Inhalt der Arbeit ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Hydrogelen auf Stärkebasis mit dem Ziel, diese für unterschiedliche Anwendungszwecke, insbesondere jedoch als Kontaktmedium in der medizinischen Ultraschalldiagnostik, einsetzen zu können. Um Stärke zur Ausbildung stabiler, wässriger Gele zu befähigen, werden mehrere Funktionalisierungsschritte vollzogen. Die Einführung von Carboxymethylfunktionen mittels Williamson-Reaktion erhöht den ionischen Charakter und damit die Hydrophilie des Biopolymers. Zur kinetischen Beschreibung der Carboxymethylierung am Stärkekorn in Suspension wird ein Dreiphasenmodell eingeführt. Der Aufbau eines für Gelstrukturen charakteristischen, dreidimensionalen Netzwerks erfolgt durch inter- und intramolekulare Verknüpfung einzelner Polymerstränge über kovalente Etherbrücken. Durch Eliminierung der nach Substitution und Vernetzung löslich verbliebenen Polymeranteile können die Materialeigenschaften des gequollenen Hydrogels erheblich verbessert werden. Rheologische Messungen und bildgebende Untersuchungen mit Gewebephantomen qualifizieren Stärke-Gele als in anwendungstechnischer Hinsicht geeignetes Kontaktmedium in der medizinischen Ultraschalldiagnostik. Mit speziellen Tests wird die pharmakologisch-toxikologische Unbedenklichkeit der Produkte nachgewiesen.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / As liver disease becomes more prevalent, the development of an in vitro culture system to study disease progression and its repair mechanisms is essential. Typically, 2D cultures are used to investigate liver cell (e.g., hepatocyte) function in vitro; however, hepatocytes lose function rapidly when they were isolated from the liver. This has promoted researchers to develop 3D scaffolds to recreate the natural microenvironment of hepatic cells. For example, gelatin-based hydrogels have been increasingly used to promote cell fate processes in 3D. Most gelatin-based systems require the use of physical gelation or non-specific chemical crosslinking. Both of these methods yield gelatin hydrogels with highly interdependent material properties (e.g., bioactivity and matrix stiffness). The purpose of this thesis research was to prepare modularly crosslinked gelatin-based hydrogels for studying the influence of independent matrix properties on hepatic cell fate in 3D. The first objective was to establish tunable gelatin-based thiol-norbornene hydrogels and to demonstrate that the mechanical and biological properties of gelatin hydrogels can be independently adjusted. Furthermore, norbornene and heparin dual-functionalized gelatin (i.e., GelNB-Hep) was prepared and used to sequester and slowly release hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The second objective was to investigate the viability and functions of hepatocytes encapsulated in gelatin-based hydrogels. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Huh7, were used as a model cell type to demonstrate the cytocompatibility of the system. The properties of GelNB hydrogels were modularly tuned to systematically evaluate the effects of matrix properties on cell viability and functions, including CYP3A4 activity and urea secretion. The last objective was to examine the effect of heparin immobilization on hepatocyte viability and functions. The conjugation of heparin onto GelNB led to suppressed Huh7 cell metabolic activity and improved hepatocellular functions. This hybrid hydrogel system should provide a promising 3D cell culture platform for studying cell fate processes.

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<p>Extracellular matrix (ECM) creates high-resolution chemical patterns, by assembling simple molecules with nm-scale features (e.g., carbohydrates, nucleotides, amino acids) into complex structures up to micrometers and extending to even larger scales across tissues (e.g., glycans, DNA, proteins), capable of carrying out the diverse and complex cellular functions. Mimicking the complexity of such biological systems requires precise control over the chemical patterning on substrates that exhibit physiochemical properties similar to biological systems (such as hydrogels). Although hydrogels provide tunable physiochemical properties suitable for biological applications; it is a porous material where pore sizes can range from 30 nm to greater than 1000 nm. Due to this structural heterogeneity, chemical patterning below the length scale of this heterogeneity is very challenging.</p> <p>Here, we demonstrate a new assembly system for generating a nanostructured presentation of carbohydrates on the hydrogel surface. This approach is based on the striped phases assembly of functional alkanes where 1-nm resolution functional patterns are readily assembled on substrates such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). In this assembly, molecules are stabilized by noncovalent interactions, including alkyl-pi interactions underlying the HOPG, van der Waals interaction between the adjacent alkyl chains, and hydrogen bonding between polar head groups. Topochemical polymerization converts internal diynes into conjugated polydiacetylenes (PDAs). PDAs can also be utilized to covalently attach the striped pattern to polyacrylamide hydrogels through free radical chemistry.</p> <p>Here, we synthesize new amphiphiles with carbohydrate headgroups (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and D-glucuronic acid (GlcA)), assembled into striped phases on HOPG and covalently transfer to polyacrylamide hydrogels. GlcNAc binds to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a lectin that binds specifically in a multivalent fashion (dissociation constant KD in nm range) to GlcNAc. We show that GlcNAc striped phases generate highly selective interactions with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) but do not induce specific binding with concanavalin A (another lectin molecule that does not target GlcNAc). We further demonstrate that WGA binding affinity can be modulated by shifting the position of diacetylenes that bring the polymer backbone closer to the GlcNAc, increasing the effecting local concentration of carbohydrates.</p> <p>We investigated the possibility of using sPDA for secondary functionalization with complex biological molecules (such as biotin and cRGD) to mimic the ECM composition closely. The unusual reactivity of the sPDA backbones during the covalent transfer of the striped phase monolayer to hydrogels illustrates the potential of sPDA reactivity azides. In this work, we show that the addition of substituted azide molecules to sPDA-functionalized hydrogels produces a decrease in the fluorescence of the sPDA monolayer. Since these reactions are occurring on porous hydrogel surfaces characterization using techniques such as IR or NMR is difficult. We carried out further solution-phase reactions using a soluble PDA where PDA UV-vis absorption spectra red-shift after the reaction between the PDA backbone and azide. These experiments support the hypothesis of sPDA and azide click reaction.</p>

[pt] Este trabalho investiga o impacto de suspensões de grafeno funcionalizado sobre reologia de uma dispersão aquosa de Carbopol. Os derivados de grafeno usados foram óxido de grafeno (GO) e óxido de grafeno amino funcionalizado (AFGO). A variação da concentração e do grau de oxidação do grafeno funcionalizado foram avaliadas e relacionadas à reologia das suspensões. O GO foi produzido a partir da síntese de óxido de grafite pelo método de Hummers modificado, e caracterizado pelas técnicas de DRX, Raman, TGA, FTIR, XPS, TEM e AFM. O GO foi funcionalizado com trietilenotetramina por reação assistida por microondas para produzir AFGO, caracterizado por TGA e XPS. As suspensões foram caracterizadas por experimentos de potencial zeta e testes reológicos de escoamento em estado estacionário e oscilatório. A caracterização do GO mostra que grupos funcionais oxigenados foram incorporados em sua superfície grafítica. O GO oxidado por 96 horas (GO 96 h) apresentou maior distância interplanar e também apresentou menos camadas quando comparado com GO oxidado por 2 horas (GO 2 h). A caracterização do AFGO aponta que grupos aminados foram covalentemente ligados às nanofolhas GO e o GO com maior grau de oxidação produziu AFGO com maior nível de aminação. Todas as nanofolhas sintetizadas são coloidalmente estáveis quando suspensas em meio neutro. Todas as suspensões foram bem modeladas pela equação de Hershel-Bulkley. O aumento da concentração de nanofolhas nas suspensões prejudica a microestrutura do fluido e leva a uma diminuição da viscosidade, tensão de escoamento e elasticidade. O GO 96 h promoveu menor decréscimo na viscosidade, tensão de escoamento e elasticidade do que a suspensão GO 2 h. No caso do AFGO, o maior grau de aminação pode levar a uma queda mais pronunciada nas propriedades reológicas da suspensão. Para a suspensão com maior concentração de GO 96 h, observou-se o aparecimento de histerese em baixas taxas de cisalhamento. Esses resultados mostram que pequenas mudanças na superfície das nanofolhas de grafeno funcionalizado podem influenciar as respostas reológicas de um fluido não newtoniano. / [en] This work investigates the impact of functionalized graphene suspensions on the rheology of a Carbopol aqueous dispersion. The graphene derivatives used were graphene oxide (GO) and amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AFGO). The variation of the functionalized graphene concentration and oxidation was evaluated and related with the suspensions rheology. GO nanosheets were produced from synthesis of graphite oxide by modified Hummers method, and they were characterized by XRD, Raman,TGA, FTIR, XPS, TEM and AFM techniques. The GO was functionalized with triethylenetetramine by microwave assisted reaction to produce the AFGO, which was characterized by TGA and XPS techiniques. The suspensions were characterized by zeta potential experiments and rheological tests through steady-state and oscillatory flow. The GO characterization shows that oxygenated functional groups were incorporated in its graphitical surface. GO oxidized for 96 hours (GO 96 h) showed higher interplanar distance and also presented fewer layers when compared with GO oxidized for 2 hours (GO 2 h). The AFGO characterization points out that aminated groups were covalently attached to the GO nanosheets and the GO with a higher oxidation degree produced an AFGO with higher amination level. All synthesized nanosheets are colloidally stable when suspended at neutral media. All suspensions were well modeled by the Hershel-Bulkley equation. The increase of the nanosheets concentration in the suspensions impairs the level of fluid structure and leads to a decrease in viscosity, yield stress, and elasticity. The GO 96 h promoted a lower decrease in viscosity, yield stress and elasticity than the GO 2 h suspension. In the case of AFGO, the greater amination degree can lead to a more pronounced drop in the suspension rheological properties. For the suspension with a higher concentration of GO 96 h, it was observed the appearance of hysteresis at low shear rates. These results show that small changes in the graphene functionalized nanosheets surface can influence the rheological responses of a non-Newtonian fluid.

La gélification est un phénomène courant dans lequel une grande quantité de solvant est immobilisée dans un réseau constitué de relativement petites quantités de substrat. Avec des propriétés à la fois solides et liquides, un gel est un état unique. L'étude des propriétés et du mécanisme de la gélification attire l'attention des chercheurs du monde entier. Cependant, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens, telles que le processus d'auto-assemblage et les interactions moléculaires dans le système de gel, la relation entre les solutions, les gels et les cristaux et l'organisation moléculaire dans le réseau de gel. L'exploration de ces questions fournira des connaissances sur le mécanisme de gélification et contribuera à la conception et à la fabrication de nouveaux gels aux applications diverses. Cette thèse décrit notre étude des gels et de leur relation avec les solutions et les cristaux à l'aide de sels biliaires, qui sont des molécules amphiphiles naturelles abondantes. La rigidité de la partie stéroïde et l'hydrophobie variable des sels biliaires facilitent l'étude du processus d'autoassemblage. La recherche est présentée à travers trois articles publiés ou soumis au cours de mon programme de doctorat. Le premier article explore les interactions moléculaires qui se produisent dans la formation d'hydrogels moléculaires fabriqués à partir de mélanges de désoxycholate de sodium et d'acide formique. La spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire fournit de nouvelles informations sur la transition gel-sol au niveau moléculaire, l'interaction entre les espèces libres/gélifiées et l'interaction des régions hydrophobes des sels biliaires avec le réseau de gel. Le deuxième article résume notre exploration de la relation entre les gels et les cristaux, en particulier la façon dont les composants moléculaires sont organisés. Les sels d'ammonium d'acide lithocholique produisent différents modèles d'auto-assemblage, tels que des gels, des fibres et des cristaux, avec divers anions d'ammonium. L'organisation moléculaire de l’acide lithocholique dans différentes conditions est remarquablement cohérente, indiquant qu'il existe une relation intime entre la gélification et la cristallisation dans ce système. Les résultats ont également mis en lumière la question de longue date de l'agencement des molécules dans les fibres de gel. Le troisième article décrit notre étude systématique de la gélification et de la cristallisation en utilisant une gamme plus large de sels biliaires. Généralement, avec l'augmentation de iii l'hydrophobie des sels biliaires, la préférence pour la formation de solutions est progressivement remplacée par une tendance à produire des gels et finalement des cristaux. Une association bord à bord d'anions biliaires est également observée dans différents types de sels biliaires. Les résultats renforcent notre conclusion selon laquelle les structures moléculaires internes des fibres dans les gels et dans les cristaux sont étroitement liées. / Gelation is a common phenomenon in which a large amount of solvent is immobilized in a network made up of relatively small amounts of substrate. With properties of both solid and liquid, a gel is a unique state. Gelation draws attention from researchers worldwide to study its properties and mechanism. However, many questions are still unraveled, such as the self-assembly process and molecular interactions in the gel system, the relationship between solutions, gels, and crystals, and the molecular organization in the gel network. Exploring these questions will provide knowledge about the mechanism of gelation and contribute to the design and fabrication of new gels for different applications. This thesis describes our study of gels and their relationship with solutions and crystals using bile salts, which are abundant natural amphiphiles. The rigid steroid moiety and the variable hydrophobicity of the bile salts facilitate the study of the self-assembly process. The research is presented through three articles published or submitted during my Ph.D. program. The first paper probes the molecular interactions that occur in the formation of molecular hydrogels made from mixtures of sodium deoxycholate and formic acid. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides new information about the gel-sol transition on the molecular level, the interaction between free/gelated species, and the interaction of hydrophobic regions of bile salts with the gel network. The second paper summarizes our exploration of the relationship between gels and crystals, especially how the molecular components are organized. Ammonium salts of lithocholic acid produce different patterns of self-assembly, such as gels, fibers, and crystals, with various ammonium anions. The molecular organization of lithocholates under different conditions is remarkably consistent, indicating that there is an intimate relationship between gelation and crystallization in this system. The results also shed light on the long-existing question of how molecules are arranged in gel fibers. The third paper describes our systematic study of gelation and crystallization using a broader range of bile salts. Generally, with increasing hydrophobicity of the bile salts, the preference to form solutions is gradually superseded by a trend to produce gels and finally crystals. An edge-to-edge association of bile anions is also observed in different kinds of bile salts. The results strengthen our conclusion that the internal molecular structures of fibers in gels and in crystals are closely related.

Toward the next generation of nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), novel biomaterials and functionalization concepts are required to address clinical demands in peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). As a biological polymer with bioactive motifs, gelatinous peptides are promising building blocks. In combination with an anhydride-containing oligomer, a dual-component hydrogel system (cGEL) was established. First, hollow cGEL tubes were fabricated by a continuous dosing and templating process. Conduits were characterized concerning their mechanical strength, in vitro and in vivo degradation and biocompatibility. Second, cGEL was reformulated as injectable shear thinning filler for established NGCs, here tyrosine-derived polycarbonate-based braided conduits. Thereby, the formulation contained the small molecule LM11A-31. The biofunctionalized cGEL filler was assessed regarding building block integration, mechanical properties, in vitro cytotoxicity, and growth permissive effects on human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. A positive in vitro evaluation motivated further application of the filler material in a sciatic nerve defect. Compared to the empty conduit and pristine cGEL, the functionalization performed superior, though the autologous nerve graft remains the gold standard. In conclusion, LM11A-31 functionalized cGEL filler with extracellular matrix (ECM)-like characteristics and specific biochemical cues holds great potential to support PNR.

<p dir="ltr">Smart windows, dynamically adjusting optical transmittance, face global adoption challenges due to climatic and economic variability. Aiming these issues, we synthesized a methyl cellulose (MC) salt system with high tunability for intrinsic optical transmittance (89.3%), which can be applied globally to various locations. Specifically, the MC window has superior heat shielding potential below transition temperatures while turning opaque at temperatures above the Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST), reducing the solar heat gain by 55%. Such optical tunability is attributable to the particle size change triggered by the temperature-induced reversible coil-to-globular transition. This leads to effective refractive index and scattering modulation, making them prospective solutions for light management systems, an application ahead of intelligent fenestration systems. MC-based windows demonstrated a 9°C temperature decrease compared to double-pane windows on sunny days and a 5°C increase during winters in field tests, while simulations predict an 11% energy savings.</p><p dir="ltr">Incorporating MC-based phase change materials in passive solar panels indicated optimized energy efficiency, offering a sustainable alternative. Real-time simulations validate practical applicability in large-scale solar panels. Furthermore, a temperature-responsive sorbent with a dark layer demonstrates an optimal optical and water uptake performance. Transitioning between radiative cooling and solar heating, the sorbent exhibits high water harvesting efficiency in lab and field tests. With an adjustable LCST at 38 ℃, the cellulose-based sorbent presents a potential solution for atmospheric water harvesting, combining optical switching and temperature responsiveness for sustainable water access. Furthermore, the ubiquitous availability of materials, low cost, and ease-of-manufacturing will provide technological equity and foster our ambition towards net-zero buildings and sustainable future.</p>

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