Submitted by Tiago Martinez Giorgetto (tigiorgetto@uol.com.br) on 2012-05-28T13:35:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TMG_Dissertacao_Mestrado_Maio2012_Final.pdf: 972089 bytes, checksum: 2f6039567098db514bfb12b4ddf0896f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-05-28T15:30:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TMG_Dissertacao_Mestrado_Maio2012_Final.pdf: 972089 bytes, checksum: 2f6039567098db514bfb12b4ddf0896f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-28T16:44:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TMG_Dissertacao_Mestrado_Maio2012_Final.pdf: 972089 bytes, checksum: 2f6039567098db514bfb12b4ddf0896f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-03 / A Teoria das opções reais tem se mostrado um instrumental relevante na fundamentação das decisões de investimento de diversos agentes na economia, especialmente no que tange a projetos de infraestrutura, pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Dado que o setor energético brasileiro possui um arcabouço institucional que possibilita que diversos agentes privados atuem no setor, a avaliação de empreendimentos de geração de energia ganha destaque, fazendo com que a aplicação desse campo de pesquisa torne-se promissor. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a tomada de decisão em investimentos no setor elétrico brasileiro tendo como base a aplicação da Teoria das opções reais. Para esse estudo foram selecionados, como objeto de análise, as usinas eólicas e as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. Por meio da Teoria das opções reais conclui-se que a opção de adiar a construção de um desses empreendimentos pode gerar valor para o empreendedor. Além disso, verifica-se que as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas 'dominam' a maioria dos cenários de investimento estudados quando os preços de energia estão em alta, mas caso haja perspectiva de queda de preços no mercado de energia, porém, a decisão torna-se favorável às usinas eólicas. Por fim, é possível verificar que a análise conjunta de empreendimentos de geração de energia através, por exemplo, da abordagem quadrinomial, pode trazer ganhos na avaliação de projetos de investimento no setor elétrico. / Real Options Theory has been an important instrument for investment decisions for several agents in economy, especially for infrastructure projects, research and development. Since Brazilian energy sector has an institutional framework that enables several private agents to act in this sector, the valuation of energy generation projects is highlighted. As consequence, the application of Real Options Theory becomes promising. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the decision making on investments in the Brazilian electricity sector based on the application of Real Options Theory. For this study were selected for analysis the Wind Farms and the Small Hydro Power Plants. Through Real Options Theory we concluded that the option to defer the construction of these projects can generate value for the entrepreneur. Furthermore, it appears that the Small Hydro Power Plant "dominates" the majority of investment scenarios studied when energy prices are higher but, if there is perspective for prices reduction in the energy market, however, the decision becomes favorable for Wind Farms. Finally, it is possible to verify that the “joint analysis” for projects in energy generation through, for example, quadrinomial approach can bring gains for investors in energy sector

L'interaction fluide-structure vise à étudier le contact entre un fluide et un solide. Ce phénomène est très présent lors de l’impact d’une vague sur une structure ou l’inverse. La réponse de la structure peut être fortement affectée par l'action du fluide. L'étude de ce type d'interaction est motivée par le fait que les phénomènes résultants sont parfois catastrophiques pour les structures composites ou constituent dans la majorité des cas un facteur dimensionnant important. Le fluide est caractérisé par son champ de vitesse et de pression. Il exerce des forces aérodynamiques ou hydrodynamiques sur l'interface de la structure qui subit des déformations sous leurs actions. Ces déformations peuvent affecter localement le champ de l'écoulement et donc les charges appliquées. Ce cycle des interactions entre le fluide et le solide est caractéristique du phénomène de slamming. Pour une conception optimale des structures marines, la vitesse du navire est devenue un paramètre important. Par conséquent, les exigences de conception ont été optimisées par rapport au poids structurel. D'autre part, l'apparition des structures composites au cours des dernières décennies a favorisé l'exploitation de ces matériaux dans les grands projets de construction pour les applications marines et aérospatiales. Ceci est dû à la nature de leurs propriétés mécaniques, car elles présentent un rapport rigidité / poids élevé. En revanche, l'interaction entre les structures déformables et la surface libre de l'eau peut affecter le flux du fluide en contact avec la structure ainsi que et les charges hydrodynamiques estimées par rapport au corps rigide, en raison de l'apparition des effets hydro-élastiques. En outre, ces structures sont toujours soumises à des mécanismes de dommages différents et complexes sous un chargement dynamique. Pour ces raisons, la flexibilité et les modes de défaillance dans les matériaux composites présentent une complexité supplémentaire pour prédire les charges hydrodynamiques lorsqu'il y a une interaction avec un fluide (l'eau). Ceci a présenté un défi majeur pour utiliser ces matériaux dans les applications maritimes. Par conséquent, une attention particulière doit être accordée dans la phase de conception et l'analyse des performances pendant l'utilisation à vie. Les principales contributions de ce travail sont l’étude expérimentale et numérique du comportement dynamique des panneaux composites et la quantification de l'effet de la flexibilité de ces panneaux composites sur les charges hydrodynamiques et les déformations résultantes. Pour étudier ces effets, des panneaux composites stratifiés et sandwichs avec deux rigidités différentes sont soumis à diverses vitesses d'impact à l'aide d'une machine de choc équipée d'un système de contrôle de la vitesse. La résistance dynamique a été analysée en termes de charges hydrodynamiques, de déformations dynamiques et de mécanismes de défaillance pour différentes vitesses d'impact. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux a montré que l’effort maximal augmente avec l’augmentation de la flexibilité des panneaux. D'autre part, le modèle numérique de tossage a été implémenté dans le logiciel Abaqus / Explicit basé sur l'approche du modèle Couplé Euler Lagrange (CEL). En outre, différents modes de défaillance des matériaux composites ont été développés et implémentés à l'aide d'une subroutine « VUMAT » définie par l'utilisateur et mis en œuvre dans le code de calcul éléments finis. Pour couvrir tous les modes de défaillance possibles dans les structures composites, l’implémentation de l’endommagement comprend : la rupture intralaminar, la décohésion de l'interface peau / âme et le cisaillement de l’âme. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux avec les modèles numériques sur la prédiction de la force hydrodynamique et de la déformation du panneau valide l’approche adoptée. / Generally, when marine vessels encounter the water surface on entry and subsequently re-enter the water at high speed (slamming), this can subject the bottom section of the vessels to both local and global effects and generate unwanted vibrations in the structure, especially over very short durations. In marine design, the vessel speed has become an important aspect for optimal structure. Therefore, design requirements have been optimized in relation to the structural weight. In other hand, the appearance of the composite structures in the last decades has encouraged the exploitation of these structures in major construction projects for lightweight marine and aerospace applications. This is due to the nature of their mechanical properties which shows a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. In contrast, the interaction between deformable structures and free water surface can be modified the fluid flow and changed the estimated hydrodynamic loads comparing with rigid body, due to appearance of hydroelastic effects. Moreover, these structures are always subject to different and complex damage mechanisms under dynamic loading. For these reasons, the flexibility and the damage failure modes in composite materials introduce additional complexity for predicting hydrodynamic loads when interactive with water. This considered a key challenge to use these materials in marine applications. Therefore, special attention must be taken in the design phase and the analysis of performances during lifetime use. The main contributions of this work are the experimental and numerical study of the dynamic behavior of composite panels and the quantification of the effect of the flexibility of these structures on the hydrodynamic loads and the resulting deformations. To study these effects, laminate composite and sandwich panels with two different rigidities and subjected to various impact velocities have been investigated experimentally using high speed shock machine with velocity control system. The dynamic resistance was analysed in terms of hydrodynamic loads, dynamic deformation and failure mechanisms for different impact velocities. The general analysis of experiment results were indicated that more flexible panel has a higher peak force as velocity increases compared with higher stiffness panels. On the other hand, the slamming model was implemented in Abaqus/Explicit software based on Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian model approach (CEL). In addition, different damage modes are developed and constructed using a user-defined material subroutine VUMAT and implemented in Finite element method, including the intralaminar damage, debonding in skin/core interface, and core shear to cover all possible damage modes throughout structures. The numerical model gave a good agreement results in judging with experimental data for prediction of the hydrodynamic force and panel deformation. Additionally, this study gives qualitative and quantitative data which provides clear guidance in design phase and the evolution of performances during lifetime of composite structures, for marine structure designers.

Deep geological repository (DGR) for disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is designed to rely on successive superimposed barrier systems to isolate the waste from the biosphere. This multiple barrier system comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock and its surrounding and an engineered barrier system (EBS). The EBS represents the synthetic, engineered materials placed within the natural barrier, comprising array of components such as waste form, waste canisters, buffer materials, backfill and seals. The buffer will enclose the waste canisters from all directions and act as a barrier between canisters and host rock of the repository. It is designed to stabilise the evolving thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical stresses in the repository over a long period (nearly 1000 years) to retard radionuclides from reaching biosphere. Bentonite clay or bentonite-sand mix have been chosen as buffer materials in EBS design in various countries pursuing deep geological repository method. The bentonite buffer is the most important barrier among the other EBS components for a geological repository. The safety of repository depends to a large extent on proper functioning of buffer over a very long period of time during which it must remain physically, chemically and mineralogically stable. The long term stability of bentonite buffer depends on varying temperature and evolution of groundwater composition of host rocks in a complex way. The groundwater in the vicinity of deep crystalline rock is often characterized by high solute concentrations and the geotechnical engineering response of bentonite buffer could be affected by the dissolved salt concentration of the inflowing ground water. Also during the initial period, radiogenic heat produced in waste canisters would radiate into buffer and the heat generated would lead to drying and some shrinkage of bentonite buffer close to canister. This could alter the dry density, moisture content and in turn the hydro-mechanical properties of bentonite buffer in DGR conditions. India has variety of bentonite deposits in North-Western states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Previous studies on Indian bentonites suggest that bentonite from Barmer district of Rajasthan (termed as Barmer-1 bentonite) is suitable to serve as buffer material in DGR conditions. Nuclear power agencies of several countries have identified suitable bentonites for use as buffer in DGR through laboratory experiments and large scale underground testing facilities. Physico-chemical, mineralogical and engineering properties of Kunigel VI, Kyungju, GMZ, FoCa clay, MX-80, FEBEX and Avonseal bentonites have been extensively studied by Japan, South Korea, China, Belgium, Sweden, Spain, Canada. It is hence essential to examine the suitability of Barmer-1 bentonite as potential buffer in DGR and compare its physico-chemical and hydromechanical properties with bentonite buffers identified by other countries. The significant factors that impact the long-term stability of bentonite buffer in DGR include variations in moisture content, dry density and pore water chemistry. With a view to address these issues, the hydromechanical response of 70 % Barmer-1 bentonite + 30 % river sand mix (termed bentonite enhanced sand, BES specimens) under varying moisture content, dry density and pore water salt concentration conditions have been examined. The broad scope of the work includes: 1) Characterise the physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical properties of Barmer-1 bentonite from Rajasthan, India and compare its properties with bentonite buffers reported in literature. 2) Examine the influence of variations in dissolved salt concentration (of infiltrating solution), dry density and moisture content of compacted BES specimens on their hydro-mechanical response; the hydro-mechanical properties include, swell pressure, soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, moisture diffusivity and unconfined compression strength. Organization of thesis: After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature is performed to highlight the need for detailed characterisation of physico-chemical and hydromechanical properties of Barmer-1 bentonite for its possible application in DGR in the Indian context. Further, existing literature on hydro-mechanical response of bentonite buffer to changes in physical (degree of saturation/moisture content, dry density) and physico-chemical (solute concentration in pore water) is reviewed to define the scope and objectives of the present thesis in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental programme of the study. Chapter 4 characterises Barmer-1 bentonite for physico-chemical (cation exchange capacity, pore water salinity, exchangeable sodium percentage) and hydro-mechanical properties, such as, swell pressure, saturated permeability, soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and unconfined compression strength. The properties of Barmer-1 bentonite are compared with bentonite buffers reported in literature and generalized equations for determining swell pressure and saturated permeability coefficient of bentonite buffers are arrived at. Chapter 5 describes a method to determine solute concentrations in the inter-lamellar and free-solutions of compacted BES (bentonite enhanced sand) specimens. The solute concentrations in micro and macro pore solutions are used to examine the role of osmotic flow on swell pressures developed by compacted BES specimens (dry density 1.50-2.00 Mg/m3) inundated with distilled water and NaCl solutions (1000-5000 mg/L). The number of hydration layers developed by the compacted BES specimens on inundation with salt solutions in constant volume swell pressure tests is controlled by cation hydration/osmotic flow. The cation hydration of specimens compacted to dry density of 2.00 Mg/m3 is mainly driven by matric suction prevailing in the clay microtructure as the number of hydration layers developed at wetting equilibrium are independent of the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the wetting solution. Consequently, the swell pressures of specimens compacted to 2.00 Mg/m3 were insensitive to the salt concentration of the inundating solution. The cation hydration of specimens compacted to dry density of 1.50 Mg/m3 is driven by both matric suction (prevailing in the clay micro-structure) and osmotic flow as the number of hydration layers developed at wetting equilibrium is sensitive to the TDS of the wetting solution. Expectedly, the swell pressures of specimens compacted to 1.50 Mg/m3 responded to changes in salt concentration of the inundating solution. The 1.75 Mg/m3 specimens show behaviour that is intermediate to the 1.50 and 2.00 Mg/m3 series specimens. Chapter 6 examines the influence of initial degree of saturation on swell pressures developed by the compacted BES specimens (dry density range: 1.40- 2.00 Mg/m3) on wetting with distilled water from micro-structural considerations. The micro-structure of the bentonite specimens are examined in the compacted and wetted states by performing X-ray diffraction measurements. The initial degree of saturation is varied by adding requisite amount of distilled water to the oven-dried BES mix and compacting the moist mixes to the desired density. The montmorillonite fraction in the BES specimens is responsible for moisture absorption during compaction and development of swell pressure in the constant volume oedometer tests. Consequently, it was considered reasonable to calculate degree of saturation based on EMDD (effective montmorillonite dry density) values and correlate the developed swell pressure values with degree of saturation of montmorillonite voids (Sr,MF). XRD measurements with compacted and wetted specimens demonstrated that if specimens of density series developed similar number of hydration layers on wetting under constant volume condition they exhibited similar swell pressures, as was the case for specimens belonging to 1.40 and 1.50 Mg/m3 series. With specimens belonging to 1.75 and 2.00 Mg/m3 series, greater number of hydration layers were developed by specimens that were less saturated initially (smaller initial Sr,MF) and consequently such specimens developed larger swell pressures. When specimens developed similar number of hydration layers in the wetted state, the compaction dry density determined the swell pressure. Chapter 7 examines the influence of salt concentration of infiltrating solution (sodium chloride concentration ranges from 1000- 5000 mg/L) on SWCC relations, unsaturated permeability and moisture diffusivity of compacted BES specimens. Analysis of the experimental and Brooks and Corey best fit plots revealed that infiltration of sodium chloride solutions had progressively lesser influence on the micro-structure and consequently on the SWCC relations with increase in dry density of the compacted specimens. The micro-structure and SWCC relations of specimens compacted to 1.50 Mg/m3 were most affected, specimens compacted to 1.75 Mg/m3 were less affected, while specimens compacted to 2.00 Mg/m3 were unaffected by infiltration of sodium chloride solutions. Variations in dry density of compacted bentonite impacts the pore space available for moisture flow, while, salinity of wetting fluid impacts the pore structure from associated physico-chemical changes in clay structure. Experimental results showed that the unsaturated permeability coefficient is insensitive to variations in dry density and solute concentration of wetting liquid, while, the effective hydraulic diffusivity is impacted by variations in these parameters. Chapter 8 summarises the major findings of the study.

Deep geological repository (DGR) for disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is designed to rely on successive superimposed barrier systems to isolate the waste from the biosphere. This multiple barrier system comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock and its surrounding and an engineered barrier system (EBS). The EBS represents the synthetic, engineered materials placed within the natural barrier, comprising array of components such as waste form, waste canisters, buffer materials, backfill and seals. The buffer will enclose the waste canisters from all directions and act as a barrier between canisters and host rock of the repository. It is designed to stabilise the evolving thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical stresses in the repository over a long period (nearly 1000 years) to retard radionuclides from reaching biosphere. Bentonite clay or bentonite-sand mix have been chosen as buffer materials in EBS design in various countries pursuing deep geological repository method. The bentonite buffer is the most important barrier among the other EBS components for a geological repository. The safety of repository depends to a large extent on proper functioning of buffer over a very long period of time during which it must remain physically, chemically and mineralogically stable. The long term stability of bentonite buffer depends on varying temperature and evolution of groundwater composition of host rocks in a complex way. The groundwater in the vicinity of deep crystalline rock is often characterized by high solute concentrations and the geotechnical engineering response of bentonite buffer could be affected by the dissolved salt concentration of the inflowing ground water. Also during the initial period, radiogenic heat produced in waste canisters would radiate into buffer and the heat generated would lead to drying and some shrinkage of bentonite buffer close to canister. This could alter the dry density, moisture content and in turn the hydro-mechanical properties of bentonite buffer in DGR conditions. India has variety of bentonite deposits in North-Western states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Previous studies on Indian bentonites suggest that bentonite from Barmer district of Rajasthan (termed as Barmer-1 bentonite) is suitable to serve as buffer material in DGR conditions. Nuclear power agencies of several countries have identified suitable bentonites for use as buffer in DGR through laboratory experiments and large scale underground testing facilities. Physico-chemical, mineralogical and engineering properties of Kunigel VI, Kyungju, GMZ, FoCa clay, MX-80, FEBEX and Avonseal bentonites have been extensively studied by Japan, South Korea, China, Belgium, Sweden, Spain, Canada. It is hence essential to examine the suitability of Barmer-1 bentonite as potential buffer in DGR and compare its physico-chemical and hydromechanical properties with bentonite buffers identified by other countries. The significant factors that impact the long-term stability of bentonite buffer in DGR include variations in moisture content, dry density and pore water chemistry. With a view to address these issues, the hydromechanical response of 70 % Barmer-1 bentonite + 30 % river sand mix (termed bentonite enhanced sand, BES specimens) under varying moisture content, dry density and pore water salt concentration conditions have been examined. The broad scope of the work includes: 1) Characterise the physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical properties of Barmer-1 bentonite from Rajasthan, India and compare its properties with bentonite buffers reported in literature. 2) Examine the influence of variations in dissolved salt concentration (of infiltrating solution), dry density and moisture content of compacted BES specimens on their hydro-mechanical response; the hydro-mechanical properties include, swell pressure, soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, moisture diffusivity and unconfined compression strength. Organization of thesis: After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature is performed to highlight the need for detailed characterisation of physico-chemical and hydromechanical properties of Barmer-1 bentonite for its possible application in DGR in the Indian context. Further, existing literature on hydro-mechanical response of bentonite buffer to changes in physical (degree of saturation/moisture content, dry density) and physico-chemical (solute concentration in pore water) is reviewed to define the scope and objectives of the present thesis in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental programme of the study. Chapter 4 characterises Barmer-1 bentonite for physico-chemical (cation exchange capacity, pore water salinity, exchangeable sodium percentage) and hydro-mechanical properties, such as, swell pressure, saturated permeability, soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and unconfined compression strength. The properties of Barmer-1 bentonite are compared with bentonite buffers reported in literature and generalized equations for determining swell pressure and saturated permeability coefficient of bentonite buffers are arrived at. Chapter 5 describes a method to determine solute concentrations in the inter-lamellar and free-solutions of compacted BES (bentonite enhanced sand) specimens. The solute concentrations in micro and macro pore solutions are used to examine the role of osmotic flow on swell pressures developed by compacted BES specimens (dry density 1.50-2.00 Mg/m3) inundated with distilled water and NaCl solutions (1000-5000 mg/L). The number of hydration layers developed by the compacted BES specimens on inundation with salt solutions in constant volume swell pressure tests is controlled by cation hydration/osmotic flow. The cation hydration of specimens compacted to dry density of 2.00 Mg/m3 is mainly driven by matric suction prevailing in the clay microtructure as the number of hydration layers developed at wetting equilibrium are independent of the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the wetting solution. Consequently, the swell pressures of specimens compacted to 2.00 Mg/m3 were insensitive to the salt concentration of the inundating solution. The cation hydration of specimens compacted to dry density of 1.50 Mg/m3 is driven by both matric suction (prevailing in the clay micro-structure) and osmotic flow as the number of hydration layers developed at wetting equilibrium is sensitive to the TDS of the wetting solution. Expectedly, the swell pressures of specimens compacted to 1.50 Mg/m3 responded to changes in salt concentration of the inundating solution. The 1.75 Mg/m3 specimens show behaviour that is intermediate to the 1.50 and 2.00 Mg/m3 series specimens. Chapter 6 examines the influence of initial degree of saturation on swell pressures developed by the compacted BES specimens (dry density range: 1.40- 2.00 Mg/m3) on wetting with distilled water from micro-structural considerations. The micro-structure of the bentonite specimens are examined in the compacted and wetted states by performing X-ray diffraction measurements. The initial degree of saturation is varied by adding requisite amount of distilled water to the oven-dried BES mix and compacting the moist mixes to the desired density. The montmorillonite fraction in the BES specimens is responsible for moisture absorption during compaction and development of swell pressure in the constant volume oedometer tests. Consequently, it was considered reasonable to calculate degree of saturation based on EMDD (effective montmorillonite dry density) values and correlate the developed swell pressure values with degree of saturation of montmorillonite voids (Sr,MF). XRD measurements with compacted and wetted specimens demonstrated that if specimens of density series developed similar number of hydration layers on wetting under constant volume condition they exhibited similar swell pressures, as was the case for specimens belonging to 1.40 and 1.50 Mg/m3 series. With specimens belonging to 1.75 and 2.00 Mg/m3 series, greater number of hydration layers were developed by specimens that were less saturated initially (smaller initial Sr,MF) and consequently such specimens developed larger swell pressures. When specimens developed similar number of hydration layers in the wetted state, the compaction dry density determined the swell pressure. Chapter 7 examines the influence of salt concentration of infiltrating solution (sodium chloride concentration ranges from 1000- 5000 mg/L) on SWCC relations, unsaturated permeability and moisture diffusivity of compacted BES specimens. Analysis of the experimental and Brooks and Corey best fit plots revealed that infiltration of sodium chloride solutions had progressively lesser influence on the micro-structure and consequently on the SWCC relations with increase in dry density of the compacted specimens. The micro-structure and SWCC relations of specimens compacted to 1.50 Mg/m3 were most affected, specimens compacted to 1.75 Mg/m3 were less affected, while specimens compacted to 2.00 Mg/m3 were unaffected by infiltration of sodium chloride solutions. Variations in dry density of compacted bentonite impacts the pore space available for moisture flow, while, salinity of wetting fluid impacts the pore structure from associated physico-chemical changes in clay structure. Experimental results showed that the unsaturated permeability coefficient is insensitive to variations in dry density and solute concentration of wetting liquid, while, the effective hydraulic diffusivity is impacted by variations in these parameters. Chapter 8 summarises the major findings of the study.

Cette thèse concerne la caractérisation expérimentale d’un sable limoneux provenant du barrage de Livet – Gavet (38) dans le cadre du projet ANR TerreDurable avec plusieurs objectifs : 1- Caractériser au travers d’essais de laboratoire le comportement hydromécanique d’un sable fin limoneux (sol A1 dans la classification GTR) en fonction de son état de saturation. Lors de cette étude, un accent particulier est porté sur la caractérisation de ce comportement dans le domaine proche de la saturation. 2- Interpréter le comportement hydrique du matériau sur chemin de drainage – imbibition en relation avec l’analyse de sa microstructure. 3- Fournir d’un point de vue général une base de données et d’analyses exhaustive permettant le développement et la calibration de modèles de comportement des sols fins proches de la saturation, en particulier en considérant des chemins de chargement hydromécanique complexes. Pour l’ensemble de cette étude, le matériau est considéré sous deux états : soit à l’état de pâte (matériau normalement consolidé) préparée à une teneur en eau proche de la limite de liquidité, soit sous forme compactée (matériau sur-consolidé) à différentes énergies de compactage et différentes teneurs en eau initiales. / This thesis concerns the experimental characterization of a silty sand from the Livet - Gavet dam (38) as part of the ANR TerreDurable project, for following objectives: 1- Through laboratory tests, characterize the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a fine silty sand (Type A1 in the GTR classification) according to its saturation state. In this study, particular emphasis is placed on the characterization of this behaviour in the near-saturated domain. 2- Interpret the water behaviour of material on the drainage - imbibition cycles, in relation to the analysis of its microstructure. 3- From a general point of view, provide a comprehensive database and analysis allowing the development and calibration of models of near-saturated fine soil's behaviour, in particular, by considering complex hydro-mechanical loading paths. For all tests in this study, the material is considered in two states: either in the state of paste (normally consolidated material) prepared at water content close to the limit of liquidity, or in compacted state (over consolidated material) at different compaction energies and different initial water contents.

No description available.

This diploma’s dissertation is on project of a new hotel building with three aboveground and one underground floors. This study starts at the building stage and focuses on the construction details and energy demands of the building. Also included is a fire safety solution for the new hotel building. The layout and architectural desing is according to the investor´s requirements, with respect to applicable laws, regulations, standards. Traditional materials are designed for the new building, taking into account the latest developments in the construction industry.

The main content of of this thesis is a construction design and analysis of a machine for cutting tires. The resulting solution emerges from the design options and the option that meets the best selection criteria is chosen. Then the thesis stops for a while at the choice of cutting technology and tries to exemine its suitability for cutting tires. In its other part there is an attempt to clarify the relevant parts of the machine, where the benefits of three-dimensional views is used. Basic design and check calculations are done in the selected machine parts.

The project Austerland Energi at the eastern tip of the island of Gotland called Östergarnslandet was started as a response to the larger project Omställning Gotland funded by the Swedish government as an effort for a pilot project to convert to renewable energy to reach zero CO2-emissions for the country in 2045. The current plan for the Austerland energy system is a solar PV and wind production base with energy storage in the form of batteries and hydrogen which also can be used as vehicle fuel. The system will also continue to be connected to the grid and the annual electricity consumption for the area is 3.4 GWh, including both households and agricultural activities. The energy system has been modeled by Energenious, a company based in Berlin, Germany, who recommended a battery storage and electrically driven vehicles. The total investment cost of which was 30.099 MSEK and the operation and maintenance cost was 2,780 kSEK/year and the emission rate was 138 ton/year.  The yearly global horizontal irradiance is approximately 1,060 kWh/m2 at the location, the average wind speed is 7.5-8.5 m/s at 100 m hub height, but the wind turbine would have to be lower because of the Östergarnslandet being a protected area for the beautiful scenery. The heat production is mostly individual for each household or farm with either heat pumps or biomass boilers. There are no options for hydropower at the location and there is a desalination plant and a water treatment facility which provides the households and farms with drinking and irrigation water. The alternative energy storage solutions investigated in this thesis includes Flywheel, Redox flow battery, Pumped hydro, Deep Sea pumped hydro, Supercapacitors, Compressed air energy storage and Thermal energy storage. The first three of which were included in the models of the system. For the Future scenario changes of the energy consumption, the patterns of change for the households were based on national and regional trends the last 25 years.  The Austerland energy system was modeled using the software Homer Pro, where the base case of using batteries and batteries together with hydrogen storage was analyzed. The batteries were then switched to flywheels, a redox flow battery and a pumped hydro system respectively and analyzed with and without the hydrogen storage. The results showed that the recommended storage solution was still the batteries since the flywheel storage has too short storage duration, the flow battery storage is more expensive, and the pumped hydro storage has a complicated installation process. However, the recommended size of the batteries was half that of the recommended size provided by the Energenious models and the results also showed that the system would be suitable for a future change of the consumption patterns.  Lastly, the sustainability analysis showed that all the alternative energy storage devices have a slightly less CO2-emission rate, but none of the systems had a emission rate as low as that calculated by Energenious. However, when considering any of the components in an energy system, a more thorough investigation of environmental and social issues of the production process should be made. The investigation should include studying working conditions, wages, suspicions about child labour, process waste streams and other emissions streams and ethical values at the production company. / Projektet Austerland Energi är lokaliserat på ön Gotlands östra spets kallat Östergarnslandet. Projektet startades som ett efterfrågat initiativ genom det större projektet Omställning Gotland vilket är finansierat av den svenska regeringen. Omställning Gotland är för ett pilotprojekt för att ställa om till förnybar energi i landet och för att nå netto noll CO2-utsläpp i landet år 2045. Den nuvarande planen för Östergarns energisystem är en solcells- och vind produktions bas med energilagring i form av batterier och vätgas vilket också kan användas som fordonsbränsle. Systemet kommer även fortsättningsvis att vara anslutet till det lokala elnätet och den årliga elförbrukningen för området är 3.4 GWh inklusive både hushåll och lantbruksverksamhet. Energisystemet har modellerats av Energenious, ett företag baserat i Berlin, Tyskland, som rekommenderade batterilagring och elfordon snarare än att använda vätgas. Den totala investeringskostnaden var beräknad till 30,099 MSEK och drift- och underhållskostnaden var 2,780 kSEK/år och CO2-utsläppen var 138 ton/år.  Den årliga solinstrålningen på Östergarn är cirka 1,060 kWh/m2, medelvindhastigheten är 7.5-8.5 m/s vid 100 m navhöjd, men vindkraftverket måste vara lägre än så eftersom Östergarnslandet är ett skyddat område på grund av det vackra landskapet. Värme förses mestadels individuellt för varje hushåll eller gård med hjälp av antingen värmepumpar eller värmepannor som använder biomassa. Det finns ingen möjlighet för vattenkraft på denna del av Gotland men det finns en avsaltningsanläggning och en vattenreningsanläggning som förser hushållen och gårdarna med dricksvatten och vatten för bevattnings. De alternativa energilagrings lösningar som undersöks i denna avhandling inkluderar svänghjul, redox flödesbatteri, ett pumpkraftverk antingen på land eller till havs, superkondensatorer, trycklufts lagring och lagring av termisk energi. De tre förstnämnda alternativen ingick i modelleringen utförd i detta arbete. För undersökningen av framtida energiförbruknings förändringar, undersöktes utvecklingen för hushållen på nationella och regional nivå under de senaste 25 åren. Austerlands energisystem modellerades med hjälp av programvaran Homer Pro, där originalmodellen med endast eller batterier tillsammans med vätgaslagring analyserades. Batterierna byttes sedan till svänghjul, ett redox flödesbatteri respektive ett pumpkraftverk och analyserades med och utan vätgaslagringen. Resultaten visade att den rekommenderade lagringslösningen fortfarande var batterierna eftersom svänghjulet har för kort lagringstid, flödesbatteriet är för dyrt och pumpkraftverket har en mycket mer komplicerad installationsprocess. Den rekommenderade storleken på batterierna visade sig dock vara hälften av den rekommenderade storleken från Energenious-modellerna och resultaten visade också att systemet kommer vara lämpligt för den beräknade framtida konsumtionen. Slutligen visade hållbarhetsanalysen att alla alternativa energi lagringstyper har en något lägre koldioxidutsläpp, men inget av systemen hade en så lågt utsläpp som beräknat av Energenious. När någon av komponenterna i ett energisystem övervägs bör dock en mer grundlig undersökning av miljömässiga och sociala frågor i produktionsprocessen göras. Undersökningen bör omfatta arbetsvillkor, löner, misstankar om barnarbete, avfallshantering och andra utsläpp under produktionsprocessen och etiska värderingar hos produktionsföretaget.

Les distributeurs énergétiques comme Gaz Métro et Hydro-Québec doivent s’assurer que la capacité de leur réseau suffit à satisfaire les besoins de ses clients. Lorsque les réseaux de distribution sont employés à pleine capacité et que la demande d’énergie augmente, ces entreprises ont le choix d’investir pour augmenter leur capacité ou inciter leurs clients à consommer moins. Il est possible de reporter des investissements en offrant aux clients des programmes d’efficacité énergétique qui abaissent la demande. Historiquement, les deux distributeurs québécois et la Régie de l’énergie qui les supervisent ont préféré accroître la capacité de leur réseau respectif afin de sécuriser l’approvisionnement de leur clientèle, notamment parce qu’ils ne leur semblaient pas possibles de contrôler adéquatement la demande énergétique. De plus, comme les revenus des entreprises augmentent avec la demande, ces entreprises ne sont pas incitées à tenter de la réduire. Dans ce mémoire, je propose une méthode d’estimation de la rentabilité d’une stratégie de report actif d’un investissement visant à augmenter la capacité des réseaux de distrubution couplée à un mécanisme incitatif. Ma méthode combine l’évaluation actualisée des coûts et bénéfices de l’investissement à un modèle de comportement du consommateur. / Energy utilities such as Gaz Métro and Hydro-Québec must ensure that the capacity of their network is sufficient to satisfy the needs of its customers. When the distribution networks are used at full capacity and the demand for energy increases, these companies have the choice of investing to increase their capacity or encourage their customers to consume less. Investments can be deferred by offering customers energy efficiency programs that reduce demand. Historically, the two distributors and the Régie de l’énergie who supervised them preferred to increase the capacity of their respective networks in order to secure the supply of their customers, especially because they felt like it was not possible to adequately control energy demand. Moreover, as business incomes increase with demand, these firms have no incentive to attempt to reduce it. In this paper, I propose a method for estimating the profitability of an active deferral strategy for an investment aimed at increasing the capacity of distrubution networks coupled with an incentive mechanism. My method combines the updated assessment of the costs and benefits of the investment with a pattern of consumer behavior.