Orientador: Silvia A. Mikami G.Pina / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T05:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barros_RaquelReginaMartiniPaula_D.pdf: 36843030 bytes, checksum: 16fba5947045c132d87988b36793fcf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A pesquisa valoriza a relação entre conceitos humanizadores e a qualidade espacial do projeto de habitação coletiva com vistas a contribuir para o processo projetual. Os conceitos tiveram como ponto de partida uma seleção de patterns relacionados ao tema habitacional dentre os diversos originalmente identificados por Christopher Alexander e equipe em 1977. Os patterns consistem de proposições que procuram responder a problemas recorrentes no ambiente construído quanto ao melhor atendimento de necessidades psicossociais e ambientais e foram traduzidos e interpretados como parâmetros projetuais. A pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar em que medida os parâmetros selecionados relacionam-se à qualidade espacial do projeto da habitação coletiva no que se refere àquele melhor atendimento. Foram selecionados os projetos de habitação coletiva no Estado de São Paulo premiados e publicados nos periódicos nacionais entre os anos de 1980 e 2005, construídos ou não, incluindo qualquer faixa de renda de usuários. A partir da análise do levantamento abrangente da produção local, constituiu-se coletânea de parâmetros projetuais identificados. A relevância destes para a análise dos projetos fomentou a construção de conceitos humanizadores e revelou potencial de uso. Por fim, foi desenvolvida uma proposta de estratégia projetual que relaciona os conceitos humanizadores a propriedades que lhes são inerentes, representando qualidades do ambiente construído que podem resgatar um senso de urbanidade e de habitabilidade. A pesquisa pretende contribuir para a reflexão e prática do processo projetual visando à melhoria da qualidade da habitação coletiva com relação ao melhor atendimento de necessidades psicossociais e ambientais de futuros usuários. / Abstract: The research values the relation between humanizing concepts and the spatial quality of multifamily housing design in order to contribute to the architectural design process. The concepts originated from a selection of patterns related to housing among the identified by Christopher Alexander and colleagues in 1977. Patterns are propositions intended to answer to recurrent problems in the built environment regarding the fulfillment of social, psychological and environmental needs of its users, and were here translated and interpreted as design parameters. The investigation aimed at verifying to which extent selected parameters relate to the spatial quality of multifamily housing design regarding that fulfillment. The design sample included the awarded and published multifamily housing in the State of Sao Paulo within the time period of 1980 through 2005, comprising built and not built proposals for users of any income level. A collection of identified design parameters was gathered from the analysis of that comprehensive local production. The relevance of those for the design analysis encouraged the construction of humanizing concepts and revealed its potential for use. A design strategy was developed as to relate the humanizing concepts to inherent properties, representing qualities of the built environment which can recover a sense of urbanity and of a sense of dwelling. The research intends to contribute to the reflection on design methodologies and practice regarding the quality of multifamily housing concerning the fulfillment of social, psychological and environmental needs of future users. / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Mänskliga faktorer som till exempel kommunikation och tillit påverkar hur människor interagerar med varandra. I agil systemutveckling ingår relationer, samspel och samarbete mellan människor och dessa påverkar om systemutvecklingsprojektet anses framgångsrikt eller ej. Men ofta i systemutvecklingsprojekt så läggs det mer tid på själva tekniken än de sociala aspekterna, där de mänskliga faktorerna i många fall är en avgörande faktor för projektets slutresultat. Syftet med det nuvarande arbetet är att beskriva vilka mänskliga faktorer som är viktiga för att effektivisera samarbete i agila systemutvecklingsprojekt, samt att beskriva hur agil systemutveckling på Trafikverket utförs. Trafikverket ville ha studien genomförd för att resultatet av studien skulle hjälpa till att minska antalet mindre framgångsrika systemutvecklingsprojekt på Trafikverket. Huvudfrågan i arbetet är: Vilka mänskliga faktorer är viktiga för att effektivisera samarbetet mellan verksamhetskunniga och utvecklare i agila systemutvecklingsprojekt? En fallstudie utfördes vid Trafikverket genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer som följdes upp av enkäter och dokumentstudier. Det sammanlagda resultatet tyder på att för att effektivisera samarbetet mellan verksamhetskunniga och utvecklare i agila systemutvecklingsprojekt på Trafikverket krävs fokus på följande fem mänskliga faktorer: kommunikation, tillit, ledarskap, kunskap och motivation. / Human factors influence how people interact and communicate with each other. Agile system development work consists of relationships, interaction and cooperation between people. These aspects impact the system development project´s results. However, often in system development there is more focus on the technology itself than on the social aspects, where human factors appear to be a decisive factor, in many cases for the project's end result. The purpose of this study is to describe what human factors that can lead to more efficient cooperation in agile software development projects, and to describe how agile system development looks like at Trafikverket. Trafikverket wished this study to be implemented as the study’s results may help to reduce the number of less successful systems development projects at Trafikverket. The main research question in this work is: What human factors are important to make cooperation between customers and developers of agile software development projects more efficient? A case study was conducted at Trafikverket. Data collected from seven semi-structured interviews followed up by questionnaires and document studies was used for the analysis. Conclusion’s suggests that in order to make cooperation between customers and developers in agile system development projects at Trafikverket more efficient five human factors as communication, trust , leadership, knowledge and motivation should be focused.

Ces travaux de recherche proposent une nouvelle méthode d'interaction gestuelle. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à deux domaines d'application : la thérapie à domicile par la réalité virtuelle et les arts scéniques numériques. Nous partons du constat que les interfaces standardisées ne sont pas adaptées à ces cas d'usage, car elles font appel à des gestes prédéfinis et imposés. Notre approche consiste à laisser la possibilité à l'utilisateur de faire apprendre ses gestes d'interaction par le système. Cela permet de prendre en compte ses besoins et aptitudes sensorimotrices. L'utilisateur réutilise ensuite son langage gestuel appris par le système pour interagir dans l'environnement virtuel. Cette approche pose des questions de recherche centrées sur la mémorisation, la rétroaction visuelle et la fatigue. Pour aborder ces trois aspects, nous étudions d'abord le rôle de l'affordance visuelle des objets et celui de la colocalisation dans la remémoration d'un corpus de gestes. Ensuite, nous évaluons l'influence de différents types de rétroactions visuelles sur l'évolution des gestes répétés par l'utilisateur dans une série de tâches de manipulation. Nous comparons également les performances entre des gestes d'amplitude réaliste et des gestes d'amplitude faible pour effectuer la même action. Aussi, nous attachons une importance à rendre l'interface accessible en utilisant des dispositifs bas coûts et peu intrusifs. Nous explorons les moyens de pallier les contraintes techniques liées aux systèmes peu performants. Pour cela, nous avons conduit des expériences où plus de six mille gestes proposés par une quarantaine d'utilisateurs ont été étudiés. / In this thesis, we propose and evaluate new gestural interfaces for 3DUI. This work is motivated by two application cases: the first one is dedicated to people with limited sensory-motor abilities for whom generic interaction methods may not be adapted. The second one is artistic digital performances, for which gesture freedom is part of the creative process. For those cases, a standardized approach is not possible and thus user-specific or dedicated interfaces are needed. We propose a user-defined gestural interaction that allows the user to make the system learn the gestures that he has created, in a specific phase, prior to using the system. Then, the user reuses his created gestures to interact in the virtual environment. This approach raises research questions about memorization of gestures, effects of fatigue and effects of visual feedbacks. To answer those questions, we study the memorization of user created gestures regarding the role of affordances and colocalization on gesture recall. Then, we study the role of different visual feedbacks on gesture repetitions for a set of manipulation tasks. We also compare full-collocated gestures to loose gestures with lower amplitude. Also, the approach has been designed to be affordable using low-cost devices. We explore solutions to deal with the lower data quality of such devices. The results of the user-studies are based on the analysis of six thousand gestures performed by forty subjects.

Control room operating crews are a crucial component in maintaining the safety of nuclear power plants. The primary support to operators during disturbances or emergencies are numerous emergency operating procedures. Further support is provided by reoccurring crew training in which the crews practice on handling anticipated disturbances in full-scale simulators. Due to the complexity of nuclear power plants and the small number of previous accidents to learn from, every possible accident scenario cannot be covered by the procedures and hence not trained on in the simulator. This raises the question of how operators can be prepared and able to cope with unexpected events by other means.   This thesis investigates the possibilities of operating crews to act flexibly in situations where stable responses in the form of prescribed actions sequences from procedures cannot be applied. The study is based on the safety research paradigm of resilience engineering and the four cornerstones of resilience; learning, monitoring, anticipating, and responding (Hollnagel, 2011). The meaning and applicability of the resilience cornerstones were examined by interviewing a domain expert at the time employed by the OECD Halden Reactor Project. Subsequently, eight semi-structured interviews with operator training personnel at a Swedish nuclear power plant provided the main data of this study.   This study shows that the resilience cornerstones were applicable to the work of nuclear power plant crews during emergency operations. In addition, the study provides findings regarding which artefacts (e.g. procedures) or crew characteristics (e.g. ways of communicating) support the cornerstone functions. The base thesis is that procedures always shall be used, but in situations where an operator perceives that no procedure is applicable, the crew have an opportunity to discuss the problem to come up with some other solution, i.e. act flexibly. Some trainers argued that the room for flexibility is there when needed, but it is not as certain how much flexibility and what kind of flexibility the operators are given. However, it does not seem like the flexibility, or lack of flexibility, given to operators is in itself the most problematic issue in the preparation of crews for unexpected events. Instead, this study identified several other problems of training and everyday work that could negatively affect crews’ capability to handle unexpected events. On the other hand, the trainers highlighted communication and teamwork to be important when the unexpected strikes and that much focus have been shifted towards such issues in training. Hence this can be claimed to be an important contribution given by the training today in successfully handling unforeseen events.

Mänskliga faktorer som till exempel kommunikation och tillit påverkar hur människor interagerar med varandra. I agil systemutveckling ingår relationer, samspel och samarbete mellan människor och dessa påverkar om systemutvecklingsprojektet anses framgångsrikt eller ej. Men ofta i systemutvecklingsprojekt så läggs det mer tid på själva tekniken än de sociala aspekterna, där de mänskliga faktorerna i många fall är en avgörande faktor för projektets slutresultat. Syftet med det nuvarande arbetet är att beskriva vilka mänskliga faktorer som är viktiga för att effektivisera samarbete i agila systemutvecklingsprojekt, samt att beskriva hur agil systemutveckling på Trafikverket utförs. Trafikverket ville ha studien genomförd för att resultatet av studien skulle hjälpa till att minska antalet mindre framgångsrika systemutvecklingsprojekt på Trafikverket. Huvudfrågan i arbetet är: Vilka mänskliga faktorer är viktiga för att effektivisera samarbetet mellan verksamhetskunniga och utvecklare i agila systemutvecklingsprojekt? En fallstudie utfördes vid Trafikverket genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer som följdes upp av enkäter och dokumentstudier. Det sammanlagda resultatet tyder på att för att effektivisera samarbetet mellan verksamhetskunniga och utvecklare i agila systemutvecklingsprojekt på Trafikverket krävs fokus på följande fem mänskliga faktorer: kommunikation, tillit, ledarskap, kunskap och motivation. / Human factors influence how people interact and communicate with each other. Agile system development work consists of relationships, interaction and cooperation between people. These aspects impact the system development project´s results. However, often in system development there is more focus on the technology itself than on the social aspects, where human factors appear to be a decisive factor, in many cases for the project's end result. The purpose of this study is to describe what human factors that can lead to more efficient cooperation in agile software development projects, and to describe how agile system development looks like at Trafikverket. Trafikverket wished this study to be implemented as the study’s results may help to reduce the number of less successful systems development projects at Trafikverket. The main research question in this work is: What human factors are important to make cooperation between customers and developers of agile software development projects more efficient? A case study was conducted at Trafikverket. Data collected from seven semi-structured interviews followed up by questionnaires and document studies was used for the analysis. Conclusion’s suggests that in order to make cooperation between customers and developers in agile system development projects at Trafikverket more efficient five human factors as communication, trust , leadership, knowledge and motivation should be focused.

Ever since the inception of the modern computer, researchers and designers alike have been interested in the effects of system delays on users. The current study was conducted in order to examine the most central issues to the field of temporality in interaction, and presents a consolidation of a selection of publications on the subject. A distinction between two types of interactive systems, discretionary and continuous, is proposed in order to situate previous studies by the system being studied. The type of control being exerted by users differs on a fundamental level between the two types, hence affecting the effects of delays. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of constant, sub-second system delays in discretionary tasks using a digitalised version of the Trail Making Test (FR-TMT, Summala et al., 2008). The experiment yielded but one significant result in form of an improvement in user response time as delays were increased. The other results showed no significant positive or negative effect of increased delays. These results are indicative that the chosen delays do not have any detrimental effects on users, in accordance with the presently coined ’theory of task interruption’. This theory considers delays as either interruptive or non-interruptive and maintains that only delays that disrupt user work-flow are to be removed from interactive systems. The current study gives reason to why some delays can be positive to user interaction, or in themselves be informative of system status, and be an integral part of a feedback structure. Further research is needed before all aspects of system delays are fully understood. New ways of looking at delays and using them in system design, like predictability and predictivity, are becoming more prevalent, and may become the focus of research and temporal design in the near future.

Abstract Military aviation is characterised by challenging working environments. Even though flying is a heavily visual task, much of the most important information is expressed aurally, via radio. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of radio communication in military aviation environments, the effect of workload on radio communication, as well as the functionality of a new hearing protection system. Flight simulator (F/A-18 Hornet simulator) and heart rate analysis were used to analyse the effect of an increased workload on radio communication. In addition to this, two survey studies were conducted, the first to investigate the prevalence and nature of radio communication problems in military aviation environments, and the second for evaluating the functionality of a new hearing protection solution (moulded communication ear plugs, m-CEPs) for military pilots. In the flight simulator, pilots’ heart rate reflected the level of mental workload. Changes in radio communication were observed during a high workload: The total amount of communication, as well as informing and requesting messages increased. A decrease in acknowledgements was observed. This reflects a change in the team communication tactics during information-loaded flight phases. In survey studies, radio speech communication problems occurred during 14% of the flight time. The most prevalent problems included multiple speakers and overlapping speech on the radio frequency band, missing acknowledgments, and high background noise, especially during helicopter operations. During their career, 18% of the respondents had encountered a potentially dangerous event caused by radio communication problems. The pilots reported a high motivation to use enhanced hearing protection systems. m-CEPs were shown to be a promising tool for improving hearing protection and radio communication: they were considered to be better than the previous hearing protectors, and the pilots reported that they improve the experienced speech intelligibility. However, discomfort and technical problems remain a problem. In the challenging hearing conditions of military aviation, the high quality of radio communication and hearing protection remain important. In the future, radio communication training should be improved and focused on team communication training. The technical development of hearing protection devices should be continued to assure the best possible comfort and technical reliability. / Tiivistelmä Sotilaslentäjä työskentelee fyysisesti, psyykkisesti ja kognitiivisesti hyvin haastavassa monitehtäväympäristössä. Radiopuheviestinnän onnistuminen on lentoturvallisuuden ja tehtävätehokkuuden kannalta olennaista, sillä merkittävä osa turvallisuuden kannalta kriittisestä informaatiosta välitetään puheella radioteitse. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää radiopuheviestinnän ongelmien esiintymistä ja luonnetta, kuormituksen vaikutusta radiopuheviestintään sekä uuden kuulonsuojausjärjestelmän toimivuutta sotilaslentäjän työssä. Tutkimus toteutettiin lentosimulaattorissa sekä kahdella kyselytutkimuksella. F/A-18 Hornet -simulaattorissa tutkittiin sykeanalyysin avulla lentotehtävän psyykkisen kuormituksen vaikutusta radiopuheviestintään. Kyselytutkimuksilla selvitettiin radiopuheviestintäongelmien yleisyyttä ja luonnetta sekä uuteen kuulonsuojausjärjestelmään (yksilöllisesti valettu kommunikaatiokuulosuojain) liittyviä tekijöitä. Sykeanalyysi osoittautui käyttökelpoiseksi psyykkisen kuormituksen arviontiin simulaattorissa. Radiopuheviestintä muuttui kuormittavassa lentovaiheessa: viestinnän määrä lisääntyi; informoivat ja kysyvät viestit lisääntyivät; ja kuittaukset vähenivät. Kyselytutkimuksissa lennon aikaisia radiopuheviestinnän ongelmia raportoitiin esiintyvän 14 % lentoajasta. Suuri puhujien määrä ja päällekkäinen puhe radiojaksolla, kuittausten puuttuminen sekä taustamelu varsinkin helikopteritoiminnassa olivat merkittävimpiä ongelmia. Vastaajista 18 % kertoi kohdanneensa urallaan läheltä piti- tai vaaratilanteen, johon radiopuheviestinnän ongelma oli myötävaikuttanut. Lentäjät olivat hyvin motivoituneita käyttämään uusia kuulonsuojausjärjestelmiä. Yksilöllisesti valetut kommunikaatiokuulosuojaimet vaikuttavat lupaavalta ratkaisulta kuulonsuojauksen ja viestinnän parantamiseen. Lentäjät pitivät niitä parempina kuin aiemmat kuulonsuojausjärjestelmät, ja niiden raportoitiin parantavan puheen ymmärrettävyyttä sotilasilmailun haastavissa kuunteluolosuhteissa. Mukavuusongelmia ja teknisiä ongelmia esiintyi kuitenkin edelleen runsaasti. Sotilasilmailun haastavissa kuunteluolosuhteissa laadukas radioviestintä ja toimiva kuulonsuojaus ovat tärkeitä. Radiopuheviestinnän harjoittelussa tulisi panostaa tehtäviä suorittavien ryhmien keskinäisen viestinnän (team communication) parantamiseen. Kuulonsuojausjärjestelmiä tulee edelleen kehittää.

Objective: The primary objective of the thesis is to advance proactive thinking in designing healthcare facilities for safety by constructing theory to bridge gaps between evidence-based design (EBD) and human factors/ergonomics (HF/E). Background: Adverse events are a pervasive issue in healthcare, with causes and prevention measures under increased scrutiny for the past 15 years. The physical environment can be an underlying condition of safety and healthcare (HC) facility design can be seen as a layer of defense in accident causation theory. However, HC facility design is complicated and complex, and the implications of decisions can be felt for decades. While architects excel at problem solving, they are not fully versed in healthcare work tasks, flow, and function, resulting in complex system interactions. Evidence-based design (EBD) is a process that uses research as a foundation for decision-making in HC facility design. While the EBD process acknowledges the importance of system factors, its focus is on understanding specific facility design interventions on outcomes such as safety, efficiency, quality of care, and satisfaction. HF/E focuses on humans interacting with a system with a goal of optimizing human well-being and overall system performance. Although HF/E recognizes the physical environment as a system component, the ergonomic definition of the environment lacks clarity and influences are frequently considered at a microergonomic level. In summary, EBD supports desired outcomes of a system through building design, while HF/E more often supports desired outcomes of the system through work design. Methods: The thesis leverages a grant to create a Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) toolkit for HC facility design using: (1) consensus-based methods to develop built-environment considerations for falls in HC facility design, (2) a mixed methods approach to test the SRA in hypothetical scenarios, (3) a mixed methods approach to test the SRA in real-world scenarios, (4) quantitative and qualitative analysis using an inductive and abductive approach to construct grounded theory to develop a core theme and a theoretical framework for proactively considering safety in HC facility design, (5) an extended systematic literature review to identify additional system considerations of the organization and people, and (6) established thinking to advance new theoretical frameworks to achieve the thesis objectives. Results: Two theoretical frameworks are proposed. The first framework, Safety as Complexity of the Organization, People and Environment (SCOPE) is based on the Dial-F systems model (Hignett 2013). The evolution includes: the definition of the ergonomic environment using building design as the most stable element of the system, identifying built environment interventions to mitigate the risk of falls (SCOPE 1.0); the addition of non-building design interventions of the system such as organizational and people-based conditions (SCOPE 2.0); and the integration of HF/E design principles to reframe thinking about hospital falls (DEEP SCOPE). The second framework evolves from grounded theory constructed through data from SRA testing proposing safe design as a participatory process to anticipate, participate, and integrate solutions. A participatory ergonomics framework (Haines and Wilson 1998) is integrated with a mesoergonomic framework of inquiry (Karsh, Waterson, and Holden 2014, Karsh 2006) to advance a theoretical framework of participatory mesoergonomics using the SRA and SCOPE content as inputs over the course of a HC facility design project to achieve safety. Conclusion: The gap between EBD and HF/E can be bridged using safety (falls) as a proactive consideration during HC facility design using theoretical frameworks. These frameworks address (1) the definition of building design and design considerations in the HF/E context and (2) integration of the EBD process with HF/E methods to understand interactions of the system.

The work deals with areas of brain--computer interface (BCI). There is theoretical background described because of the research in the first part. The chapter "Analýza technologie (EEG, EMG)" is conceived generally and clarifies basic theory of EEG and EMG. Chapter "Popis zařízení EPOC neuroheadset" examines specific device used in research especially on the technical and functional side. Section "Analýza praktického využití BCI zařízení Emotiv EPOC neuroheadset" is self-explanatory. The focus of the practical part is influence of factors on the usability of BCI neuroheadset EPOC in the field of information management. These factors have been organized and analyzed. Group of factors connected with humans (physical and psychical) was chosen for the application of the research in which was investigated correlation with the ability to learn how to use neuroheadset EPOC, respectively its BCI element. For the research was used experimental method when a sample of volunteers was tested, undergone questionnaire investigation for acquiring human factors and repeatedly tested for the ability to use BCI element of neuroheadset EPOC. There was found out that the ability to learn how to use BCI correlates with optimism (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0,731 [Pkk] on the level of significance 0,01), stability (|0,648| Pkk on the level of significance 0,01), concentration (|0,638| Pkk on the level of significance 0,01 ), self-efficacy (0,549 Pkk on the level of significance 0,05), spatial perception (0,426 Pkk on the level of significance 0,01) in the research part.

Orientador: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Resumo: Este trabalho traz para a indústria aeronáutica e para a academia um método para aumentar a aderência de requisitos de segurança de cabine ao produto final da engenharia de interiores de aviões, melhorando a qualidade técnica das soluções e reduzindo ciclos de desenvolvimento para novas configurações de interiores para aviões de transporte de passageiros. A pesquisa analisa os requisitos de aeronavegabilidade de interiores aplicáveis à segurança da cabine, os aspectos de ergonomia envolvidos no design de interiores e a origem da tecnologia de segurança de cabine. É discutido um aspecto de design conhecido como usabilidade e explica por que esse conceito é relevante para o projeto cabines de avião. Também são discutidos fatores humanos, erros humanos na segurança da cabine e conceitos relevantes que projetistas precisam considerar para projetos em segurança de cabine. Considerando os aspectos acima mencionados foi desenvolvido, descrito e aplicado um método denominado Design for Cabin Safety. O método que através de específicos passos objetiva aumentar a aderência de requisitos de aeronavegabilidade aplicáveis à segurança de cabine para projeto de interiores de aviões. Subsequente ao seu desenvolvimento o método foi aplicado em testes práticos em aeronaves reais e com diferentes usuários atestando sua praticidade. Desta forma a hipótese da tese foi explicada e a principal pergunta da tese foi respondida. A pesquisa termina com resultados, discussões e conclusão sobre o desenvo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor