Parmi les rétrovirus tumorigènes, les rétrovirus appelés « complexes » dont font partie HTLV-1 chez l’homme et BLV chez le mouton, sont responsables de leucémies lymphoïdes chroniques caractérisées par des pathogenèses similaires. Bien que la contribution essentielle de la protéine Tax dans la leucémogenèse soit bien établie pour ces deux virus, il existe toujours une contreverse quant à l’expression des protéines virales -dont l’oncoprotéine Tax- dans les cellules transformées. Dans le cas de HTLV-1 et BLV, le virus est latent. Une hypothèse attrayante suggère que l’extinction complète du provirus accompagnée du blocage transcriptionnel de l’expression de Tax dans la cellule leucémique serait un élément indispensable au développement de la tumeur en réduisant son immunogénicité. Le silencing viral permettrait à la cellule infectée d’échapper à la reconnaissance par le système immunitaire de l’hôte. <p>Dans la première partie de notre travail, nous avons pu montrer, grâce à l’observation et le suivi de deux moutons infectés par BLV, que l’extinction virale était associée au développement tumoral. Alors que la phase asymptomatique est caractérisée par l’existence de différents clones cellulaires infectés et exprimant le virus, la phase tumorale est caractérisée par l’existence d’un seul clone cellulaire dans lequel l’expression virale est éteinte. Dans le cas du mouton S2531, nous avons mis en évidence que le silencing observé dans la phase tumorale est d’origine génétique. L’extinction de l’expression virale et la domination du clone muté au niveau de la protéine Tax (K303) sont associées à l’émergence de la leucémie et constituent une caractéristique de la phase tumorale. Le deuxième mouton étudié, S267, est caractérisé par la présence de cellules infectées non transformées et transformées au même moment. Par ailleurs, le mouton S267 est caractérisé par une absence de mutations ou délétions au niveau du provirus intégré dans les cellules tumorales. Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous avons pu, grâce à l’établissement de la lignée L267 dans laquelle le silencing viral n’est pas lié à une défection dans la structure génomique du provirus, élucider les mécanismes épigénétiques responsables du silencing. Nous montrons que ce provirus silencieux peut être réactivé in vitro 1) lorsque la protéine Tax sauvage est introduite par transfert rétroviral, 2) après traitement des cellules par la trichostatine A (TSA), un inhibiteur des histones désacétylases, 3) par traitement des cellules à la 5’azacytidine, un agent inhibiteur de DNA méthyltransférases. La réactivation du provirus silencieux lui confère la capacité d’infecter des moutons sains, suggérant que le provirus est complet et exempt de mutation qui pourrait altérer son fonctionnement. Les complexes de désacétylation des histones msin3A et HDAC-1 jouent un rôle important dans l’établissement du silencing viral via la condensation de la chromatine, et ce changement de la structure chromatinienne est lié a un ensemble de modifications ciblant les acides aminés des queues N-terminales des histones H3 et H4 établissant ainsi un code histone pour l’extinction et l’expression du provirus. Enfin, l’étude comparative des profils d’expression génique de cellules B tumorales dans lesquelles le provirus BLV est soit silencieux, soit ré-activé suite à l’expression exogène de Tax a montré que les mécanismes épigénétiques de silencing se superposent même dans le modèle génétique de silencing. De plus le rétablissement de l’expression virale par Tax est associé à une élimination des complexes de désacétylation des histones au niveau du promoteur viral.<p>Nos résultats ouvrent le champ vers l’utilisation de modèle de leucémie ovine dans des essais thérapeutiques basés sur la combinaison du traitement par des inhibiteurs des HDACs et des DNMTs et une immunothérapie ciblant des antigènes tumoraux d’origine virale ou cellulaire. De telles expériences in vivo constitueront un modèle utile pour le traitement l’ATLL et de pathologies prolifératives touchant les cellules B chez l’homme.<p><p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La protéine Tax du virus HTLV-1 a les propriétés d'un oncogène viral et joue un rôle important dans l'induction de la transformation cellulaire menant à l'ATL. L'activité oncogène de Tax résulte d'effets pléiotropes sur divers mécanismes cellulaires y compris l'activation de l'expression de gènes cellulaires spécifiques par la voie NF-&61547;B et la dérégulation de la progression du cycle cellulaire. Dans ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence que Tax est une protéine hautement modifiée dans diverses lignées cellulaires y compris dans les lymphocytes T transformés par HTLV-1. L'ensemble des modifications post-traductionnelles de Tax forment une suite hiérarchisée qui contrôlent la localisation intracellulaire de Tax, sa capacité d'activer les kinases IKK et la voie de signalisation des facteurs NF-&61547;B et sa capacité d'induire un arrêt dans la progression de la mitose. En effet, la phosphorylation de Tax contrôle son ubiquitination et son passage dans le noyau où elle est sumoylée et acétylée. L’ubiquitination et la sumoylation de Tax agissent de manière concertée pour permettre l’activation de l’expression des gènes par la voie NF-& / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Psoriasiform diseases are a group of cutaneous disorders that are characterized by impaired keratinocyte maturation leading to epidermal hyperplasia and thickening of skin. This group of disorders includes psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis (SD) and mycosis fungoides (MF). Psoriasis has been recently shown to be mediated by the pro-inflammatory T helper cell subset, namely Th17 cells, whereas the pathogenesis of SD and MF are still poorly understood. SD is characterized by inflamed skin that primarily manifests on areas populated with sebaceous glands. Interestingly, SD is very common amongst immunosuppressed patients such as those with HIV-AIDS, suggesting the importance of an immune response in the development of SD. Because SD shares common clinical and histopathological features with psoriasis, a disease in which Th17 axis cytokines is known to be involved, and given that Th17 cells and their related cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, it is possible that Th17 axis cytokines play a role in the pathogenesis of SD. We explored the involvement of Th17 axis cytokines in a D2C mouse model of psoriasiform disease that shows a high degree homology to the clinicopathological characteristics of human seborrheic dermatitis. IL-6 and IL-23, which are important for the differentiation of Th17 cells, and IL-17 and IL-22, which are the Th17 effector molecules, were measured at both protein and mRNA levels in sera and lesional skin from D2C mice. An immunohistochemical analysis was also performed to detect the presence of IL-17 in D2C lesional skin relative to normal skin from DBA/2 controls. Our data demonstrated significantly elevated levels of IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22 in sera from diseased D2C mice compared to controls and/or convalescent mice. There were no significant differences in IL-23 protein levels in sera from D2C mice compared to those from wild type mice or convalescent D2C mice. RT-PCR revealed a significant increase in IL-23 and IL-17 gene expression in D2C lesional skin relative to normal skin. Gene expression levels of IL-22, but not IL-6, were statistically significant elevated in D2C skin lesions compared to controls, by real time PCR. Our IHC study of IL-17 expression showed an abundance of positively stained mononuclear cells in D2C lesional skin relative to DBA/2 normal skin. Altogether, our data demonstrate that Th17 axis cytokines are elevated locally at mRNA levels for IL-23, IL-17, and IL-22 and systematically at protein levels for IL-6, IL-17, and IL-22. This data lay the foundation for further studies investigating a role for Th17 axis cytokines in the cutaneous inflammatory disease seen in our mouse model of SD and, ultimately, in the development of human SD. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). The etiology of MF is unknown, but there is substantial evidence suggesting a potential role for a yet unidentified infectious agent in the pathogenesis of MF. Many studies have claimed that there is an association between MF and the Human T cell Lymphotorpic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-I); however, the involvement of this virus in the etiology of MF is a controversial topic. In our study, we used nested PCR to explore the association between HTLV-I infection and MF by screening genomic DNA from 114 skin biopsies for the presence of HTLV-I provirus. We also utilized a ViroChip and high-throughput sequencing (HTS), as a case study, to attempt to detect novel virus-specific oligonucleotides that may be associated with CTCL. Our data showed no evidence for HTLV-I proviral integration in the 114 MF samples that were screened using nested-PCR. The ViroChip and HTS results also did not reveal any signature sequence for known or unknown infectious agent in the CTCL case study. Collectively, this data argue against the involvement of HTLV-I provirus in the pathogenesis of MF.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No Brasil vÃrios estudos demonstraram prevalÃncia de coinfecÃÃo pelos vÃrus linfotrÃpico de cÃlulas T humanas â HTLV e vÃrus da imunodeficiÃncia humana â HIV, dentre grupos especÃficos de indivÃduos, que variou de 0,58% a 11,4%. O CearÃ, segundo dados anteriores, representa dentre os Estados do Nordeste, uma Ãrea de baixa endemicidade para a infecÃÃo pelos vÃrus HTLV. Este estudo tem por objetivo estudar aspectos clÃnicos e epidemiolÃgicos da coinfecÃÃo por HTLV e HIV, em Hospital de referÃncia para tratamento de pacientes com HIV do CearÃ. Este estudo à descritivo, do tipo transversal, realizado no perÃodo de maio de 2001 a outubro de 2002. Foram colhidas 420 amostras de sangue de pacientes soropositivos ao HIV, confirmados por Elisa e Western Blot que posteriormente foram testadas para HTLV-I/II, no Centro de Hematologia do Cearà â HEMOCE. Entrevistou-se 337 pacientes e pesquisou-se 165 prontuÃrios mÃdicos para obtenÃÃo de informaÃÃes referentes à dados sÃcio-econÃmicos, fatores de risco para HTLV, prÃticas sexuais e aspectos clÃnicos. Os resultados revelaram valor de soroprevalÃncia geral de 0,95%, distribuÃdos em 0,23% de HIV-HTLV-I e 0,47% de HIV-HTLV-II, seguido de 01 (0,23%) amostra com sorologia indeterminada. NÃo foi evidenciada concomitÃncia de infecÃÃo pelos vÃrus HTLV-I e HTLV-II. A populaÃÃo estudada concentrou maior nÃmero de pacientes na faixa etÃria de 30 a 39 anos, era predominantemente de baixa renda (67,6%), menor grau de escolaridade (44,8%) e constituÃda na sua maioria por heterossexuais (67,8%). Quanto Ãs manifestaÃÃes clÃnicas pesquisadas em 119 indivÃduos, 105 (88,2%) manifestaram doenÃa intercorrente e 14 (11,8%) foram assintomÃticos, sendo 111 (93,27%) com definiÃÃo para diagnÃstico de AIDS. Um percentual elevado dos entrevistados amamentou (38,5%), sendo baixa a exposiÃÃo ao uso de tatuagem (12,2%) e a transfusÃo de sangue (15,9%). Foi notada que a escassez no uso de drogas intravenosas (4,8%), um menor nÃmero de negros (5,6%) e maior nÃmero de preferÃncia heterossexual (67,8%), poderiam ser os principais fatores apontados como responsÃveis pela baixa prevalÃncia encontrada em nosso Estado. / Several studies carried out in Brazil have shown a serum-prevalence rate of HIV / HTLV (Human Immunodeficiency - virus / Human T-Lymphotropic virus) co-infection of 0.58% to 11.4% among specific groups of individuals. Based on previous data, the State of Cearà is considered an area of low HTLV prevalence in the northeastern Brasil. This study evaluated the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the HIV / HTLV co-infection in a reference hospital for the treatment of HIV infected patients in CearÃ. A descriptive, cross sectional study was performed, in the period of May of 2001 to October of 2002. Blood samples were randomly collected from 420 HIV-positive patients, through Elisa and Western Blot tests, that later were serologically tested for HTLV-I/II in the Hematological Center of Cearà - HEMOCE. Interviews were done in 337 patients and 165 files were searched for socio-economic, risk factors for HTLV, sexual practice and clinical aspects. The results confirmed a general seroprevalence value of 0.95%, distributed as 0.23% of HIV-HTLV-I and 0.47% of HIV-HTLV-II, followed by one (0.23%) sample of undetermined serology. Concomitant infection was not evidenced by the viruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The population studied was more frequently 30 to 39 years old, had predominantly lower income (67.6%) and educational (44.8%) levels and were heterosexual mainly (67,8%). In 119 patients evaluated, 105 (88.2%) complained of HIV-related diseases, 14 (11.8%) were asymptomatic and 111 (93.3%) were diagnosed with AIDS. An elevated percentage was breast fed (38.5%), few had had tattoos (12.2%), and also did receive blood products (15,9%). The scarce use of intravenous drugs (4.8%), the few numbers of black individuals (5.6%) and higher numbers of heterosexuals (67.8%), were pointed as possible reasons for the low HTLV prevalence found in this research.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Leucemia/Linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) é uma doença linfoproliferativa crônica com transformação clonal predominantemente de linfócitos TCD4+, causada pelo vírus linfotrópico T humano do tipo I (HTLV-I). A ATL se desenvolve em 3-5% dos portadores do vírus HTLV-I, após longo período de latência clínica, acompanhado de expansão clonal dos linfócitos infectados. As células da ATL apresentam várias anormalidades cromossômicas, semelhantes àquelas resultantes de disfunção telomérica e a instabilidade genômica contribui para o desenvolvimento da ATL. Para entender o papel do encurtamento telomérico na oncogênese da ATL, avaliamos o comprimento dos telômeros de linfócitos TCD4 e TCD8 em portadores do vírus HTLV-I e em portadores de ATL. RESULTADOS: Não foi evidenciada diferença significativa no comprimento de telômero dos subtipos linfocitários TCD4+ e TCD8+ entre portadores do vírus HTLV-I e indivíduos saudáveis, assim como, entre portadores de ATL e indivíduos saudáveis. Entretanto, quando incluímos na análise a variável idade, evidenciamos redução significativa do comprimento do telômero com a idade em portadores do vírus HTLV-I e maior perda telomérica nos portadores do vírus HTLV-I e portadores de ATL em relação aos indivíduos saudáveis de mesma idade, embora a diferença entre os grupos não atinja o nível de significância estatística. Estes resultados podem ser explicados pelo fato de que as células dos indivíduos infectados pelo vírus HTLV-I apresentam maior taxa proliferativa devido à ação viral, mesmo em estado de latência clínica. A perda telomérica em função da idade nos portadores de ATL não demostrou-se significativa devido ao pequeno número de casos analisados em decorrência da raridade da doença. Entretanto, quando analisamos o comprimento telomérico nos subtipos linfocitários de portadores de ATL, evidenciamos acentuada perda telomérica na célula maligna e valores próximos ao limite superior esperado para a idade no subtipo linfocitário não transformado, demonstrando que a disfunção telomérica deve estar associada à transformação celular. Estabelecemos valores de referência de comprimento telomérico dos subtipos linfocitários TCD4+ e TCD8+ de indivíduos saudáveis, definidos por faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados demonstram que portadores do vírus HTLV-I apresentam maior perda telomérica em função da idade que indivíduos saudáveis, mas, sem refletir significância estatística e clínica. Entretanto, portadores de ATL apresentam perda acentuada de comprimento de telômero na célula maligna, demonstrando que a determinação do comprimento de telômero pode auxiliar futuramente o monitoramento dos indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-I, indicando conversão à doença / INTRODUCTION: Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL) is a chronic lymphproliferative disease with clonal transformation predominantly of the TCD4+ lymphocytes, caused by the Human T lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I). ATL develops itself in 3-5% of HTLV-I carriers after a long period of clinical latency accompanied by clonal expansion of the infected lymphocytes. The ATL cells present several chromosomic abnormalities, similar to those resulting from telomere dysfunction and the genomic instability contributes to the development of ATL. In order to understanding the role of telomeric shortening in the ATL oncogenesis, we assessed the length of telomeres of lymphocytes TCD4 and TCD8 in HTLV-I carriers and in ATL carriers. RESULTS: No significant difference was evidentiated in the telomere length of lymphocytary subtypes TCD4+ and TCD8+ between HTLV-I carriers and healthy subjects, as well as, between ATL carriers and healthy subjects. However, when the age variable was included in the analysis, we observed significant decrease of telomeric length with age progression in HTLV-I carriers and higher telomeric loss in HTLV-I carriers and ATL carriers when compared to healthy subjects of the same age, although the difference between groups does not reach the level of statistic relevance. These results may be explained by the fact that the cells of HTLV-I infected subjects present higher proliferative rate due to the viral action, even during clinical latency. Age-related telomeric loss in ATL carriers did not manifest itself as significant due to the small number of analyzed cases as a consequence of the diseases rareness. However, when the telomere length on the lymphocytary subtypes of ATL carriers was analyzed, we evidentiated accentuated telomeric loss in the malignant cell and values close to the age-expected upper limit in the nontransformed lymphocytary subtype, demonstrating that the telomere dysfunction may be associated to the cellular transformation. We have determined reference values of telomere length for lymphocytary subtypes TCD4+ and TCD8+ on healthy subjects, defined by age range. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that HTLV-I carriers present higher telomeric loss due to age than healthy subjects, however, with no reflection in clinical and statistical significance. Nevertheless, ATL carriers present accentuated loss of telomere length in the malignant cell, demonstrating that the telomere length determination may, in the future, assist in the monitoring of HTLV-I infected subjects, indicating conversion to the disease

Le virus T-lymphotrope humain de type 1 (HTLV-1) est l’agent étiologique de deux principales pathologies : la leucémie/lymphome à cellules T de l’adulte (ATLL) et la paraparésie spastique tropicale/myélopathie associée à HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP). Ces deux maladies sont caractérisées par des phénotypes immunitaires opposés, puisque l’ATLL est associée à une immunosuppression et l’HAM/TSP à une réponse pro-inflammatoire. Les mécanismes qui déterminent l’évolution de l’infection chronique vers l’une ou l’autre de ces maladies sont peu connus. L’interféron de type 1 (IFN-I) a une fonction ambiguë dans l’organisme. Si cette cytokine contribue à la réponse immunitaire précoce, elle est également associée au développement de pathogenèses pour des infections virales persistantes. Les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDCs) ont la particularité de produire de grandes quantités d’IFN-I après la reconnaissance de cellules infectées par des virus. Nous avons montré que ceci était également vrai pour HTLV-1, puisque le contact entre une cellule infectée par HTLV-1 et la pDC est nécessaire à la production d’IFN-I. Cette production est induite par la particularité de HTLV-1 à s’accumuler en surface des cellules infectées, au sein d’une structure préalablement définie sous le terme de biofilm viral. La nature de la matrice extracellulaire dans laquelle est accumulée le virus régule la réponse IFN-I par les pDCs, la présence de l’antigène Galβ(1-3)GalNAc désialylé à la surface des cellules infectées contribuant à réduire cette réponse IFN-I. Nous avons également observé que des cellules infectées par le virus HTLV-2, virus phylogénétique proche de HTLV-1 mais peu pathogène, tendent à induire une plus faible production d’IFN-I, mais une meilleure maturation des pDCs. Nous avons enfin montré que la fréquence des pDCs dans le sang et leur capacité à répondre à un stimulus est similaire chez des patients HAM/TSP, des porteurs asymptomatiques et des individus sains. Ces résultats contrastent avec des études antérieures qui montrent une diminution de la fréquence des pDCs chez les patients ATLL et une diminution de leur activité chez les individus infectés. Le nombre et la fonction des pDCs pourraient ainsi contribuer à l’orientation de la pathogenèse vers l’ATLL ou l’HAM/TSP. / HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) is the etiological agent of two main diseases: the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, which are characterized by different immune phenotypes. While the ATLL is linked to an immunosuppressive state, the HAM/TSP is linked to a pro-inflammatory state in patients. The mechanisms contributing to the development of these two diseases in the HTLV-1 infected individuals are poorly understood. Type I interferon (IFN-I) has ambivalent functions in the organism. While this cytokine is an effector of early immune responses, several studies have reported a negative impact of this cytokine during chronic infections. The plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the main producers of IFN-I in vivo, and can produce high amounts of this cytokine after the recognition of virally infected cells. We have shown that pDCs are able to recognize HTLV-1-infected cells, thus leading to the production of IFN-I. pDCs’ triggering is mediated by the accumulated viral particles at the surface of the infected cells, within a carbohydrate-rich structure, previously described as the viral biofilm. The nature of the extracellular matrix itself seems to regulate IFN-I production by pDCs, since the exposition of an asialylated Galβ(1-3)GalNAc glycan at the surface of the HTLV-infected cells reduces the IFN-I production. We also observed that HTLV-2 (a close relative of HTLV-1)-infected cells, in contrast to HTLV-1-infected cells, tend to induce a lower production of IFN-I after being recognized by the pDCs but a greater maturation of the latter. Finally, we have shown that pDCs’ frequency in the blood and their ability to produce IFN-α after an ex vivo stimulation is equivalent in healthy donors, asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients. This result contrasts with previous studies which demonstrated that blood circulating pDCs’ frequency is reduced in ATLL patients and that pDCs from HTLV-1 infected individuals have a reduced ability to produce IFN-α after stimulation. Thus, dysregulation of the frequency and functionality of pDCs could contribute to the development of one disease or the other.

HTLV-I is the first discovered human retrovirus and a causative agent of both adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (or tropical spastic paraparesis) (HAM/TSP). Previous models have been successful in providing insight into the progression of HTLV-I infection. The relative simplicity of HTLV as well as its similarities to HIV and other diseases allow HTLV-I research to have diverse applications. The development of HAM/TSP is precipitated by a CTL immune response. Previous models for CTL response to HTLV-I infection have had relatively simple behaviours. A novel sigmoidal CTL response function results in complex behaviours previously unobserved. We establish the existence of bistability between solutions corresponding to carrier and endemic states. In addition, both super- and sub-critical Hopf bifurcations as well as the resulting stable and unstable periodic solutions are observed. Analytical and numerical results are discussed, as well as the biological consequences of the aforementioned behaviours. / Applied Mathematics

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