrium density 32 and 35 J2/100 cm3 soil. Yield data, represented as fruit weight, fitted the Seinhorst damage function in 2011 and the m and T values were 0.63 and 20 J2/100 cm3 of soil, respectively / Se estudió el proceso infectivo y el desarrollo post-infeccional de Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita y M. javanica en calabacín, pepino, melón, calabaza y sandía. Como resultado indicar que todas las cucurbitáceas ensayadas fueron susceptibles a los tres aislados, aunque M. javanica mostró mayor tasa de invasión, desarrollo más rápido y mayor producción de huevos que M. arenaria. El pepino y el melón presentaron mayor tasa de invasión y reproducción que el calabacín y la calabaza, seguidos de la sandía. La susceptibilidad de cinco genotipos de calabacín, tres de pepino, ocho de sandia y siete de patrones de cucurbitáceas a dos poblaciones de Meloidogyne: M. incognita (MiPM26) y M. javanica (Mj05). El calabacín proporciona condiciones inadecuadas para el desarrollo de M. incognita, ya que sólo el 22% de las hembras produjo masas de huevos en comparación con el 95% de las hembras de M. javanica. En pepino, el 86% de las hembras de M. incognita y el 99% de M. javanica produjeron masas de huevos. Además, poblaciones de tres especies de Meloidogyne se estudiaron en calabacín y pepino. En calabacín se observo una mayor variación parasitaria que en pepino, comportándose como huésped pobre para las poblaciones de M. incognita MiPM26, MiAL09 y MiAL48, mientras que respondía como buen huésped para las poblaciones MiAL10 y MiAL15. M. incognita mostró mayor reproducción que M. javanica en los cultivares de sandía y patrones de cucurbitáceas. Los cultivares de sandía no difirieron en la idoneidad del huésped para cada aislado del nematodo y soportaron menos reproducción que los patrones de cucurbitáceas. Las sandías no injertadas mostraron un retrasó significativo en su desarrollo aéreo en las parcelas donde se detecto el nematodo al inicio del cultivo. Sin embargo, no se observo tal efecto en las sandías injertadas. En las parcelas donde se detectó en el nematodo al inicio del cultivo, las sandías no injertadas y las injertadas sobre Titan mostraron un producción similar, mayor que la de las plantas injertadas sobre RS841 en parcelas con presencia del nematodo al inicio del cultivo. El injerto de la sandía sobre Titan proporciono tolerancia frente a M. javanica. La relación entre Pi y Pf de M. javanica en respuesta a niveles crecientes de Pi, y el efecto sobre la producción de calabacín cv. Amalthee utilizando una serie geométrica de 12 Pi crecientes comprendidas entre 0 y 51.200 huevos/100 cm3 de suelo. La tasa máxima de multiplicación del nematodo fue 425, y la densidad de equilibrio fue 701.951 huevos/100 cm3 suelo. La producción se ajustó al modelo de daño de Seinhorst, dando como resultado una producción mínima (m) de 0,82 y un límite de tolerancia (T) de 402 J2/100 cm3 de suelo. El calabacín cv. Dyamant se plantó en un invernadero infestado con M. javanica con Pi que oscilaba entre 0 y 861 J2/100 cm3 de suelo. La tasa máxima de multiplicación fue 3093, y la densidad de equilibrio fue de 1485 J2/100 cm3 de suelo. La relación entre la Pi y la producción se ajustó al modelo de daño de Seinhorst; el valor de m fue 0,48, y el de T fue 0,02 J2/100 cm3 de suelo. La relación entre la Pi y la Pf de M. javanica en respuesta inóculos iniciales crecientes y el efecto en producción de sandía cv. Sugar Baby se determinó en experimentos en maceta y en campo. En maceta, la tasa máxima de reproducción del nematodo fue de 14, y la densidad de equilibrio fue de 49.400 huevos/100 cm3 de suelo. Los datos de producción, representados como peso fresco de la biomasa aérea, se ajustaron al modelo de daño de Seinhorst, siendo m igual a 0,65 y T igual a 74 huevos/100 cm3 de suelo. En los experimentos de campo (años 2011 y 2012), la tasa máxima de reproducción fue de 73 y 70, y la densidad de equilibrio de 32 y 35 J2/100 cm3 de suelo. Los datos de producción, expresada en peso de los frutos/ parcela elemental, se ajustó a la función de daño de Seinhorst en 2011, siendo los valores m y T 0,63 y 20 J2/100 cm3 de suelo, respectivamente.

Els calçots, tiges florals immadures de la ceba (Allium cepa L.), són un cultiu típic de Catalunya i juguen un paper important en l’agricultura catalana. Es calcula que la producció de la campanya 2012-2013 va ser d’uns 48 milions d’unitats, amb un creixement constant els últims anys. Aproximadament el 15% d’aquesta producció es comercialitza sota el segell de qualitat europeu “Indicació Geogràfica Protegida Calçot de Valls”. La varietat més comunament usada per a la producció de calçots és la ceba Blanca Tardana de Lleida (CBTL), que va començar, segons la opinió dels productors, una progressiva disminució del nombre de calçots per planta, ara fa uns 8 anys. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és, doncs, obtenir nous cultivars més productius, però l’escassa informació sobre la base genètica dels caràcters comercialment importants i les tècniques de maneig més eficients ha obligat a desenvolupar eines metodològiques per avançar en la millora del calçot. Així doncs, la tesi s’articula en cinc articles publicats en revistes indexades i on és recullen com a principals resultats: a) Un mètode estandarditzat de preparació de calçots per anàlisis sensorials i químiques consistent en la cocció al forn durant 18 minuts a 270oC, i la transformació en puré; b) La formulació de l’idiotip sensorial dels calçots basat en una dolçor elevada, baixa fibrositat i absència de sabors atípics; c) El valors elevats de variabilitat sensorial i agromorfològica inter-varietal estimada en calçots produïts per diverses varietats espanyoles de prestigi, algunes de les quals podrien incorporar-se a programes de millora; d) La modelització de poblacions de calçots mitjançant la funció de Gompertz pel que fa a l’evolució del nombre de calçots per planta al llarg del cultiu, la qual cosa permet fer comparacions i facilita la presa de decisions sobre el moment de collita; e) Les similituds en el fons genètic de les varietats tradicionals espanyoles de ceba estimada mitjançant AFLPs i microsatèl•lits, abonant un considerable flux genètic entre varietats i la diferenciació morfològica per pocs loci; f) El desenvolupament d’equacions de regressió eficients que permeten estimar el nombre de calçots de la planta a partir del nombre d’ulls que es detecten en l’estadi de ceba, i determinació de la influència de les dimensions mínimes que ha de tenir la ceba perquè s’expressi el potencial genètic de producció de calçots; g) Finalment, com a resultat del programa de millora, s’han desenvolupat els cultivars Roquerola, amb un desenvolupament primerenc i un nombre mitjà de calçots (4.6 calçots comercials per planta al Gener), i el cultivar Montferri amb un desenvolupament més tardà i que assoleix una mitjana de 8 calçots comercials per planta al Març. / ‘Calçots’, the floral stems of second-year onion (Allium cepa L.) resprouts, are a typical crop from Catalonia and they play and important role in Catalan agriculture. In the last season (2012-2013), 48 millions of units were produced and this number is constantly increasing. Around 15% of this production is commercialized under the European quality label ‘Protected Geographical Indication Calçot de Valls’. The landrace ‘Ceba Blanca Tardana de Lleida’ (CBTL), the most commonly used variety in the production of ‘calçots’, has undergone a gradual decreasing of the ‘calçots’ number per plant in the last 8 years. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to obtain more productive cultivars for ‘calçots’ production. However, the lack of information about the genetic basis of the main commercial traits and the most efficient handling techniques, made it necessary to develop methodological tools to move forward in ‘calçots’ breeding. As a result, the thesis is articulated in five indexed peer-reviewed papers, with the following main results: a) A standardized protocol for the preparation of samples for sensory and chemical analysis where 50 commercial-size ‘calçots’ per entry are roasted at 270oC for 18 minutes, and then pureed; b) The design of a sensory ideotype for ‘calçots’ based on high sweetness, low fiber perception, and low off flavors perception; c) The finding of high sensory and agromorphological intervariety variability for 'calçots’ produced by different prestigious Spanish onion landraces, which could be incorporated in breeding programs; d) The modeling of ‘calçots’ populations through the determination of the ‘calçots’ number per plant at different stages of the crop, using a Gompertz function, which allows establishing comparisons and clarifying the optimum harvest time; e) The report of a high similarity in the Spanish onion landraces genetic background, estimated using SSR and AFLP, suggesting an important genetic flow among varieties and the implication of few loci in morphological differentiation; f) The development of efficient regression equations enabling good estimations of the number of ‘calçots’ per plant from the number of gemmae measured in the bulb phase, and the determination of the minimum size of the onion bulb that enables a non-limited expression of the genetic potential for ‘calçots’ production; g) Finally, as a result of a breeding program, we have developed the new cultivars ‘Roquerola’, with an early development and an medium number of ‘calçots’ (4.6 commercial ‘calçots’ per plant in January), and ‘Montferri’, with a late development and 8 commercial ‘calçots’ in March on average.

La documentació més antiga i extensa sobre la viticultura i l'elaboració del vi prové d'Egipte. on des de fa sis mil anys la vinya ja es cultivava al Delta del Nil. Malgrat això, el seu estudi històric i arqueològic encara presenta aspectes desconeguts. Amb el desenvolupament de les tècniques analítiques, tenim les eines per intentar conèixer les llacunes d'una part de la cultura de la civilització mediterrània més antiga: la cultura del vi a l'antic Egipte.El vi era un producte de prestigi a Egipte que consumien les classes benestants i la família reial. Des del Període Pre-dinàstic [4.000-3.150 aC] a les tombes egípcies s'hi dipositaven àmfores de vi com a ofrena per tal que el mort en pogués disposar també en el Més Enllà. Gràcies a què l'elaboració del vi es troba representada en escenes pintades a les parets de les tombes, podem conèixer com el preparaven. Durant el Regne Nou [1.543-1.078 aC] les àmfores s'identificaven de la mateixa manera com ara es fa amb les ampolles de vi. El nom del producte que trobem és vi [irp], però curiosament mai s'indicava si era blanc o negre. També existia un altre tipus de beguda anomenada Shedeh, que no té traducció, i de la qual no es coneix la seva matèria primera. És a partir d'aquestes omissions on s'inicia aquest estudi.Els objectius del treball són:1. Realitzar un estudi bibliogràfic sobre la viticultura i l'enologia a l'antic Egipte. 2. Verificar analíticament la presència de vi en àmfores de l'antic Egipte.- Realitzar anàlisis de l'àcid tartàric, compost característic del vi, en mostres procedents d'àmfores egípcies. - S'estudiaran àmfores d'entre tres i cinc mil anys d'antiguitat de les col·leccions del Museu Egipci del Caire i del Departament de l'Antic Egipte i Sudan del Museu Britànic de Londres. 3. Investigar quin vi s'elaborava a Egipte, blanc o negre. - Posar a punt un nou mètode per a la determinació de marcadors de vi en mostres arqueològiques. - Realitzar anàlisis de residus trobats a l'interior d'àmfores egípcies. 4. Conèixer quina era la matèria primera del producte que els antics egipcis guardaven en àmfores i anomenaven Shedeh. - Realitzar anàlisis d'un residu trobat a l'interior d'una àmfora inscrita Shedeh per saber si aquest s'elaborava a partir de raïm. RESULTATS I APLICACIONSMitjançant el nou mètode d'anàlisi de residus arqueològics per LC/MS/MS es pot demostrar la presència de vi en mostres arqueològiques [tant rascades de la ceràmica com residus secs dipòsits] identificant l'àcid tartàric. El mètode és adequat en l'estudi de mostres arqueològiques per la seva alta sensibilitat i gran selectivitat. La quantitat necessària per l'anàlisi és de només 2 mg.S'ha demostrat per primer cop en mostres arqueològiques que, mitjançant una oxidació alcalina l'àcid siríngic procedent de la malvidina, present en raïms i vins negres joves, s'allibera del polímer complex format al llarg del temps i es pot establir com a marcador de vi negre en residus arqueològics. Per primera vegada, s'ha estudiat el color del vi mitjançant la identificació de dos compostos marcadors de vi en arqueologia: l'àcid tartàric i l'àcid siríngic. Aquest treball també ha permès conèixer que a l'antic Egipte, durant la Dinastia XVIII [1.543-1.292 aC], s'elaborava vi blanc i vi negre, ambdós sota la mateixa denominació: irp. També s'ha pogut constatar que la matèria primera de la beguda egípcia Shedeh era el raïm negre. NOTA: Aquesta tesi ha estat publicada en suport paper per l'editorial Archaeopress: (http://www.archaeopress.com/searchBar.asp?QuickSearch=Guasch) / Wine was a highly appreciated drink in Ancient Egypt. Since the Early Dynastic period (3150-2900 BC), wine jars were placed in royal tombs as funerary meals. Wine offerings to deities performed by the Pharaoh were often shown on the walls of Egyptian temples. From the Old Kingdom period (2700-2200 BC,) Egyptian private tombs were decorated with daily scenes like the grape harvest and the winemaking. The color of the wine was not referred to on texts, papyrus or inscriptions on amphorae.A new method for the identification of tartaric acid, as a wine marker, and for the first time syringic acid, as a red wine marker, in archaeological samples from Egyptian vessels has been developed. The technique used combines the liquid chromatography with the mass spectrometry in tandem (LC/MS/MS). Owing to the special characteristics of the samples, such as the dryness and the small quantity available for analysis, it was necessary the method to be very sensitive and highly specific to detect these compounds at trace levels in the residues. Samples of residues found in wine jars belonging to king Tutankhamun's collection, at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, have been analyzed. The results reveal that red and white wines were made at the end of the 18th Dynasty (about 1400 BC). Moreover, the botanical origin of the "shedeh" drink has been studied using the new method for archaeological samples. The analysis of a residue inside a well-preserved shedeh amphora from Tutankhamun's Burial chamber, revealed that the "shedeh" drink was made from red grapes, confirming the characteristic of "shedeh" was its particular elaboration. NOTE: Doctoral dissertation published in English by Archaeopress, "Wine in Ancient Egypt: a Cultural and Analytical Study", British Archaeological Reports, Internationl Series 1851, Oxford 2008, iX-72 p.http://www.archaeopress.com/searchBar.asp?QuickSearch=Guasch

Orientador: Lin Chau Ming / Banca: Natalia Hanazaki / Banca: Fatims Chechetto / Resumo: Neste trabalho pretende-se diagnosticar e analisar o manejo dos recursos vegetais hortícolas alimentares da agricultura tradicional da comunidade caiçara residente no interior e entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM)- Núcleo Picinguaba- situado no estado de São Paulo relacionando-os com a orientação e interferência na paisagem. Para tanto, busca-se, à luz da Etnoecologia Abrangente, por meio de ferramentas da Etnobotânica e da Antropologia, subsídio para a análise do modo de vida das populações considerando o uso e ocupação do solo assim como a inserção e importância de espécies alimentares, cultivadas e não-cultivadas, no dia-a-dia das pessoas. Foram obtidos dados em campo por meio da observação participante e com o uso de questionários e entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas. Utilizou-se o geopreocessamento a fim de se obter um mapa a partir de unidades de paisagem reconhecidas pelos agricultores correlacionando critérios êmicos de distinção da paisagem com aspectos fitossociológicos e de diversidade. Concluiu-se que o sistema de conhecimentos, crenças e sentimentos influenciam o manejo das espécies alimentares e das paisagens afetando diretamente a conservação e variabilidade de espécies de plantas e paisagens, ainda que haja pressão para substituições e impedimentos legais. A partir da argumentação de que é possível co-existir conservação de recursos naturais em locais onde habitam comunidades tradicionais tendo em vista seu modo de vida conservacionista, espera-se que este trabalho possa trazer contribuições para programas e políticas públicas de proteção às populações que têm sua cultura comprometida por restrições da legislação de uma UC e para conservação das espécies alimentares alvo do estudo / Abstract: This paper aims to diagnose and analyze the management of food plants resources of traditional agriculture of caiçara community resident in and around the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM) - Picinguaba situated in the state of São Paulo relating them to management and interference in the landscape . To do that, we seek the light of Comprehensive Ethnoecology, through tools of ethnobotany and anthropology, allowing the analysis of the way of life of the people considering the use and occupation as well as the inclusion and importance of food species, cultivated and non-cultivated, day-to-day lives. Field data were obtained through participant observation and the use of questionnaires and structured and semi-structured interviews. We used the geoprocessing in order to obtain a map from landscape units recognized by farmers correlating emic criterion for distinguishing the landscape with phytosociological and diversity aspects. We can conclude that the system of knowledge, beliefs and feelings influence the management of food plants species and landscapes directly affecting the conservation and variability of plant species and landscapes, although there is pressure to substitutions and legal impediments. From the argument that it is possible to co -exist conservation of natural resources in places with traditional communities considering their conservationist way of life, it is expected that this work will bring contributions to public programs and policies to protect the people who have their culture compromised by restrictions in the laws of a Conservation Unit (UC) and to the conservation of targeted food plants of this study / Mestre

Através do Estudo Etnobotânico realizado em uma comunidade de imigração italiana do município de Riozinho/RS, resgatou-se conhecimentos sobre práticas de cultivo e divisão de trabalho dentro do contexto da agricultura familiar, através de entrevistas com as 40 famílias que formam a mesma. Esta metodologia permitiu a criação de um modelo de “Horto” para o cultivo de plantas medicinais em escala comercial, onde foram cultivadas e avaliada a produtividade de 21 espécies. A interação agricultores e pesquisadores permitiu validar as técnicas de manejo e a força de trabalho familiar existentes na comunidade. As avaliações feitas sobre o rendimento das plantas medicinais cultivadas mostram que estes são compatíveis com as expectativas dos rendimentos comerciais. O conjunto dos dados permite concluir que o cultivo de plantas medicinais dentro deste modelo proposto é viável para a agricultura familiar na referida comunidade.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-08T11:33:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1282070 bytes, checksum: 9b7d18281ee43b300f17d649509d3944 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-08T11:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1282070 bytes, checksum: 9b7d18281ee43b300f17d649509d3944 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais se destaca na produção de hortaliças. Para alcançar sucesso nessa atividade, é necessária a escolha correta de cultivares e aplicação correta da irrigação, dentre outros fatores de produção. Objetivou-se na presente pesquisa avaliar o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de hortaliças submetidas a diferentes lâminas de irrigação via gotejamento na região de Viçosa, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. O experimento foi realizado na Horta de Pesquisa do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram cultivadas duas espécies de hortaliças em ambiente protegido durante três ciclos. As espécies cultivadas foram Rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.) e Rúcula (Euruca sativa L.). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições, tendo nas parcelas cinco lâminas de irrigação (50, 75, 100, 125 e 150% da evapotranspiração da cultura-ETc), nas subparcelas três cultivar de cada hortaliça, com cinco repetições. As cultivares de rabanete foram: Híbrido nº 25 (Sakata); Crunchy Royale (Sakata) e Vip Crimson (Feltrin); e da rúcula foram: Antonella (Isla); Cultivada (Isla) e Folha Larga (Feltrin). A ETc foi por meio do método GESAI, onde a evapotranspiração de referência foi obtida pela equação de Penman-Monteith-FAO56 alimentada por dados coletados da estação meteorológica terrestre. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância, regressão e correlação simples. Para a cultura do rabanete, foi observado no Híbrido 25 Sakata apresentou maiores valores de profundidade de raízes, massa de folhas por planta, número e massa de raízes tuberosas não-comerciais. Na Vip Crimson observou-se maiores valores de diâmetro e comprimento de raiz tuberosa. A cultivar Crunchy Royale atingiu maiores valores de eficiência do uso da água e número e massa de raízes tuberosas comerciais. Para a cultura da rúcula, as cultivares comportaram semelhantemente quantos aos aspectos agronômicos e produtivos avaliados. Os aumentos das lâminas de irrigação proporcionaram aumento do potencial de água na planta e reduções na temperatura foliar e eficiência do uso da água das hortaliças. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que as lâminas de irrigação aplicadas não influenciaram nas produtividades das culturas de rabanete e rúcula. Devido a alta capacidade de retenção de água no solo, pode-se pensar que a lâmina de água utilizada pela planta teve relevância na experimentação. Sendo o solo do presente experimento de alta capacidade de retenção de água no solo, recomenda-se irrigar com lâmina de 50% da ETc, desde que, no início do ciclo o solo esteja na capacidade de campo. A cultivar Crunchy Royale deve ser recomendada no cultivo de rabanete na região de Viçosa Minas Gerais. As cultivares de rúcula não apresentaram diferenças em suas características agronômicas. / The region of Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais, in Southeastern Brazil is prolific for the production of vegetables. To achieve success in this activity, the right choice of vegetables and proper irrigation techniques are necessary as well as others factors of production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the agronomic performance of vegetable cultivars submitted to different irrigation depth by way of drip irrigation on the above mentioned region. The experiment was installed in the Field Research Center at the Agronomy Department of Viçosa University in Viçosa, Brazil. Two vegetables were grown in a protected environment for three cycles. The species cultivated were radish (Raphanus sativus) and Rocket (Euruca sativa). The experimental design was randomly blocks, with five replicates, each taking five irrigation depth (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of crop evapotranspiration-ETc). On the split plots three cultivars from each vegetable with five repetition were used. The radish cultivars were: Híbrido nº 25 (Sakata); Crunchy Royale (Sakata) and Vip Crimson (Feltrin); and Rocket cultivars were: Antonella (Isla); Cultivada (Isla) and Folha Larga (Feltrin). The control of the same system in the treatment of the complete ETc experiment was by means of GESAI method, in which the reference for the evapotranspiration was obtained from Penman- Monteith-FAO56 equation and fed by data collected from weather station. To the radish culture, it has been verified that in general, the Híbrido 25 Sakata showed the highest values to depth of roots, mass of leaves per plants, number and mass of non-commercial tuberous root. The Vip Crimson showed the highest values of diameter and length of tuberous root. The variety Crunchy Royale showed the highest values of water use efficiency, number and mass of commercial tuberous root. For the rocket crops, the varieties behaved in the same way with respect to agronomic aspects and yield aspects evaluated. The increases of the irrigation depth provided the rise of plant water potential, a decrease in leave temperature and water use efficiency for the subjected vegetables. The results obtained in this work indicate that the applied irrigation depths did not influence the yield of the radish and arugula cultures. Due to the high capacity of water retention in the soil, one can think that the water depth used by the plant had relevance in the experimentation. As the soil of the present experiment with high water retention capacity in the soil, it is recommended to irrigate depth with a 50% ETc, provided that at the beginning of the cycle the soil is in the field capacity. The cultivar Crunchy Royale must be recommended for the radish farming in the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The cultivars of arugula did not present differences in their agronomic characteristics.