Our study aims to investigate if people who are hungry are affected by that when shopping groceries online. Nine people participated in two user tests, one in the morning, just before lunch and one in the afternoon, just after lunch. They were asked not to eat any breakfast if they were to conduct a test in the morning. This meant that the participants would be hungry in one of the cases and full in the other. The study was based on the participants being able to add groceries to the cart from a list that was read for them. They did this in two different interfaces, coop.se and ica.se, while an eye tracker logged their eye movements. The study was supplemented with surveys that determined whether the participants were hungry or full after each test and a final survey with the participants' preferences, BMI and habits in digital interfaces. After the study was completed we looked for deviations to see if the hunger affected the number of deviations and what the participants were looking for. Deviations were calculated partly as the number of products viewed as not belonging to the task, and partly as products with a high number of calories. Specially viewed products include sauces, breakfast products and ready meals and recipes. A distinction between the two interfaces could be found in that one interface received more deviations than the other. A significant difference in the number of data deviations between morning and afternoon could not be determined, on the other hand, at a 10% level of significance, we could determine that there was a difference between the different interfaces and that the subjects deviated more the first time the test was performed. We were able to contradict our hypothesis, that people would deviate with their eyes more when they are hungry than when they are not. Our results show, rather that other factors are crucial to what affects the deviations, such as which interface you’re in and whether it's the first time you do grocery shopping online. / Vår undersökning ämnar ta reda på om personer som är hungriga påverkas av den aspekten när de handlar mat på internet. Nio deltagare gjorde två användartester, ett på förmiddagen, precis innan lunch och ett på eftermiddagen, precis efter lunch. Detta för att personerna skulle känna sig hungriga i ett fall och känna sig mätta i det andra. Personerna blev ombedda att inte äta någon frukost om de skulle utföra ett test på förmiddagen. Undersökningen gick ut på att deltagarna fick handla från en uppläst inhandlingslista i två olika gränssnitt, coop.se samt ica.se, medan en eye-tracker loggade deras ögonrörelser. Undersökningen kompletterades med enkäter som fastställde om deltagarna var hungriga eller mätta efter varje undersökning och en avslutande med deltagarnas matpreferenser, BMI och vana i digitala gränssnitt. Därefter letade vi avvikelser för att se huruvida hungern påverkade antalet avvikelser och vad deltagarna tittade på för varor. Avvikelser räknades dels som antalet varor man titta på som inte tillhörde uppgiften, och dels som varor med högt antal kalorier. Särskilt förekommande varor var bland annat såser, frukostprodukter och färdiga maträtter och recept. En skillnad mellan de två gränssnitten kunde hittas i form av att det ena gränssnittet fick fler antal avvikelser än det andra. En signifikant skillnad i antal uppgiftsavvikelser mellan förmiddag och eftermiddag kunde inte fastslås, däremot kunde vi på en 10% signifikansnivå fastslå att det var en skillnad mellan de olika gränssnitten och att försökspersonerna avvek mer den första gången man fick utföra testet. Vår hypotes, att personer skulle avvika med blicken mer när de är hungriga än när de inte är det, kan vi i efterhand dementera. Våra resultat visar snarare på att andra faktorer är avgörande för vad som påverkar blickavvikelserna, såsom gränssnitt och om det är första gången man handlar mat online.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en komparativ karaktärsanalys med fokus på genus, genom en närläsning av romanerna The Hunger Games och The Maze Runner. De frågor som ställs fokuserar på vilken syn det finns på könsroller i romanerna, hur protagonisterna Katniss och Thomas framställs ur ett genusperspektiv samt hur tillfällena de axlar sin hjälteroll samt de uppoffringar som görs beskrivs. Den teoretiska grunden fokuserar på genusbegreppet, könstillhörighet hos unga samt maskulinitet och femininitet. Genom att göra en närläsning av romanerna undersöker uppsatsen komparativa anslag, gör en karaktärsanalys med fokus på genusforskning och utgångspunkt i genusteori. Analysen visar att Katniss och Thomas är mångfacetterade karaktärer som naturligt placerar sig i ledarroller samt visar stort mod under pressade och farliga situationer. Genom att fokusera på sina styrkor, snarare än samhällets förväntningar, utmanar protagonisterna de stereotyper som finns inom genusteori. / The purpose of this essay is to conduct a comparative character analysis on the protagonists in the novels The Hunger Games and The Maze Runner, through a close reading and with a focus on gender theory. The questions posed is focused on how gender role is viewed in the novels, how the protagonists Katniss and Thomas are portrayed from a gender perspective, how the situations they become heroes in the story and sacrifices they make are described. The theoretical foundation focuses on the concept of gender and young people's gender identity. Through the close reading of the novels, this essay explores comparative aspects, conducts a character analysis with a focus on gender research, and is based in gender theory. The analysis shows that Katniss and Thomas are multifaceted characters who instantly take on leadership roles and show great courage in dangerous situations. By focusing on their strengths rather than society’s expectations, the protagonists challenge the stereotypes that exist within gender.

Domestication in chickens has made feed-restriction a necessity if broiler breeder hens should reach sexual maturity and be fertile. This is claimed to cause chronic hunger. To measure hunger the gene expression of the appetite regulators agouti-related peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) of the melanocortin system was quantified with qPCR. This was done in feed-restricted Red Junglefowl and compared with the gene expression of two strains of feed-restricted broilers, Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger, to detect possible effects on domestication on appetite regulation. POMC-expression was upregulated 2-fold in the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl. POMC-expression was downregulated by half in the feed-restricted Ross 308. AgRP/NPY-expression was upregulated 4-fold in feed-restricted Rowan Rangers. A comparison between the control groups (ad libitum fed) of the breeds showed that the NPY-expression was lower in Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger compared with the ancestor. Results show no difference in body weight of ad libitum fed and feed-restricted Red Junglefowl. Conclusions were that the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl was not properly restricted in food supply since no difference in body weight between the treatment groups was detected. The upregulation of POMC in the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl could be stress-linked influenced by the feeding type (scattering of food in litter). No conclusions of the impact of domestication on chicken’s appetite could be drawn. Domestication has probably had its impact by altering other signaling pathways of the melanocortin system than in the arcuate nucleus.

L'enjeu de cette thèse est de dénouer les fils de l'esthétique de la faim à travers une série de médiations, des discours flottants, qui ne sont ni simple procédure visant ou décrivant une pratique ni pure théorie, parce qu'elle hérite de la réalité sociale de manière implicite et explicite. Nous cherchons cette parole qui révèle les contradictions de ce monde, ce ne sera pas de point de vue de l'image cinématographique même si elle rend opérationnelle. La thèse centrale de la démonstration tente de trouver son opérationnalité à partir de la tradition intellectuelle brésilienne et affirmer comme chez Sartre le refus « de confondre l'homme aliéné avec une chose, et l'aliénation avec les lois physiques qui régissent les conditionnements d'extériorité […] Pour nous, l'homme se caractérise avant tout par le dépassement d'une situation, parce qu'il parvient à faire de ce qu'on a fait de lui, même s'il ne se reconnaît jamais dans son objectivation [1] ». La production intellectuelle de Glauber Rocha dépasse le cinéma en conjurant l'art, la vie et le politique, sans jamais les dissocier, dans une expérience poétique régulée par le locus métaphorique de la faim lié à la réalité sociale des zones arides du Brésil.[1] La critique de la raison dialectique, précédé de Questions de méthode, tome I, nouvelle édition, Paris, Gallimard, nrf, Bibliothèque des Sciences Humaines, 1985, p. 76. / The aim of the thesis is to unravel the strands of the aesthetic of hunger through a serie of mediations, dispersed discourses, that are neither a simple procedure aiming for and describing a practice nor pure theory, because of its both implicite and explicit derivations from social realityµ. We found the parole that reveals the contradictions of this world, but not from the point of view of the cinematographic image, through this image is what renders it operational. The principle thesis seeks its manifestation in the Brazilian intellectual tradition and confirms, as in Sartre, the refusal « […] to confuse the alienated man with a thing or alienation with the physical laws governing external conditions... For us man is characterized above all by his going beyond a situation, and by what he succeeds in making of what he has been made – even if he never recognize himself in his objectivation ».The intellectual production of Glauber Rocha goes beyond cinema in conjuring art, life, and the political, without dissociating them, in a poetic experience directed by the metaphoric locus of hunger as linked to the social reality of arid zones in Brazil.[1] Search for a method, translated by Hazel E. Barnes, New York, Vintage Books, 1968, p. 91.

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts by Dissertation to the School of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / This dissertation is an investigation of the conditions that would bring about the legal enforcement of the right to access sufficient food in South Africa as premised on the Constitution. This is motivated by the fact that modern-society has seen a gradual increase in the occurrence of socio-economic rights being protected through the legal opportunity structure of countries, ultimately leading to public interest litigation. At present, the right to food is being violated in South Africa. Taking into account the ambit of the constitution and several international instruments that speak to its realisation and the fact that there has been litigation on other socio-economic rights, suggesting that tools for litigation are in place, it is perplexing that right to food litigation has not taken place. The research question of this paper is therefore: which factors and conditions would have to be present for there to arise public interest litigation on the right to food in South Africa? Due to the fact that literature on right to food litigation is almost non-existent, especially for the African context, this is an explorative case study. The dissertation utilises an analytical framework to study the prospect of litigation on the right to food becoming a reality. The study is largely theory-driven, relying on various sources of evidence: secondary literature, conducted-research and official state documents speaking to the countries right to food narrative. The analysis reveals that there are many barriers to right to food litigation in South Africa. These mainly have to do with the conditions that impact the manner in which right to food violations are understood by the poor and marginalised in society on one hand and the responsiveness of the courts to the voice of the marginalised and poor on the other. The dissertation concludes that the most crucial factors for right to food litigation in South Africa to arise are the need for more information and awareness around the right to food; improved legal assistance for the hungry and poor; more trust in the legal system amongst those at the bottom of the pyramid; the need for a stronger focus on litigation strategies by civil society and advocacy groups and the need for judges to be more innovative in carrying-out their duties. The conclusions of this study have relevance for those working actively for the promotion and realisation of the right to food in South Africa. / GR2017

Partindo dos romances Vidas secas, de Graciliano Ramos (1938), Os flagelados do vento leste, de Manuel Lopes (1959) e Famintos, de Luís Romano (1962), buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas dos autores de nosso corpus que se debruçaram sobre a fatia social menos favorecida daquele momento histórico. Nos dedicamos, em especial, às denúncias dos autores que trouxeram à luz temas que atravessavam as três prosas de ficção: a fome, o banditismo e a opressão. Encontramos em Josué de Castro uma rica pesquisa que permitiu que analisássemos a fome não apenas como flagelo, mas também como fato social passível de desdobramentos mais complexos. O historiador Eric Hobsbawm e o filósofo Louis Althusser fundamentaram nossa investigação de tais desdobramentos. Destacamos que nossa perspectiva tem como horizonte o comparatismo de solidariedade proposto pelo crítico Benjamin Abdala Junior. / Starting from the novels Vidas secas by Graciliano Ramos (1938), Os flagelados do vento leste by Manuel Lopes (1959), and Famintos by Luís Romano (1962), we investigated the discursive strategies of the authors of the corpus, who dedicated their work to the socially less advantaged groups in their historical moment. We investigated the narrative perspectives of each author and the discursive strategies they selected to bring to light themes that went through the three pieces of prose fictions hunger, banditry, and oppression. We found in Josué de Castros work a rich research that allowed us to analyze hunger not only as a flagellum, but also as a social fact capable of more complex unfolding. The historian Eric Hobsbawm and the philosopher Louis Althusser founded our investigation of such unfoldings. We enphasize that our perspective has as horizon the comparatism of the solidarity suggested by the critic Benjamin Abdala Junior.

Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo avançar na compreensão dos problemas relacionados à alimentação da classe trabalhadora. Para isso, tomamos como ponto de partida a crítica ao conceito de segurança alimentar e ressaltamos como sua aplicação em políticas nacionais e internacionais não resultou na erradicação da fome. Em seguida, buscamos superar uma compreensão redutora da alimentação (que define-a como uma necessidade elementar ou biológica) por meio da consideração das práticas alimentares (produzir, adquirir, preparar e consumir os alimentos). Neste percurso, ressaltamos que considerar a reprodução das relações sociais capitalistas é indispensável para a compreensão da alienação que caracteriza tais práticas. Na segunda parte da tese passamos a considerar o processo de urbanização da metrópole paulistana, com o objetivo de explicitar como a segregação espacial interfere na reprodução da classe trabalhadora e consequentemente na maneira como ela realiza suas práticas alimentares. Destacamos a importância do conceito de urbanização crítica, fundamental para a interpretação da reprodução da classe trabalhadora na cidade e tomamos dois recortes espaciais (Brás e Grajaú) como meio de aprofundar a análise das práticas alimentares em São Paulo. Por fim, no último capítulo identificamos as dificuldades e os constrangimentos que caracterizam as práticas alimentares dos trabalhadores entrevistados e destacamos formas específicas de lidar cotidianamente com a falta de alimentos e a fome. / This research aims to advance in the comprehension of the problems related to the way in which the working class realizes its food practices. Firstly we start make a critique of the food security concept and highlight how national and international policies based on it were not able to eradicate hunger. In order to overcome the understanding of food as an elementary or biological need we consider all the practices (produce, purchase, prepare and consume) related to food and highlight that because of the reproduction of capitalist social relations these practices are alienated. In the second part of this work we take into account the urbanization process to explicit how spatial segregation interferes in working class reproduction and consequently in the way it realizes the food practices. We have conducted interviews in two different neighbourhoods from São Paulo (Brás and Grajaú) in order to deep the analysis and understand better how the critical urbanization weigh over the food practices. In the last chapter, we try to interpret the difficulties and constraints that characterizes the food practices of our interviewees highlighting the way they deal with the lack of food and hunger.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-08-17T18:44:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ FELIPE CANDIDO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1950002 bytes, checksum: a245a3d845a2676a7ec461de27014780 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ FELIPE CANDIDO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1950002 bytes, checksum: a245a3d845a2676a7ec461de27014780 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / This dissertation elaborates on the theme Food Security and Nutrition, aims to demonstrate how this concept was created. Initially presents the problem of hunger, as a central problem to be resolved in global levels concerned, showing the importance of food, not only in the sense of human nutrition, but also as anthropological, cultural, religious and social factor that transcends the mere biological necessity of eating. Assesses the legal aspects of the issue, the Human Right to Adequate Food, and treat nutrition as social right. Discusses Food Sovereignty on the dietary restrictions of religious order, and about the recent scandals in Europe that affected their food sovereignty. Analyzes the impact of agriculture geared to growing plants for the production of biofuels. Comes to the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and pesticides in food. Addresses the changes in nutritional status of the Brazilian, and the phenomenon of the Nutrition Transition , which took almost half of the population in the situation of overweight. Finally discusses health and human welfare in the context of nutrition, and how the Food and Nutrition Education is key to achieving food security. For the final considerations of this work, the deductive method and the historical approach procedure was used . The human being depends on quality food for their survival, they need the environment to be produced, which in turn requires the preserved nature for a healthy crop. / A presente dissertação discorre a respeito do tema Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, e tem por objetivo demonstrar como foi criado este conceito. Apresenta inicialmente o problema da fome, como questão central a ser resolvida em níveis gerais, demonstrando a importância do alimento, não somente no sentido da nutrição humana, mas também como fator social, antropológico, cultural, e religioso, que transcende a simples necessidade biológica de comer. Avalia os aspectos legais do tema, o Direito Humano a Alimentação Adequada, e a alimentação como Direito social. Discorre sobre a Soberania Alimentar, sobre as restrições alimentares de ordem religiosa, e sobre os recentes escândalos ocorridos na Europa que afetaram sua Soberania Alimentar. Analisa o impacto da agricultura voltada ao cultivo de plantas destinadas à produção dos biocombustíveis. Trata do uso de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM), e de agrotóxicos, na alimentação. Aborda as mudanças no padrão nutricional do brasileiro, e o fenômeno da Transição Nutricional, que levou quase metade da população brasileira à situação de sobrepeso. Discorre finalmente sobre a saúde e o bem estar humano no contexto da alimentação, e como a Educação Alimentar e Nutricional é fundamental para alcançar a Segurança Alimentar. Para as considerações finais deste trabalho foi utilizado o método dedutivo e o procedimento de abordagem histórico. O ser humano depende de alimento de qualidade para sua sobrevivência, que precisa do meio ambiente para ser produzido, que por sua vez necessita da natureza preservada para um cultivo saudável, formando assim um circulo virtuoso de vida, que deve ser cuidadosamente conservado.

Trata-se de investigação histórica sobre as lutas contra à fome e à miséria em São Paulo na região leste da cidade. O trabalho busca estabelecer uma relação entre a produção de Josué de Castro sobre a questão da fome e o trabalho desenvolvido pela Ação da Cidadania, tendo como seu principal articulador o sociólogo Hebert de Souza, o Betinho. Procura, ainda, analisar de forma retrospectiva os papéis desempenhados pelos diferentes agentes históricos no período de 1993 a 2006, que compreende o processo de consolidação democrática no Brasil, marcado pela ampla mobilização social contra à fome e à miséria, ao momento hodierno com a implantação de políticas públicas voltadas à promoção do direito humano à alimentação e promulgação da Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. / It concerns a historic investigation about the struggles against hunger and poverty on the east side of the city of São Paulo. This paper aims to establish a relationship between the work of Josué de Castro on hunger and the work developed by Ação da Cidadania that has its main articulator the sociologist Herbert de Souza, also known as Betinho. In addition, it aims to analyze retrospectively the roles of the different historic agents from 1993 to 2006, a period that comprehends the process of consolidation of the democracy in Brazil, marked by a wide social mobilization against hunger and poverty, to the actual time, with the implementation of public policies addressing the promotion of human rights, nourishment and the promulgation of the Brazilian Nutritional and Food Security Organic Act (LOSAN).

Treating food as a commodity is a dominant mode of valuing food in the United States, and around the world, in which people exchange money for food. But in a world that can feed over 10-billion people why is poverty still a primary barrier to food security? This dissertation adds to the food justice and political economy literature by arguing that food insecurity will linger far into the future, despite technological advancements, because of the current food system which values food as a commodity instead of valuing food as a human right. Through an analysis of 23 semi-structured interviews with volunteers and workers in Oregon, and field research at a community garden, this dissertation highlights how even in the minds of people who advocate for food as a human right, the human right to food may only a right to people with enough money. This research illuminates how thinking of food as a money-exchange commodity builds a socially constructed wall between hungry people and abundant food.