Orientadores: Luis Otávio Zanatta Sarian, Aarão Mendes Pinto Neto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_AdrianadeCassiaPaivados_D.pdf: 1416577 bytes, checksum: 04f08a157b001398cbbb4d76bd2deaa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Introdução: As condições econômicas e sociais encontradas na maior parte da África sub-Saariana são refletidas na qualidade da assistência à saúde. A melhora das condições de assistência ambulatorial e médico-hospitalar, neste contexto, envolve a capacitação do capital humano, isto é, treinamento e formação de profissionais, e alocação de recursos para insumos e infraestrutura. Dadas às limitações econômicas e técnicas do continente, essas ações costumam ser viabilizadas por ações cooperativas entre governos e instituições locais e estrangeiras. No Hospital Central de Maputo (HCM), em cooperação com o Ministério da Saúde de Moçambique (MSM), a Unicamp desenvolveu um projeto de pesquisa visando à identificação de necessidades de infraestrutura hospitalar e capacitação profissional com vistas a melhorar as taxas de infecção hospitalar e a qualidade à assistência em geral. Objetivo: 1) avaliar as ações executadas desde 2008 pelo MSM, junto com outros organismos multinacionais, na Enfermaria de Cirurgia (EC) do HCM, com vistas à humanização e correção de deficiências primárias de infraestrutura e capacitação profissional; e 2) avaliar fatores relacionados às taxas de infecção hospitalar em pacientes internados na EC e elaborar um plano de controle de infecção hospitalar aplicável e exequível segundo as condições locais. Métodos: Na primeira parte do estudo (referente ao objetivo 1), relatamos o processo de melhorias implementadas na EC a partir da aplicação de um Instrumento de Avaliação de Desempenho (IAD), desenvolvido em colaboração com o MSM, cujas funções eram determinar as necessidades de recursos humanos, organização em serviço, segurança do paciente e satisfação da equipe profissional. O IAD também determinava 83 metas, relacionadas aqueles aspectos mencionados. Este instrumento foi inicialmente utilizado em 2009, e a partir dos resultados obtidos foram delineadas e implantadas intervenções voltadas à correção das limitações do serviço. A partir de então, o IAD permaneceu em uso contínuo pelos profissionais da EC e os resultados obtidos subsequentemente são relatados e comentados nesta tese. A segunda parte do estudo (referente ao objetivo 2) trata das duas primeiras de três fases de um estudo de intervenção, desenhado para 1) determinar a taxa de infecção hospitalar (IH) e suas características na Enfermaria de Cirurgia; 2) propor um plano de controle de IH (PCIH) baseado nos achados de 1). A fase 3, que visa a implantação do PCIH e a avaliação de seus resultados, será realizada posteriormente. Resultados: Em janeiro de 2009, na primeira aplicação do IAD, 49% das metas preconizadas já eram atingidas pela EC; após ações baseadas nos resultados da primeira aplicação do IAD, em junho e setembro de 2009, 88% e 90% das metas haviam sido atingidas, respectivamente. Foram detectadas melhoras substanciais nas práticas de enfermagem, níveis de satisfação de pacientes e estudantes, higienização do ambiente hospitalar e organização do serviço. Em 2011, teve início a segunda parte do estudo, referente à infecção hospitalar na EC. A taxa de IH foi estabelecida em 16.6% e esteve associada ao maior tempo de internação dos pacientes e à menor utilização de artigos hospitalares críticos (agulhas, sondas, bisturis, entre outros). Foi desenvolvido um plano de controle de infecção hospitalar que aborda a melhoria do treinamento de profissionais médicos e não médicos para os fatores associados à IH. Conclusões: A intervenção baseada na elaboração e aplicação o IAD permitiu a melhoria de indicadores de qualidade e satisfação em uma Enfermaria de Cirurgia de um hospital moçambicano, e a taxa de infecção na Enfermaria de Cirurgia do HCM pode ser reduzida com intervenções voltadas a redução do tempo de hospitalização e maior investimento em artigos hospitalares críticos / Abstract: Introduction: The economic and social conditions found in most of sub- Saharan Africa are reflected in the quality of health care. The improvement of the conditions of outpatient care and healthcare in this context involves the training of human capital, ie, education and training of professionals, and resource allocation to inputs and infrastructure. Given the economic and technical limitations of the continent, these actions are often made possible by cooperative actions between governments, local and foreign intuitions. In Maputo Central Hospital (HCM), in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Mozambique (MSM), Unicamp developed a research project aimed at identifying basic needs of hospital infrastructure and professional training in order to decrease hospital infection rates and quality of care in general. Objective: 1) to evaluate actions taken since 2008 by the MSM, along with other international organizations in surgery ward (EC) HCM, to improve humanization and correction of deficiencies related to infrastructure and job training, and 2) to evaluate essential aspects related to hospital infection rates in patients hospitalized at EC and develop a plan for hospital infection control applicable and enforceable according to local conditions. Methods: In the first part of the study (for the purpose of 1), we report the improvement process implemented in EC from the application of a Performance Assessment (PA), developed in collaboration with the MSM, whose duties were to determine the needs of human resources, service organization, patient safety and satisfaction of professional staff. The PA also determined 83 goals, related to those aspects. This instrument was first used in 2009, and from the results obtained was outlined and implemented interventions that aimed at correcting the limitations of the service. Since then, the PA remained in continuous use by professional EC and results are reported and discussed in this thesis. The second part of the study (related to objective 2) addresses the first two of three phases of an intervention study designed to 1) investigate the rate of nosocomial infection (NI) and their characteristics in MS, 2) propose a control plan IH (HICP) based on the findings of 1) Phase 3, which aims to set the HICP and the evaluation of its results, will be held later. Results: In January 2009, the first application of the IAD, 49% of the recommended goals were already stricken ECII; following actions based on the results of the first application of the IAD in June and September 2009, 88% and 90% of the targets had been reached, respectively. We detected substantial improvements in nursing practice, levels of satisfaction of patients and students, hygienic cleaning and service organization. In 2011 began the second part of the study, referring to nosocomial infection in EC. The rate of NI was established in 16.6% and was associated with longer hospital patients staying and less use of hospital critical items (needles, probes, scalpels, etc.). A plan was developed for hospital infection control that addresses the improvement of the training of medical professionals and decrease of nonmedical factors associated with IH. Conclusions: The intervention based on development and implementation PA allowed the improvement of quality indicators and satisfaction in a general ward of a hospital Mozambique, and the rate of infection in the General Infirmary HCM, can be reduced with interventions aimed at reducing the time hospitalization and greater investment in hospital critical articles / Doutorado / Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária / Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

The evolution of e-health has the potential to assist in the management of scarce resources and the shortage of skills, enhance efficiencies, improve quality and increase work productivity within the healthcare sector. As a result, an increase is seen in e-health solutions developments with the aim to improve healthcare services, hospital information systems, health decision support, telemedicine and other technical systems that have the potential to reduce cost, improve quality, and enhance the accessibility and delivery of healthcare. However, unfortunately their implementation contiues to fail. Although there are several reasons for this, in this study a lack of project quality management is viewed as a key contributor to the failure of e-health solutions implementation projects in rural hospitals. This results in neglected aspects of quality assurance (QA), which forms an integral part of project quality management. The purpose of this study is to develop a Genertic Quality Assurance Model (GQAM) for the successful acquisition (i.e. development and implementation) of e-health solutions in rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape Province to enable improved quality of care and service delivery. In order to develop and test this model it was necessary to identify the QA methodologies that are currently used in rural hospitals and to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, as well as their impact on project success. The study is divided into four phases; in each phase different study designs were followed. The study used triangulation of qualitative and some elements of quantitative research approaches, in terms of which a case study approach was adpoted to answer the research questions. This study did indeed develop a GQAM that can be used to ensure e-health solution success in rural hospitals. Furthermore, to aid in the implementation of this model, a set of QA value chain implementation guidelines were developed, as a framework, to inject the nodel into typical (SDLC) phases.

Bakgrund: Ett vanligt symtom inom ambulanssjukvården är smärta, vilken ofta kan förvärra den smärta som redan upplevs av patienten, då de nödvändiga förflyttningarna genomförs av besättningen till bår och ambulans. Det är sjuksköterskorna i ambulansbesättningen som gör bedömningen huruvida smärtlindring krävs akut eller inte under transporten till sjukhus. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera patienters upplevelser av intranasal (i.n) smärtlindring jämfört med intravenös (i.v) smärtlindring inom ambulanssjukvården i Stockholm. Metod: Studien är en empirisk studie med deskriptiv design. Huvudresultat: Studien visade endast signifikant skillnad i området där upplevelsen av oro och/eller rädsla mättes i samband med i.n kontra i.v smärtlindringsmetod. Det var fler som upplevde en negativ aspekt i form av oro och eller rädsla i den grupp som fått i.n smärtlindring. Inga andra signifikanta skillnader i upplevelsen av varken, nöjdhet av smärtlindringens effekt, själva sättet att erhålla läkemedlet eller upplevelse av biverkningar påvisades. En jämförelse mellan de rapporterade biverkningarna visade att illamående var den vanligaste biverkningen och den var vanligast i den grupp som erhållit i.n smärtlindring. Slutsats: Med bakgrund av detta resultat kan man ifrågasätta om administreringssättet är avgörande kring effekten och upplevelsen av positiva eller negativa aspekter av smärtbehandlingen. / Background: A common symptom of ambulance care is pain, which can often exacerbate the pain already experienced by the patient, as the necessary movements are carried out by the crew to the stern and ambulance. It is the nurses in the ambulance crew who assess whether pain relief is required urgently or not during transport to hospitals.   Objective: The purpose of this study was to study patient´s experiences of intranasal (i.n) pain relief compared to intravenous (i.v) pain relief within the ambulance service in Stockholm area.    Method: The study is an empirical study with a descriptive design.   Main results: The study showed that the only significant difference in the area where the experience of anxiety and/or fear was measured in connection with i. n versus i. v. pain relief method. It was more that experienced a negative aspect in the form of anxiety and or fear in the group that received in n pain relief. No other significant differences in the experience of pain relief, satisfaction of neither the ring's power, the way to obtain the medicine or experience side effects was demonstrated. A comparison of the reported showed that the most common side effect was nausea, and it was most common in the group that received in n pain relief.   Conclusion: Based on this result, one can question whether the mode of administration is crucial for the effect and experience of positive or negative aspects of pain management.

The South African Health Care environment is in state of reform. Government strategy and change in legislation have been the catalyst for the development of new business models in South Africa. This report deals with the feasibility of a proposed model which is to be implemented by the Eastern Cape Department of Health at the Provincial Hospital in Uitenhage. The fundamental challenge in South Africa is the shortage of resources to support the health care industry from a public perspective. The point of departure for this research was to understand the complexity of this industry and investigate models that have evolved in South Africa and internationally. The literature research covers funding mechanisms from both a public and private perspective and takes into account the role the government plays in providing equitable health care for all. The literature provided the foundation to develop the model which is to be piloted at the hospital in Uitenhage. In terms of the research objective, a single case study methodology approach was conducted. Triangulation technique was used to gain insight from different perspectives and to test the model for validity. The core of this research focuses on the viability of the proposed model and the integration of this into the government health reform plan. The research revealed that in comparison to the existing PPP models in South Africa, this model is feasible. As a result of the analysis and the development of the proposed model, the research is concluded by offering suggestions for further research.

The purpose of the study was to describe the relationship between in-home health care services for elderly patients who were recently discharged from inpatient care and re-hospitalization rates. The design was descriptive and the hypothesis was that the provision of in-home health care services would mitigate a decline in the health status, of an elderly patient, following discharge from inpatient care and prevent re-hospitalization.

The present thesis which focuses on the needs of people with dementia and the support of their independent living in the home environment was written within the framework of the PhD study in Longevity at the Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, GAČR project co- researcher and AZV participated in during post gradual studies. Presented research focuses on the needs of home dwelling people with dementia, the needs of their informal carers, the needs and experiences with providing care of patients with dementia in acute hospital care. The text of the thesis is divided into four parts, which are based on texts reviewed and published or prepared for publication. The first three parts present own research aimed at identifying the needs of people with dementia and experiences with caring of them in their home environment and in the hospital environment during acute care. The final part presents the possibilities and services to support their independent life in their own environment.

Bakgrund: Forskning tyder på att stress är ett vanligt förekommande problem inom sjuksköterskeyrket idag. Det finns positiv och negativ stress där den negativa och framförallt den långvariga stressen kan leda till negativa konsekvenser både fysiskt och psykiskt.   Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av arbetsrelaterad stress i slutenvården.  Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på elva vetenskapliga artiklar som har granskats och inkluderats i resultatet.   Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskans upplevelse av arbetsrelaterad stress i grundades i två huvudrubriker; Upplevda orsaker till arbetsrelaterad stress samt upplevda faktorer som kan reducera stress på arbetet samt tio underrubriker. Resultatet identifierade upplevda orsaker till arbetsrelaterad stress i form av; hög arbetsbelastning, osäkerhet i arbetsrollen, bristande stöd från chefer, kontakt med anhöriga, bristande kommunikation och samarbete samt våld och hot. Resultatet identifierade upplevda faktorer som kan reducera stress i form av; anpassning av arbetsbelastning, individuella strategier för stresshantering, återhämtning samt utbildning och digitala verktyg.  Slutsats: Stress på arbetet verkar vara ett problem som förekommer i hela världen då resultatet påvisar samma problematik i olika länder. Sjuksköterskor upplever arbetsrelaterad stress baserad på en mängd olika faktorer såsom hög arbetsbelastning som överensstämmer med varandra inom forskningen. Även upplevda faktorer för stressreducering överensstämmer med varandra vid jämförelse mellan olika länder. / Background: Research indicates that stress is a common problem within the nursing profession today. There are positive and negative stress where the negative and above all the long-term stress can lead to negative consequences both physically and mentally. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe nurses experiences of work related stress in hospitals.  Method: A descriptive literature study where eleven scientific articles were analyzed and included in the result.   Main result: The nurse's experience of work-related stress was founded in two main headings; Experienced causes of work-related stress and Experienced factors that can reduce stress at work and ten sub-headings. The result identified perceived causes of work-related stress in the form of; high workload, insecurity in the work role, lack of support from managers, contact with the relatives, lack of communication and cooperation, and violence and threats. The result identified perceived factors that can reduce stress in the form of; adaptation of workload, individual strategies for stress management, recovery and training and digital tools. Conclusion: Stress at work seems to be a problem that occurs throughout the world as the result shows the same problem in different countries. Nurses experience work-related stress based on a variety of factors like heavy workload that are consistent with each other in research. Experienced stress reduction factors are also consistent in comparison between countries.

Bakgrund: Vård i livets slut är ett område som många sjuksköterskor kommer i kontakt med. Den palliativa vården syftar till att låta patienten leva ett fullvärdigt liv fram tills att denne dör utan att förlänga lidandet. Runt en döende patient finns ofta flera närstående, närstående som kanske aldrig upplevt döden eller döendet förut. Inom palliativ vård har de närstående en viktig roll och det är vårdgivarnas uppgift att se till att närstående inkluderas och stöttas. Den moderna sjukhusvården bedrivs idag med allt större krav på ekonomisering och effektivisering vilket ökar arbetsbördan på sjukhusets avdelningar, där kurativ vård är normen. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva närståendes erfarenheter av palliativ vård av vuxna på sjukhus. Metod: Författarna har genomfört en deskriptiv litteraturstudie där totalt 11 artiklar granskades, artiklarna hittades i databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. En tematisk analys av artiklarnas ledde fram till studiens resultat. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att områden som kommunikation och information var av stor vikt och hur icke adekvat kommunikation kunde leda till lidande. Miljön där vården bedrevs ansågs viktig med önskemål om en lugn miljö som bevarade patientens integritet. Närstående efterfrågade flertalet praktiska önskemål så som övernattningsmöjligheter, mat och gratis parkering. Det var även viktig att närstående och de döende blev bemötta med respekt, empati och känslighet från sjukvårdpersonalen. Slutsats: Denna litteraturstudie visar på flertal områden där förbättringsmöjligheter finns. Genom att förbättra den palliativa vården finns möjlighet att minska lidande för både närstående och patient. Vård i livet slutskede är ett område som kräver tid, kontinuitet och goda arbetsförhållanden för personalen, något som inte alltid kan garanteras i den moderna vården. / Background: End of life care is a field that many nurses will come in contact with. The aim of palliative care is to let the patient live a life with sufficient quality until the moment of death and without prolonging suffering. In the vicinity of a dying patient there is almost always a number of relatives, relatives who might never have experienced death or the process of dying. In the palliative care process relatives have an important role and it is the responsibility of health care staff to include and support them. Modern hospitals are today subject to demands of increased economization and streamlining which increases workload on hospital wards, where curing illnesses still is the norm.  Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of relatives on the palliative care of adult patients in hospital. Method: The present study is a descriptive literature review in which a total of 11 articles have been examined. The articles were found in the databases PubMed and Cinahl. A thematic analysis of the articles led to the development of the result. Result: The result showed that topics concerning communication and information were of great importance and how inadequate communication could lead to suffering. The environment in which care was given was also considered important and it was requested that the environment should be calm and provide privacy. Relatives had multiple requests regarding practicalities such as being able to spend the night, food and free parking. It was also important that the relatives and patients were treated with respect, empathy and sensitivity from health care staff. Conclusion: This literature review showed a number of areas were there were potential for improvement. Improving end of life care is a chance to reduce suffering for both relatives and patients. End of life care is a field which requires time, continuity and good working conditions for staff, which is somethings that can’t be guaranteed in the modern hospital.

The purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with the delay in the initiation of breastfeeding to premature infants before discharge from hospital. The need for this research is evident in the current practice of feeding premature infants after a nasogastric tube is removed. The study sought to provide answers to delayed initiation of breastfeeding to premature infants before discharge from hospital. Fifty members of staff in the Sick Neonate Unit and 50 mothers of premature infants participated in the study. Self-administered data collection instruments were used to collect data from mothers of premature infants and staff of a Sick Neonate Unit in the hospital. The results showed that sociodemographic factors of staff 15 (f=30%) were 31-40 years old, and young nursing staff have decreased knowledge of breastfeeding as compared to senior and older staff members. Maternal demographic factors 36 (f=73.5%) were single and 13 (f=26.5) were married. Married mothers were more likely to breastfeed with the support of the partner than unmarried mothers. Health service factors staff views towards breastfeeding were 11(f=22.0% staff members were neutral about breastfeeding, and Eighteen (f=36.0%) staff members strongly disagreed to other methods of infant feeding. Maternal breastfeeding knowledge was one of the factors under maternal breastfeeding factors because it showed that 48 mothers (f=98.0%) did not have breastfeeding knowledge. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The submitted dissertation of the PhD study programme Longevity Studies was prepared and financially supported by the project GAUK - Grant Agency of Charles University No. 760219 entitled "Met and Unmet Needs Of Particularly Vulnerable Older Patients in Home and Inpatient Care", of which I am a co-investigator. The mentioned research project is also in the intentions of the strategic plan and long-term activities of the research team CELLO (Center for the Study of Longevity and Long-Term Care), which is the scientific basis of the PhD study programme Longevity Studies. The main goal of the GAUK project is to provide a comprehensive overview of the needs of vulnerable older patients who are provided health care. The project is focused on three areas, which are: the needs of patients with dementia, the needs of geriatric patients at home and the needs of geriatric patients in hospital care. Partial goals are the exploration of current knowledge of the issue based on a review of Czech and foreign literature. The aim of the survey is to find out attitudes and opinions on satisfying needs from the perspective of patients and healthcare professionals. The practical goal is to create recommendations for good practice for the health care of these patients. The dissertation consists of a total of seven...