My thesis examines the role that Ladies Home Journal played in challenging the ideals of domesticity that emerged in the postwar period in the United States. Originally founded in 1883, Ladies Home Journal emerged from World War II as the most popular and highly circulated women’s magazine. Husband and wife duo Bruce and Beatrice Gould served as co-editors-in-chief from 1935 to 1962, and populated the magazine with numerous ambitious and talented female writers and editors. Many of these female staff members also married and had children, while maintaining their careers. During an era where employees discriminated against women in the workplace, Ladies Home Journal employed women and published numerous articles supporting women in the workplace. In 1963, Betty Friedan claimed that women’s magazines only perpetuated the idealized, feminine housewife, but I argue that her argument oversimplifies the complexities women’s magazines represented during the 1950s. Divided intro three chapters, I analyze the shifting working conditions for women between the 1940s and 1950s, then unearth the working culture of Ladies Home Journal during the postwar period through an analysis of the editors, writers, and articles. Lastly, I examine three female journalists, Dorothy Thompson, Betty Hannah Hoffman, and Maureen Daly who all regularly contributed to the Journal.

This study is about daily experiences of housewives. It aims to reveal to what extend middle and lower middle class women are different as well as similar to each other. This class comparative analysis is based on their attitudes and feelings about being a housewife, employment, housework, child care, daily routine, housekeeping, and division of labour at home. The study also discusses the factors affecting women&rsquo / s attitudes towards housework such as technology and use of paid domestic service. In order to shed light upon the experiences of housewives, qualitative method is used by in-depth interviews with 14 middle class and 14 lower middle class housewives living in Ankara. In this study class is determined by taking into consideration the place of residence, monthly income and occupation of the husband.

Adolescent girlhood has been a marginalised field in twentieth- and twenty-first-century sociology, social history and women’s history. This dissertation is about feminine adolescence in Norway from 1957 to 1977 – and further in 2009. This study analyses discourses and representations of girlhood and proper girlhood, as well as the mediation and reception of such discourses and representations. More specifically, I examine adolescent girlhood from two intertwining perspectives. First, I analyze the textual representation of adolescent girlhood in Det Nye, the oldest young women’s magazine in Norway. Second, I explore the reception of the magazine’s discourses and representations of young femininity by interviewing girls and women about the magazine. The dissertation consists of four articles. Two of the articles are textual analyses of Det Nye’s regular columns and sections. In the first article, I analyze the question-and-answer column, “Beate.” For over 20 years, Norwegian girls asked Beate for advice about love, romance and sexuality. My focus is on the discursive change in her answers, and the way they moved from essentialist and rigid arguments in 1950s and 1960s to a more gender-equal perspective in the1970s. The second article addresses representations of proper girlhood in 1958 by way of an analysis of a series of so-called real-life stories in Det Nye in 1958. These stories are presented as if they are real stories written by the girls in the stories. In these stories, “proper girlhood” is defined by respectability, (sexual) innocence, cheerfulness, and the ability and willingness to be a good housewife. In the third article, the focus is on Norwegian women who came of age in the ideological landscape of the 1950s and 1960s and who tried to establish what they perceived to be good lives for themselves. The purpose of the article is to examine how these women experienced sexuality and housewifery, especially in relation to how they perceived their possibilities for shaping their own lives. In other words, I confronted today’s elder women, most of them previous housewives, with the discourses and representations that came up in the textual analysis of old issues of Det Nye. The oral history interviews showed that most of these women adjusted to the housewife landscape that was characteristic of Norway in those years. Most of them chose the life path they were “supposed to” choose, and they naturalised their choices. With the exception of one woman in my material, these women were no strong agents of change, at least in relation the division of labour. They married in their early twenties, after which they generally retreated from the labour market to become full-time mothers and housewives for many years. The rising discourse of feminism seems to have played a very small role in the lives of these women in 1950s and 1960s. In the last article, I ask today’s girls about ideal girlhood as portrayed in girls’ magazines, the girls’ own ideas about ideal girlhood, and about the practice of reading magazines for young women. I interviewed 18 girls between 13 and 17 years of age in focus groups, and the results show that girls’ magazines function as an arena for learning and education, providing guidelines about make-up, fashion, education, jobs and labour marked. Magazines are not read, however, only because of the information they offer. They are also read for their own sake – for the “brainless enjoyment” as one of my informants put it. Finally, the magazines also have a trait that appeals to girls with a hectic lifestyle – namely, their “putdownability.” /

Immigration policy and tradition dovetail in their impact on the social organization of immigrant communities, linking the material and non-material aspects of gender. I focus on Asian Indian Patels, who dominate the budget motel business in the United States. I conducted semi-structured interviews with Patel men, women, and teenagers. I stayed overnight in the motels to observe families at work. I was almost always invited to prepare and share a meal, so I observed families at home. My analysis is based on transcribed interviews with participants, fieldnotes, observations, community publications, and information from three key contacts. Most Patels enter the U.S. under family reunification rules in a chain migration. These rules do not recognize families as labor; therefore a majority of documented immigrants are exempt from labor certification. Traditions define Patel women as housewives. The nature of motel work allows women to contribute their labor full-time and still remain housewives: they are not recognized as workers. Community financing and family labor, both escapes from the market economy, allow for the economic success of Patels. When families take on subsequent links in the chain migration, they must meet the costs of migration for new immigrants, and maintain traditional gender hierarchy. When they are the last link in the chain, there is a challenge to this hierarchy. In the second generation, when they remain in the motel business, Patels maintain traditional gender hierarchy. When either partner is linked to the labor market, there is a challenge to traditional gender hierarchy. / Ph. D.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente estudo teve por finalidade a compreensÃo do lugar do trabalho reprodutivo para donas de casa da cidade de Fortaleza - CE. Entendemos que a mulher sempre esteve inserida no mundo do trabalho, inicialmente no Ãmbito domÃstico e nos cuidados parentais, que aos poucos vem sendo reconhecido, por meio de novos regulamentos, como trabalho. ApÃs a RevoluÃÃo Industrial, essa atuaÃÃo feminina se torna mais representativa frente à massa de trabalhadores, e permanece crescente na contemporaneidade. Todavia, sua participaÃÃo no mundo do trabalho foi desde sempre marcadamente precÃria (jornadas parciais, subcontratos, trabalhos temporÃrios, terceirizaÃÃo, por exemplo). Somando-se a isso, à mulher ainda cabe grande parte dos trabalhos domÃsticos e cuidados parentais, como os estudos sobre DivisÃo Sexual do Trabalho apontam. Contudo, existe um contingente de mulheres que permanecem unicamente no Ãmbito domÃstico, doravante denominadas donas de casa, e que se ocupam, exclusivamente, do trabalho reprodutivo, invisÃvel e nÃo-remunerado. Ancorados nessa realidade, tomamos como sujeitos da pesquisa donas de casa da cidade de Fortaleza - CE, no intuito de compreender a realidade de trabalho dessas mulheres, que muitas vezes sÃo âinvisÃveis socioeconomicamenteâ. A metodologia da pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa, na qual foram utilizadas para coleta de dados o diÃrio de campo e as entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais, que foram gravadas e transcritas. A anÃlise dos dados se deu atravÃs da AnÃlise TemÃtica, situada dentro da AnÃlise de ConteÃdo. Tomamos as teorias da DivisÃo Sexual do Trabalho, dentro da vertente das relaÃÃes sociais de sexo, e a Teoria dos Tempos Sociais, alÃm da Ãtica da Psicologia Social do Trabalho, como aportes teÃricos e analÃticos que respaldaram a anÃlise do material erigido no estudo. Como resultados, obtivemos que o trabalho das donas de casa pesquisadas ocupa o lugar de centralidade nas suas vidas, assumindo um carÃter estruturador e organizador do cotidiano dessas mulheres, que se veem como trabalhadoras legalmente nÃo reconhecidas. / The present study aimed to understand the place of reproductive work for housewives in the city of Fortaleza - CE. We understand that women have always been inserted in the working world, initially in the domestic sphere and in parental care, which is gradually being recognized through new regulations as work. After the Industrial Revolution, this feminine performance becomes more representative compare to the mass of workers, and remains increasing in contemporaneity. However, their participation in the working world has always been markedly precarious (partial days, subcontracts, temporary jobs, outsourcing, for instance). In addition to this, women still have a large part of domestic work and parental care, as studies on the Sexual Division of Labor point out. However, there is a contingent of women who remain exclusively in the domestic sphere, hereinafter referred to as housewives, and who exclusively deal with reproductive, invisible and unpaid work. Anchored in this reality, we take as research subjects the housewives of the city of Fortaleza - CE, in order to understand the work reality of these women, who are often âsocioeconomically invisibleâ. The methodology of the research was qualitative, in which were used for data collection the field diary and individual semi-structured interview, which were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the data was done through the Thematic Analysis, situated within the Content Analysis. We take the theories of the Sexual Division of Labor, within the framework of social sex relations, and the Social Times Theory, besides the optics of the Social Psychology of Work, as theoretical and analytical contributions that supported the analysis of the material erected in the study. As results, we have obtained that the work of the housewives researched occupies the place of centrality in their lives, exerting a structuring and organizing character

In 1957 a number of women's organizations were involved in planning a government-sponsored Festival of Women - an event that indicates contemporary awareness of and interest in the changing position of women. This study is similarly concerned with the position of women in the 1950s and 60s, relating constructions of the 'modern' woman in women's magazines to post-war developments, such as increasing levels of consumption and changing leisure patterns. There are two major themes in the thesis: the housewife and the modern. The study illustrates the centrality of 'the housewife' while accentuating the breadth and complexity of post-1945 women's roles and identities, with a focus on two sites pivotal to constructions of femininity in women's magazines: the home and appearance. The study also explores how women's magazines shaped the modern, emphasizing the range of ways in which this notion was constructed and understood. The concept of social capital is used to examine the significance of the modern, looking at why it was so important and its connection with ideas of exclusion and belonging.The study looks at two magazines. Home and Country was the magazine of the National Federation of Women's Institutes, and hence it targeted rural women. Woman's Outlook, on the other hand, was the Women's Co-operative Guild magazine, aimed at working-class Guild members. Through comparisons between the two and with Woman, a mass-circulation weekly magazine, the thesis demonstrates that their respective rural and Co-operative identities were distinctive features that contrast with the urban and mass consumption viewpoints evident in other titles. These rural and Co-operative identities heavily influenced the perspectives of the organizational magazines and created alternative visions of the modern. The relationship of these features to post-war British modernity has received little attention, with historians' focus on the urban and the individual consumer positioning the countryside and the Co-operative movement as antithetical to the modern. However, this study reveals that rural and Co-operative interpretations of the modern enhance and develop understandings of key themes in 1950s and 60s British history such as national identity, consumer culture, generation and age. The thesis situates Home and Country and Woman's Outlook within broader social and cultural networks and shows the extent to which women's magazines operated as cultural intermediaries. The study also engages with a number of intersecting bodies of literature, such as revisionist accounts of domesticity and recent work on women's organizations, and contributes to various discussions including housing in post-war Britain and feminist analyses of fashion and beauty. This multifaceted investigation generates new insights into both the housewife and the modern, insights which offer a more complex and nuanced account of 1950s and 60s Britain and the position of women.

<p>In the 1930s the Swedish homes were modernized through a series of social reforms. As a result of this, time was expected to be released from the housewife’s daily domestic duties and the question was what to do with this time. In this dissertation the concept of time is used in the sense of free time as time for free thinking. The time issue during the thirties is an underlying question throughout the study. The magazine Morgonbris (1904-), a political campaign journal published by the social democratic women’s association (in Swedish: Socialdemokratiska kvinnoförbundet, SSKF) was the public arena for political issues of this kind.</p><p>The aim of the study is to scrutinize the magazine, its shape (typography and layout) and content, the editors´ journalism as well as the relationship to the SSKF and the circle of readers during the decade, in order to describe the dramatic changes of this political and public arena with special focus on the editorship of Kaj Andersson (1931-1936).</p><p>Methodologically this study draws on Hannah Arendt’s “storytelling” or “fragmented historiography”. Theoretically the concepts “public sphere” and “proletarian experiences” are adopted and Jürgen Habermas, Oscar Negt & Alexander Kluge as well as Pierre Bourdieu, are referred to. The gender perspectives of Joan F. Scott and Yvonne Hirdman are also adopted.</p><p>Kaj Andersson’s ”active journalism” in Morgonbris exhibits two distinguishing characteristics during the thirties, it was clearly socialist and critical towards nazism and fascism and it was the most salient vehicle of modernity within the Swedish press at the time. She re-styled the magazine, gave it a new outfit and introduced a new kind of modern, photojournalism. The result was an economic upswing for the magazine. The heritage of Ellen Key´s aesthetics came forward in a consumer campaign, “The best of the industry to the needs of the homes” (Fabrikernas bästa till hemmens behov), which bears similarities to the “Better Homes of America” campaign, launched in the 1920s in the USA. The political path in both campaigns coincided partly with the agenda of Alva Myrdal. Also the “Housewife Holiday” campaign that Kaj Andersson initiated in Morgonbris was in line with the modernization of women’s life throughout the country. The exhausted housewives’ yearning for rest and temporary release from domestic duties was reflected in several articles, in which their grass-root initiatives were acknowledged as political action.</p><p>Until Kaj Anderson left Morgonbris, after several schisms with the committee about her creative – her backbiters would say self-indulgent – style to run the editorial office, she balanced on the border between commercialism and socialism. Her background in the party press, the social democratic newspaper Social Demokraten, influenced her ideas, but her initiatives to turn to the fields of production and consumption also drove a wedge into the field of journalism, as an involuntary beginning to separate it from the field of politics.</p>

In the 1930s the Swedish homes were modernized through a series of social reforms. As a result of this, time was expected to be released from the housewife’s daily domestic duties and the question was what to do with this time. In this dissertation the concept of time is used in the sense of free time as time for free thinking. The time issue during the thirties is an underlying question throughout the study. The magazine Morgonbris (1904-), a political campaign journal published by the social democratic women’s association (in Swedish: Socialdemokratiska kvinnoförbundet, SSKF) was the public arena for political issues of this kind. The aim of the study is to scrutinize the magazine, its shape (typography and layout) and content, the editors´ journalism as well as the relationship to the SSKF and the circle of readers during the decade, in order to describe the dramatic changes of this political and public arena with special focus on the editorship of Kaj Andersson (1931-1936). Methodologically this study draws on Hannah Arendt’s “storytelling” or “fragmented historiography”. Theoretically the concepts “public sphere” and “proletarian experiences” are adopted and Jürgen Habermas, Oscar Negt &amp; Alexander Kluge as well as Pierre Bourdieu, are referred to. The gender perspectives of Joan F. Scott and Yvonne Hirdman are also adopted. Kaj Andersson’s ”active journalism” in Morgonbris exhibits two distinguishing characteristics during the thirties, it was clearly socialist and critical towards nazism and fascism and it was the most salient vehicle of modernity within the Swedish press at the time. She re-styled the magazine, gave it a new outfit and introduced a new kind of modern, photojournalism. The result was an economic upswing for the magazine. The heritage of Ellen Key´s aesthetics came forward in a consumer campaign, “The best of the industry to the needs of the homes” (Fabrikernas bästa till hemmens behov), which bears similarities to the “Better Homes of America” campaign, launched in the 1920s in the USA. The political path in both campaigns coincided partly with the agenda of Alva Myrdal. Also the “Housewife Holiday” campaign that Kaj Andersson initiated in Morgonbris was in line with the modernization of women’s life throughout the country. The exhausted housewives’ yearning for rest and temporary release from domestic duties was reflected in several articles, in which their grass-root initiatives were acknowledged as political action. Until Kaj Anderson left Morgonbris, after several schisms with the committee about her creative – her backbiters would say self-indulgent – style to run the editorial office, she balanced on the border between commercialism and socialism. Her background in the party press, the social democratic newspaper Social Demokraten, influenced her ideas, but her initiatives to turn to the fields of production and consumption also drove a wedge into the field of journalism, as an involuntary beginning to separate it from the field of politics.

El tema "Ama de casa de los años 50 en Estados Unidos" tiene como finalidad la creación de "Good Guy" que es una colección de indumentaria no binaria Prêt à Porter. El estudio se baso en la recopilación de información del contexto político, económico y social del país norteamericano desde el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta 1959, dado que este periodo arroja estereotipos de género (y al mismo tiempo forma un estereotipo) nacidos del arquetipo machista de la civilización griega; y como consecuencia, se forma la imagen predeterminada de un tipo de mujer que se concreta en la imagen de la ama de casa. El análisis de la investigación para formar todo lo concerniente a lo visual de la colección se basó en el estilo de vida de estas mujeres, características de su indumentaria, el rol que desempeñaban y la representación que se le daba en la publicidad en revistas y televisión de la época. Todas aquellas formas, texturas y colores extraídos del tema de investigación se reutilizarán para proponer un tipo de indumentaria no binaria donde cada pieza pueda ser adaptada según el usuario (cualquiera sea su silueta o somatotipo) y no de patrones de género; por medio de técnicas como fruncidos con hilo elástico, elásticos con adaptadores y cintas con posible ajuste que brinden la oportunidad de experimentación con el cuerpo, las creencias y las limitaciones sociales. / The theme "Housewife of the 50s in the United States" aims to create "Good Guy" which is a collection of non-binary Prêt à Porter clothing. The study was based on the compilation of information on the political, economic and social context of the North American country from the end of World War II until 1959, since this period casts gender stereotypes (and at the same time forms a stereotype) born of the archetype macho of Greek civilization; and as a consequence, the predetermined image of a type of woman is formed that is specified in the image of the housewife. The analysis of the research to form everything related to the visual of the collection was based on the lifestyle of these women, characteristics of their clothing, the role they played and the representation that was given to them in advertising in magazines and television. of the time. All those shapes, textures and colors extracted from the research topic will be reused to propose a type of non-binary clothing where each piece can be adapted according to the user (whatever its silhouette or somatotype) and not based on gender patterns; through techniques such as ruffles with elastic thread, elastics with adapters and adjustable straps that provide the opportunity to experiment with the body, beliefs and social limitations. / Trabajo de investigación

This paper explores various ideas about the function of humans inside the society, as presented in debate books of the 1960s in Sweden, with the background of the discussion that led to the abolition of joint taxation in 1971. The questions that the essay presents are about ideas of equality, housewife, leisure time versus working time, and the definition of work (wage labor) within the debate. / <p>På grund av reglerna angående COVID-19 var platsen dem digitala rummet.</p><p>Angående ORCID-id och Lokalt användarid - Tyvärr har jag ingen aning vad detta ska vara.</p>