Une des voies privilégiées pour réduire la teneur en soufre dans les essences commerciales est l'hydrodésulfuration sélective (HDS) des essences issues du procédé de FCC. Une essence étant composée d'un mélange de composés soufrés (1000 ppm) et d'oléfines (20-40%pds). Il est important de comprendre leur transformation de manière à améliorer l'HDS tout en minimisant l'hydrogénation (HYD) des oléfines. Par conséquent, la transformation de plusieurs molécules modèles soufrées (2-méthylthiophène, 3-méthylthiophène et le benzothiophène) et oléfiniques (hex-1-ène, 4-méthylpent-1-ène, 3,3-diméthylbut-1-ène et 2,3-diméthylbut-2-ène) a été étudiée dans les conditions opératoires d'HDS. Par une approche expérimentale couplée à de la modélisation cinétique, nous avons établi une échelle de réactivité entre les composés soufrés d'une part et les oléfines d'autre part. Le benzothiophène est le composé le plus réactif, mais aussi celui qui est le plus inhibiteur pour la transformation des autres composés soufrés. Concernant les oléfines, l'hex-1-ène est la plus réactive par rapport aux autres oléfines ramifiées. Lorsque ces composés sont en mélange, on constate des inhibitions mutuelles plus au moins conséquentes selon la structure des composés modèles. Ces effets qui résultent de compétitions à l'adsorption entre les molécules à la surface du catalyseur ont été modélisés et quantifiés (constantes cinétique et d'adsorption) à partir d'un modèle unique en considérant le formalisme de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. / A preferred route to reduce the sulfur content on the commercial gasoline is the selective hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process of FCC gasoline. A typical gasoline is composed by a mixture of sulfur (1000 ppm) and olefins (20-40%wt) compounds. Therefore, it is important to understand their transformation in order to improve the HDS and minimizing the olefin hydrogenation (HYD). Consequently, the transformation of various sulfur (2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene and benzothiophene) and olefins (hex-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1-ene, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ene and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene) has been studied under HDS operating conditions.By experimental and theoretical (kinetic modeling) approaches, a reactivity scale has been established between the sulfur compounds on one hand and olefins compounds on the other hand. The benzothiophene is the most reactive compound. However it is the most inhibitor compound for the transformation of others sulfur compounds. Regarding the olefins, the hex-1-ene is the most reactive compound among the others branched compounds. A mutual inhibition has been observed when those compounds are studied in mixture according with their structures. These effects result from competitive adsorption between the molecules on the catalyst surface. These results could be modeled and quantified (adsorption and kinetic constants) from a unique model considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism.

La préparation du caoutchouc naturel hydrogéné (HNR) par réaction avec l'hydrazine et le peroxyde d'hydrogène et le latex de caoutchouc naturel a été intéressée. L’influence de conditions de réaction, types et volume de solvants, volume du  réactionnel, la quantité d’hydrazine et de peroxyde d’hydrogène sur le degré d’hydrogénation du caoutchouc naturel a été étudiée. Le structure et  détermination du degré d’hydrogénation des caoutchoucs naturel hydrogénés a été analysée par  résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN), transformée de fourier infrarouge (FTIR) et spectroscopie Raman. Un degré d'hydrogénation de 18 % a été obtenu à 1.0 - 2.0 du la molaire de d’hydrazine et de peroxyde d’hydrogène, température optimale de 50°C et le temps de réaction de 24h. Afin d'améliorer le degré d'hydrogénation, des solvants tels que le toluène et le hexane et l'effet de le volume du réactionnel ont été étudiée, ce qui a permis d'obtenir des degrés d’hydrogénation  élevés (proches de 65% avec le toluène). D’autre part, des mesures de tailles de particules de latex ont montré que l’hydrogénation du caoutchouc naturel n’avait pas d’effet sur latex de caoutchouc naturel. Un résultat également intéressant concerne le détermination du taux de gel. Ce gel augmente avec le degré d’hydrogénation, prouvant que des réactions de réticulation ont eu lieu. Néanmoins aucun effet de degré d’hydrogénation sur le température de transition vitreuse n’est détecté. La dureté et viscosités Mooney augmentent, en lien avec l’augmentation du taux de gel. Par ailleurs, la résistance thermique du caoutchouc naturel hydrogéné est considérablement améliorée lorsque le degré d’hydrogénation augmente. Le partie suivante est consacrée à la vulcanisation du caoutchouc. Deux types de réticulation ont été utilisés : au soufre et au peroxyde. Les élastomères HNR réticulés montrent une meilleure résistance à l’ozone et l’UV que le NR réticulé. De plus, cette résistance à l’ozone et l’UV est plus élevée pour le réticulation au soufre, comparée à le réticulation au peroxyde. Une bonne corrélation entre les images de microscopie optique et les résultats des analyses Raman est obtenue. La préparation et l’étude de mélanges HNR/PP obtenus par vulcanisation dynamique en utilisant du peroxyde et du soufre comme agents de réticulation. Un degré d’hydrogénation de 65% a été choisi, et différentes ratio HNR/PP ont été étudiés, et comparés avec des mélanges NR/PP. La morphologie des mélanges a été caractérisée par spectroscopie Raman, ce qui a permis d’obtenir des images cartographie Raman indiquant de façon précise le localisation et la distribution des phases de caoutchouc et de PP.  Une bonne corrélation entre le cartographie Raman et les images de microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) est obtenue. Ainsi il apparaît que les particules de caoutchouc sont dispersées dans une phase continue de PP, ceci à la fois pour le HNR et le NR. L’étude des propriétés mécaniques a montré que celles-ci étaient gouvernées principalement par le phase continue de PP. / The non-catalytic hydrogenation of natural rubber latex (NRL) was carried out by using diimide generated in situ from the reaction between hydrazine (N2H4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effects of mole ratios of [C=C]:[N2H4]:[H2O2], reaction conditions, solvent types, solvent volumes and reaction scale-up on the hydrogenation levels were investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic techniques were employed to investigate the chemical structure of the hydrogenated natural rubber (HNRs) and to quantify the hydrogenationlevels. It was found that variations in moles of N2H4 and H2O2 in the range of 1.0-2.0 moles resulted in degrees of hydrogenation in the range of 10-18%. Little improvement in hydrogenation levels of HNRs was obtained when NRL particles were swollen in solvents by which toluene yielded better results than hexane. The increase in toluenevolume resulted in the increase in hydrogenation levels up to 42 %. TEM micrographs revealed that swelling mainly occurred at the surface of NRL particles, implying that hydrogenation reaction confined largely at the surface of NRL particles. After removal of toluene, particle size and particle size distribution of partially hydrogenated NRL remained unchanged. To further improve degrees of hydrogenation, the reaction volume was extended and 65% hydrogenation levels were obtained. Therefore, 14%HNR, 33%HNR, and 65%HNR were successfully prepared under suitable reaction conditions. However, crosslinking and cis-trans isomerization were side-reactions occurring during hydrogenation. Gel and trans contents increased with increasing hydrogenation levels, leading to the increase in hardness of HNRs. Mooney viscosities of HNRs increased with increasing degrees of hydrogenation due to the increased gel contents. Mooney torquerelaxation of NR and HNRs were similar. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that vi HNRs had greater thermal stability than NR and thermal stability increased with increasing degrees of hydrogenation. HNR vulcanizates were much better resistant to ozone and UV than cured NR. Sulfur-vulcanized rubbers had greater ozone resistance than peroxide-cure rubbers due to less amounts of carbon-carbon double bonds present in rubbers. In addition, modulus at low strain and tensile strength of sulfur-cured rubbers were higher than those of peroxide-cured rubbers, but lower elongation due to higher crosslink densities. Also, modulus at low strain and tensile strength increased with increasing hydrogenation levels of HNRs, in contrast to strain at break. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) from blends of HNR and Polypropylene (PP) were prepared via dynamic vulcanization using peroxide and sulfur as curing agents. The effects of blend ratios on mechanical properties of TPVs were investigated. Tensile strength increased with increasing PP portions, but breaking strain decreased. Morphology of TPVs was characterized with Raman mapping and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase sizes of crosslinked rubber obtained from both techniques were correlated well.

Les réacteurs structurés de type monolithe apparaissent comme une alternative intéressante aux réacteurs triphasiques conventionnels (à lit fixe ruisselant ou à suspension), car ils offrent dans leurs canaux millimétriques, dans une large gamme de débits, un écoulement bien défini, consistant en une succession de bulles et bouchons liquides (écoulement dit de Taylor). Celui-ci, proche de l'écoulement idéal " piston ", permet également une intensification du transfert gaz-liquide, notamment grâce à l'existence d'un film mince de liquide séparant les bulles de la paroi catalytique. Par ailleurs, les dernières technologies de fabrication additive offrent de nouvelles possibilités de réalisation de ce type de réacteur, sous la forme d'une structure métallique conductrice alternant canaux catalytiques et canaux dédiés au fluide caloporteur. Cette configuration efficace de réacteur-échangeur autorise à considérer le monolithe comme uniforme en température et à réduire sa modélisation à celle d'un canal unique isotherme. C'est la stratégie de modélisation adoptée dans ce travail de thèse, qui cherche à représenter chacun des phénomènes avec seulement le niveau de complexité nécessaire, en progressant de l'échelle locale à l'échelle du réacteur. L'outil choisi ici est le logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics pour sa capacité à traiter des problèmes multi-physiques et multi-échelles. Une approche classique pour les écoulements de Taylor est appliquée, construite autour d'une " cellule unitaire " qui se déplace à la vitesse diphasique le long du canal. Le champ hydrodynamique calculé sert alors de support au calcul du transfert de masse entre les phases. Le premier cas d'étude traité - transfert d'oxygène dans l'eau avec réaction de consommation de l'oxygène en paroi - sert à poser les bases du modèle, en examinant le bien-fondé de différentes hypothèses simplificatrices, concernant le nombre de phases modélisées, les conditions aux limites du domaine pour les équations résolues, ou encore la forme de bulle. Ce travail préliminaire a montré que la résolution de la phase liquide uniquement, autour d'une bulle de forme simplifiée, peut assurer une représentation satisfaisante des profils de vitesse dans les bouchons et dans le film de lubrification par rapport à des calculs diphasiques. Il a aussi permis d'évaluer de façon séparée les contributions au transfert gaz-liquide de chacune des zones d'interface (film, nez ou arrière de la bulle) et de quantifier l'influence sur l'efficacité du transfert de la fréquence de bullage, qui modifie à la fois l'aire interfaciale et l'intensité de recirculation dans les bouchons. La démarche est ensuite appliquée au cas de l'hydrogénation de l'alpha-pinène, et validée par une campagne d'essais réalisés pour un tube catalytique de 2 mm de diamètre et de 40 cm de longueur, fonctionnant sous 21 bar et entre 100°C et 160°C. Le modèle utilise pour la couche catalytique en paroi une loi cinétique intrinsèque, identifiée en réacteur autoclave agité (pour le même catalyseur de Pd/Al2O3, mais sous forme de poudre). Il suit par un calcul instationnaire la progression de la cellule unitaire jusqu'à la sortie du réacteur. Outre les effets des paramètres clés mis en évidence précédemment, ceux de la consommation de gaz le long du réacteur et des conditions " initiales " de saturation du liquide sont examinés. Le fonctionnement du monolithe peut être reproduit dans son intégralité à partir de ce modèle, par association de canaux recevant des débits individuels de gaz et de liquide représentatifs de la distribution des fluides observée expérimentalement, et en lui incorporant un module de mélange des fluides issus de chacun des canaux en sortie de réacteur. Ce modèle sert aussi de référence pour l'évaluation d'un outil de dimensionnement plus direct, basé sur une hydrodynamique simplifiée et des coefficients d'échange globaux évalués à partir de corrélations ou des simulations numériques dédiées. / Structured reactors of monolith type arise as an interesting alternative to conventional three-phase reactors (trickle-bed or slurry reactors), because they offer, in a wide range of flow rates, a welldefined flow structure in their millimetric channels, consisting of an intermittent series of gas bubbles and liquid slugs (i.e. Taylor flow). This flow regime, close to the ideal “plug flow” behavior, enables the improvement of gas-liquid mass transfer, thanks to the thin liquid film laying between the bubbles and the catalytic wall. Moreover, recent additive manufacturing technologies offer new possibilities for producing such a reactor, in the form of a metal heat-conducting block alternating catalytic channels and channels dedicated to the coolant. This efficient reactor/heat exchanger configuration allows the monolith to be considered as uniform in temperature and to reduce its modeling to that of a single isothermal channel. This is the modeling strategy adopted in this thesis, which aims to represent each phenomenon with the required level of complexity only, progressing from the bubble/slug scale to the reactor scale. COMSOL Multiphysics® software is selected as the numerical tool for its ability to handle multiphysics and multi-scale problems. The approach classically used for Taylor flows is applied, based upon a "unit cell" (gas bubble associated to a lubricating liquid film and two liquid half-slugs) that travels along the channel at the two-phase velocity. Solved hydrodynamics then serves as a basis for the calculation of gas-liquid mass transfer. The first study case - oxygen transfer into water with consumption at the channel wall – lays the foundations of the model, by examining the merits of various simplifying hypotheses concerning the number of phases to be considered (gas and liquid, or liquid only), the boundary conditions for the solved equations (periodicity, slip conditions at the gas-liquid interface), or the bubble shape (calculated or "simplified"). This preliminary work has shown that the simplest approach, which consists in solving the liquid phase only, as flowing around a bubble of simplified shape, can ensure a satisfactory representation of the velocity profiles in the liquid slugs and in the lubrication film, compared with two-phase flow (semi-analytical or CFD) calculations. This study also allows to evaluate separate contributions from different parts of the bubble surface (film, and front or back cap) to gas-liquid mass transfer, and to quantify the influence on transfer efficiency of bubble frequency, which affects both the interfacial area and the recirculation intensity in the slugs. The modelling approach is then applied to the hydrogenation of alpha-pinene and validated by an experimental tests carried out in a catalytic tube of 2 mm diameter and 40 cm length, operating at 20 bar and between 100°C and 160°C. The model uses an intrinsic kinetic law for the reaction occurring in the catalytic washcoat, identified in a stirred autoclave reactor (for the same Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, but in powdered form). Transient calculation follows the progression of the unit cell until the reactor exit. In addition to the effects of the key parameters previously identified, those of gas consumption along the reactor (hydrogen being here the limiting reactant) and "initial" saturation conditions of the liquid are examined. The behavior of the entire monolith can be mimicked from this model by combining, in a mixing module, the outflows of channels whose individual gas and liquid flow rates match a measured fluid distribution. This model also serves as a reference for evaluating a more direct reactor sizing tool, based on simplified hydrodynamics and overall exchange coefficients evaluated from correlations or dedicated numerical simulations.

Ruthenium-based homogenous catalysis is a broad and extremely useful branch of transition metal catalysis. Surely, the most famous example is olefin metathesis, for which Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubbs and Richard Schrock were awarded the 2005 Chemistry Nobel Prize. Although some of the most well-known catalysts are widely used and considered benchmark catalysts, the research around this topic has not stopped. The modification of known systems to achieve better performance and better understanding of the catalytic mechanism is very important and an example of such modification is reported in this thesis. The newly synthesised catalysts were compared to the parent commercially available catalyst showing better reactivity. Ruthenium catalysis, though, is not limited to olefin metathesis and C-H activation, for example, it has become a useful approach to the functionalisation of organic molecules. In this field, the deuteration of C-H bonds is an interesting transformation, which has many applications. The synthesis of new hydridosilylruthenium complexes and their application in the deuteration of a variety of substrates is reported in this manuscript. The unprecedented synthesis of tetradeuterated Ketoprofene is also reported. Recently, ruthenium-based catalysts have found application in the dehydrogenation of suitable compounds, such as formic acid, ammonia-borane and other hydrogen-rich substances. The driving force behind these discoveries is the use of H2 as an energy vector in place of fossil fuels. A hydrido-ruthenium catalyst was shown to catalyse the decomposition of formic acid in CO2 and H2 and to catalyse the reduction of olefinic substrates. The released CO2 from the reaction did not interfere with the fuel cell due to its inertness. This property makes its employment as C1 source very challenging, although its use would also be extremely attractive because of the abundance of this gas. In these regards, both frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) and gold catalysts have shown interesting reactivity in the activation of CO2. A new FLP and a silica supported gold catalyst were synthesised to test them in CO2 activation and the results are reported in this manuscript.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanineRGV_TESE.pdf: 2247550 bytes, checksum: 088d10a559666939d74031b5c30d5017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Seeking a greater appreciation of cheese whey was developed to process the hydrogenation of lactose for the production of lactitol, a polyol with high added value, using the catalyst Ni / activated carbon (15% and 20% nickel), the nitride Mo2N, the bimetallic carbide Ni-Mo/ activated carbon and carbide Mo2C. After synthesis, the prepared catalysts were analyzed by MEV, XRD, laser granulometry and B.E.T. The reactor used in catalytic hydrogenation of lactose was the type of bed mud with a pressure (68 atm), temperature (120 oC) and stirring speed (500 rpm) remained constant during the experiments. The system operated in batch mode for the solid and liquid and semi-continuous to gas. Besides the nature of the catalyst, we studied the influence of pH of reaction medium for Mo2C carbide as well as evaluating the character of the protein inhibitor and chloride ions on the activity of catalysts Ni (20%)/Activated Carbon and bimetallic carbide Ni-Mo/Activated Carbon. The decrease in protein levels was performed by coagulation with chitosan and adsorption of chloride ions was performed by ion exchange resins. In the process of protein adsorption and chloride ions, the maximum percentage extracted was about 74% and 79% respectively. The micrographs of the powders of Mo2C and Mo2N presented in the form of homogeneous clusters, whereas for the catalysts supported on activated carbon, microporous structure proved impregnated with small particles indicating the presence of metal. The results showed high conversion of lactose to lactitol 90% for the catalyst Ni (20%)/Activated Carbon at pH 6 and 46% for the carbide Mo2C pH 8 (after addition of NH4OH) using the commercial lactose. Monitoring the evolution of the constituents present in the reaction medium was made by liquid chromatography. A kinetic model of heterogeneous Langmuir Hinshelwood type was developed which showed that the estimated constants based catalysts promoted carbide and nitride with a certain speed the adsorption, desorption and production of lactitol / Visando, uma maior valoriza??o do soro de queijo desenvolveu-se o processamento de hidrogena??o da lactose para produ??o de lactitol, um p?liol de alto valor agregado, utilizando os catalisadores Ni/Carv?o ativado (com 15% e 20% de n?quel), o nitreto Mo2N, o carbeto Mo2C e o carbeto bimet?lico Ni-Mo/Carv?o ativado. Ap?s a s?ntese, os catalisadores preparados foram analisados por MEV, DRX, granulometria a laser e B.E.T. O reator utilizado na rea??o de hidrogena??o da lactose foi do tipo leito de lama cuja press?o (68 atm), temperatura (120 oC) e velocidade de agita??o (500 rpm) permaneceram constantes durante os experimentos. O sistema operou em batelada para a fase s?lida e l?quida e semi-cont?nuo para a fase gasosa. Al?m da natureza do catalisador, foi estudada a influ?ncia do pH do meio reacional para o carbeto Mo2C bem como a avalia??o do car?ter inibidor das prote?nas e ?ons cloretos na atividade dos catalisadores Ni(20%)/Carv?o ativo e o carbeto bimet?lico Ni- Mo/Carv?o ativo. A diminui??o dos teores de prote?nas foi realizada atrav?s da coagula??o com quitosana e a adsor??o dos ?ons cloretos foi realizada atrav?s de resinas de troca i?nica. No processo de adsor??o de prote?nas e dos ?ons cloretos, o percentual m?ximo extra?do foi em torno de 74% e 79% respectivamente. As micrografias dos p?s de Mo2C e Mo2N apresentaram-se na forma de aglomerados homog?neos, enquanto que para os catalisadores suportados em carv?o ativo, a estrutura se mostrou microporosa com pequenas part?culas impregnadas indicando a presen?a do metal. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram ?ndices de convers?o da lactose em lactitol de 90% para o catalisador Ni(20%)/Carv?o ativo em pH 6 e de 46% para o carbeto Mo2C em pH 8 (ap?s adi??o de NH4OH) utilizando a lactose comercial. O acompanhamento da evolu??o dos constituintes presentes no meio reacional foi feito por cromatografia em fase l?quida. Um modelo cin?tico heterog?neo do tipo Langmuir- Hinshelwood foi desenvolvido cujas constantes estimadas evidenciaram que os catalisadores a base de nitreto e carbeto promoveram com certa velocidade a adsor??o, produ??o e dessor??o de lactitol

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Finep - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / RQMG - Rede Mineira de Química / Complexos rutênio-arenos são amplamente estudados como catalisadores homogêneos ao longo dos últimos anos, principalmente com aplicações em reações de hidrogenação de ligações polares. Estes complexos são promissores na redução de ligações polares do tipo C=O de arilcetonas. Como consequência destes estudos o objetivo do trabalho foi aplicar uma série de complexos rutênio-areno coordenados a ligantes iminopiridínicos na redução de cetonas. Inicialmente foram sintetizados e caracterizados seis ligantes iminopiridínicos N-N doadores {N-(priridina-2-metileno)anilina (Amp); 4-cloro-N-(priridina-2-metileno)anilina (Clmp); 4-metil-N-(priridina-2-metileno)anilina (Memp); 4-terc-butil-N-(priridina-2- metileno)anilina (Tbmp); 2,6-dietil-N-(priridina-2 metileno)anilina (Diemp); 2,6-diisopropil- N-(priridina-2-metileno)anilina (Diipmp)} a partir de uma reação de condensação entre a anilinas orto- ou para- substituída e a 2-piridinocarboxialdeído, na presença de ácido p- toluenosulfônico como catalisador. O complexo binuclear de Ru(II) [RuCl(g-Cl)(p-cym)]2 {onde p-cym = para-cimeno} foi utilizado como precursor de síntese para preparar seis complexos com fórmula geral [RuCl(^-cym)(N-N)]PF6. As caracterizações dos ligantes e complexos foram realizadas através das técnicas de análise elementar, condutividade molar iônica, espectroscopia eletrônica na região do ultravioleta, espectroscopia vibracional na região infravermelho, voltametria cíclica e RMN XH. As estruturas dos complexos [RuCl(p-cym)(Diipmp)]PF6 e [RuCl(p-cym)(Memp)]PF6 foram determinadas por difração de raios X de monocristal. A análise elementar dos ligantes e dos complexos estão de acordo com a estrutura química sugerida. A condutividade molar iônica para os complexos em solução de acetonitrila e diclorometano confirmam que estes são eletrólito 1:1. Os complexos apresentaram processo anódico próximo a 1,80 V, processo irreversível, que proporciona a descoordenação do ligante p-cym e consequente formação in situ de solvatos complexos de formula geral [RuCl(N-N)(CH3CN)3]+ os quais apresentam valores de E1/2 próximos a 1,1 V. Os espectros de RMN 1H para os ligantes livres apresentaram sinais próximos de 8,15-8,30 ppm e 8,50-8,73 ppm para a série de ligantes N-N, que são referentes aos núcleos de hidrogênios ligados a carbonos adjacentes aos nitrogênios imínicos e piridínicos. Para os complexos foram observados a presença de deslocamentos químicos mais desblindados, confirmando a coordenação dos ligantes N-N ao centro metálico. A presença do ligante p-cym foi confirmada a partir dos deslocamentos químicos do núcleo de hidrogeno isopropílico, o qual gera um dubleto próximo a 0,98-1,30 ppm e septeto próximo a 2,30-3,15 ppm, que é referente ao acoplamento das metilas com o hidrogênio isopropílico. Os complexos apresentaram uma boa atividade catalítica em reações de transferência de hidrogênio para redução dos substratos analisados utilizando isopropanol como doador de hidrogênio e solvente, destacando aos complexos [RuCl(p-cym)(Clmp)]PF6 e [RuCl(p-cym)(Memp)]PF6 que apresentaram conversões acima de 80% e o menor valor de desvio padrão relativo para os dois substratos. Utilizando estes complexos, foi realizado o estudo cinético das reações de transferências de hidrogênio onde foi possível verificar a dependência da conversão do substrato em relação à mudança de temperatura. Também foram determinados os parâmetros termodinâmicos como a energia livre de Gibbs de ativação (AG*), entalpia de ativação (AH*) e entropia de ativação (AS*), correlacionando-os com o comportamento reacional de cada complexo. / Ruthenium-arene complexes are widely studied as homogeneous catalysts over the last years, especially in applications with polar bonds hydrogenation reactions. These ruthenium-arene complexes are promising in the reduction of polar C=O type bonds of arylketones. As a consequence of these studies the objective of this work was to apply a series of coordinated ruthenium-arene complexes to iminopyridine ligands in the reduction of ketones. Initially were synthesized and characterized six iminopyridines ligands N-N donor {N-(pyridine-2- methylene)aniline (Amp); 4-chloro-N-(pyridine-2-methylene)aniline (Clmp); 4-methyl-N- (pyridine-2-methylene)aniline (Memp); 4-tert-butyl-N-(pyridine-2-methylene)aniline (Tbmp); 2,6-diethyl-N-(pyridine-2-methylene)aniline (Diemp); 2,6-diisopropyl-N-(pyridine-2- methylene)aniline (Diipmp)} by the condensation reaction between an aniline ortho- orpara- substituted and 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. The binuclear ruthenium(II) complexes [RuCl(^-Cl){p-cym)]2 { p-cym = para- cymene} was using as the synthesis precursor to prepare six complexes of general formula [RuCl(p-cym)(N-N)]PF6. The ligands and complexes characterizations were performed using XH NMR, cyclic voltammetry, infrared vibrational spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible electron spectroscopy, elemental analysis and molar conductivity. The structure of the complexes [RuCl(p-cym)(Dipimp)]PF6 and [RuCl(p-cym)(Memp)]PF6 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The elemental analysis of the ligands and the complexes are according to the suggested chemical structure. The ionic molar conductivity for the solution complexes of acetonitrile and dichloromethane confirm that these are 1:1 electrolyte. The complexes presented an anode process close to 1.80 V, an irreversible process, which leads to the incoordination of the p-cym ligand and consequent in situ formation of complex solvates of the general formula [RuCl(N-N)(CH3CN)3]+ which have values of E1/2 near 1.1 V. 1H NMR spectra for the free ligands showed singlets and doublets close to 8.15-8.30 ppm and 8.50-8.73 ppm for the ligands series N-N, these chemical shifts are due to the carbon-bonded hydrogen core adjacent to the imine e pyridine nitrogens. The complexes also showed the presence of theses chemical shifts a little more deshielding, confirming the ligands N-N coordination. The presence of the p-cym ligand was confirmed by the chemical shifts of the hydrogen core of the isopropyl radical, which yields doublets close to 0.98-1.30 ppm and septets close to 2.30-3.15 ppm, which is related to the coupling of methyl with isopropyl hydrogen. The complexes presented good catalytic activity in hydrogen transfer reactions to reduce the substrates analyzed using isopropanol as a source of hydrogen and solvent, emphasizing the complexes [RuCl(p-cym)(Clmp)]PF6 and [RuQ(p-cym)(Memp)]PF6 which showed conversions above 80% and the lowest relative standard deviation value for the two substrates. Using these complexes, a kinetic study of the hydrogen transfer reactions was carried out, where it was possible to verify the dependence of the substrate conversion on the temperature change. It was also determined the thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy of Gibbs of activation (AG*), enthalpy of activation (A#*) and entropy of activation (AS*), correlating them with the reaction behavior of each complex. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho, pós magnéticos nanoestruturados de PrxFe94-xB6 (x = 6, 8, 10 e 12) foram preparados a partir da combinação do processo de hidrogenação, desproporção, dessorção e recombinação (HDDR) e moagem de alta energia entre uma liga em estado bruto de fusão (Pr14Fe80B6) e Fe-α em pó. As nanopartículas produzidas apresentaram propriedades magnéticas e microestruturais comparáveis aos estudos realizados em hipertermia. O tempo ideal para obtenção de nanopartículas magnéticas é de 5 horas (a 900 rpm). Foi constatado que quanto maior o tempo de moagem, maior o percentual de carbono nas partículas (0,05 - 3,43 % C). O carbono é proveniente do ácido oléico adicionado como surfactante na etapa de moagem. Os nanocompósitos obtidos exibiram forças coercivas entre 80 Oe (6,5 kAm-1) e 170 Oe (13,5 kAm-1), e momentos magnéticos variando entre 81 - 129 Am2kg-1. A partir da difração de raios X foram identificadas apenas duas fases em todas as amostras: Fe-α e a fase magnética Pr2Fe14B. Nanopartículas isoladas com diâmetro aproximado de 20nm foram analisadas. Todas as composições estudadas apresentaram aquecimento proveniente da exposição a um campo magnético alternado (f = 222 kHz e Hmax ~3,7 kAm-1) comparáveis aos reportados na literatura. As variações de temperaturas (ΔT) dos pós foram: 51 K referente à composição de Pr6Fe88B6, 41 K para Pr8Fe86B6, 38 K no composto com 10% at. Pr (Pr10Fe84B6) e 34 K em Pr12Fe82B6. As taxas de absorção específicas estimadas foram de 201 Wkg-1 para a composição Pr6Fe88B6, 158 Wkg-1 para a composição Pr8Fe86B6 e 114 Wkg-1 para as composições Pr10Fe84B6 e Pr12Fe82B6. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O hidrogênio vem sendo muito utilizado como agente pulverizador de ligas à base de terras raras e metais de transição devido à sua taxa de difusão ser extremamente alta mesmo em baixas temperaturas. Tais materiais são utilizados em dispositivos de estocagem de hidrogênio, geração de eletricidade ou de campos magnéticos, que são produzidos através de um processo cuja primeira etapa é a transformação das ligas em um pó fino através de moagem. Além destas, o hidrogênio também está sendo utilizado para a obtenção de ligas à base de titânio nióbio zircônio para sua pulverização. Para a fabricação destas ligas a metalurgia do pó é utilizada, pois com ela é possível obter como resultado peças com superfície porosa, requisito para sua aplicação como biomateriais. Outras vantagens da utilização da metalurgia do pó na fabricação dessas ligas são melhor acabamento superficial e melhor homogeneidade microestrutural. Neste trabalho foram preparadas amostras na composição Ti-13Nb-13Zr. A hidrogenação foi realizada a 700°C, 600°C e a 500°C para o titânio, nióbio e zircônio, respectivamente. Após a hidrogenação, foram realizadas moagens em moinho do tipo planetário de alta energia utilizando velocidade de 200rpm durante 90 minutos, e moinho convencional de bolas durante 30h. As amostras foram prensadas em prensa uniaxial e em seguida em prensa isostática e então sinterizadas a 1150°C com tempo de patamar de 7 a 13h. As amostras foram caracterizadas microestruturalmente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de raios X. As propriedades estruturais e mecânicas determinadas foram de densidade, microdureza e módulo de elasticidade. A amostra sinterizada a 1150°C por 7h, hidrogenada com pressão de 10.000 mbar e produzida por moagem em moinho planetário de alta energia apresentou melhores propriedades mecânicas e boa homogeneidade microestrutural, obtendo a composição final da liga Ti-13Nb- 13Zr. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP