Hypervalent iodine (HVI) reagents are easily accessed, highly tunable, mild, selective oxidants that are less toxic and more environmentally benign compared to their heavy metal counterparts. λ3-Iodanes, which possess an iodine center bound to one aryl substituent and two heteroatom ligands, have been the subject of recent interest due to their electrophilicity and hypernucleofugality. A central focus of the Wengryniuk laboratory has been the further development and application of a class of electrostatically activated (bis)cationic nitrogen-ligated HVI (N-HVI) reagents. N-HVIs feature datively bound heterocyclic ligands which results in dramatically enhanced electrophilicity and redox potentials. Despite being a highly tunable platform for reagent development, N-HVIs remain a relatively underexplored class of λ3-iodanes. This dissertation focuses on demonstrating N-HVI’s synthetic potential and developing novel variants to enhance their synthetic utility. Chapter 1 of this dissertation serves as a general background and introduction to nitrogen-ligated HVI reagents. Chapter 2 outlines our efforts in N-HVI library expansion, novel syntheses, and characterization. With a library of 33 novel N-HVIs in hand, ligand effects on N-HVI reactivity were analyzed via qualitative and quantitative methods. Chapter 3 describes our first synthetic application of N-HVIs in the development of novel oxidative rearrangements of simple and complex cyclic alcohols. This chapter describes the chemoselective ring expansion of 2° and 3° cyclic alcohols accessing medium-sized cyclic acetal products in good to excellent yields with applicability to Complexity-to-Diversity (CTD) efforts. Chapter 4 demonstrates our initial efforts toward the development of another synthetic method where the functionalized N-heterocyclic ligands of the N-HVIs can be regioselectivity incorporated into a molecule following N-HVI activation of an olefin. The pyridinium lactone salts formed from olefinic acids were isolated in excellent yields via simple trituration, supplying a synthetically useful functional handle that was easily derivatized via known methods. These four chapters summarize the current state of the research with nitrogen-ligated HVI salts, expand upon our initial publications to highlight the development of novel heterocyclic syntheses, and provide a useful guide to further explore the reactivity of these tunable reagents. / Chemistry

Esta tese de doutorado está dividida em três partes. Na primeira parte é tratada a expansão de anéis de 1-alquenil-cicloalcanóis promovida por hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno (HTIB), com ênfase na síntese de anéis de sete membros. A metodologia se mostrou versátil, possibilitando que diferentes compostos de anéis expandidos pudessem ser obtidos a partir de alcoóis alílicos livres e protegidos. Além disso, foi possível sintetizar uma ceto-lactona de 11 membros a partir da clivagem oxidativa de um dos compostos de anel expandido obtido anteriormente, em bom rendimento num total de quatro etapas. Na segunda parte, está discutida a ciclização de alcoóis homoalílicos promovida por HTIB e iodobenzeno diacetato (DIB) e catalisadas por iodo para obtenção de derivados tetrahidrofurânicos desfavorecidos pelas regras de Baldwin. Foi proposto um mecanismo reacional baseado em intermediários isolados da reação e em precedentes da literatura. Finalmente, na última parte é descrito um estudo do mecanismo de desproporção de DIB e HTIB em acetonitrila por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução por electrospray. Foi mostrado que para o DIB a formação de compostos de I(I) e I(V) passa por intermediários diméricos como [PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OI(O)Ph]+ e [PhI(O)OAc]+, enquanto que para o HTIB os dímeros [PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhIO(OTs)IPh]+ e [PhI(OTs)OI(O)Ph]+, são as principais espécies envolvidas na desproporção. / This thesis is presented in three parts. In the first part, the ring expansion of 1-vinylcycloalkenols promoted by hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB) is discussed. This study focused on the synthesis of seven-membered ring compounds. This reaction is versatile, because different ring expanded molecules could be obtained by slightly changing the reaction conditions. Furthermore, it was possible to synthesize an eleven-membered ring keto-lactone by oxidative cleavage in good yield, achieving a relatively complex structure in four steps. In the second part, the iodine catalysed cyclization of homoallylic alcohols promoted by HTIB and iodobenzene diacetate (DIB) is investigated. This reaction allows to obtain tetrahydrofuran derivatives disfavored by Baldwin\'s rules. A mechanism was proposed based on intermediates isolated from the cyclization and in previous data from literature. Finally, the last part describes the application of high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry for the elucidation of the disproportionation reaction of DIB and of HTIB in acetonitrile. It is supposed that mechanism of formation of iodine(I) and iodine(V) from DIB involves dimeric intermediates like [[PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OI(O)Ph]+ and [PhI(O)OAc]+. By the other hand, the main species involved in the disproportionation of HTIB, are the dimers [PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhIO(OTs)IPh]+ and [PhI(OTs)OI(O)Ph]+.

<p>This thesis summarizes three novel and general reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts. All protocols utilize mCPBA as oxidant and the acids used are either TfOH, to obtain triflate salts, or BF3•Et2O that gives the corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts in situ.</p><p>Chapter two describes the reaction of various arenes and aryl iodides, delivering electron-rich and electron-deficient triflates in moderate to excellent yields.</p><p>In chapter three, it is shown that the need of aryl iodides can be circumvented, as molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates.</p><p>The final and fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot reaction from aryl iodides and boronic acids, delivering symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich and electron-deficient iodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was developed to overcome mechanistic limitations existing in the protocols described in chapter two and three.</p><p>The methodology described in this thesis is the most general, efficient and high-yielding existing up to date, making diaryliodonium salts easily available for various applications in synthesis.</p>

Esta tese de doutorado está dividida em três partes. Na primeira parte é tratada a expansão de anéis de 1-alquenil-cicloalcanóis promovida por hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno (HTIB), com ênfase na síntese de anéis de sete membros. A metodologia se mostrou versátil, possibilitando que diferentes compostos de anéis expandidos pudessem ser obtidos a partir de alcoóis alílicos livres e protegidos. Além disso, foi possível sintetizar uma ceto-lactona de 11 membros a partir da clivagem oxidativa de um dos compostos de anel expandido obtido anteriormente, em bom rendimento num total de quatro etapas. Na segunda parte, está discutida a ciclização de alcoóis homoalílicos promovida por HTIB e iodobenzeno diacetato (DIB) e catalisadas por iodo para obtenção de derivados tetrahidrofurânicos desfavorecidos pelas regras de Baldwin. Foi proposto um mecanismo reacional baseado em intermediários isolados da reação e em precedentes da literatura. Finalmente, na última parte é descrito um estudo do mecanismo de desproporção de DIB e HTIB em acetonitrila por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução por electrospray. Foi mostrado que para o DIB a formação de compostos de I(I) e I(V) passa por intermediários diméricos como [PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OI(O)Ph]+ e [PhI(O)OAc]+, enquanto que para o HTIB os dímeros [PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhIO(OTs)IPh]+ e [PhI(OTs)OI(O)Ph]+, são as principais espécies envolvidas na desproporção. / This thesis is presented in three parts. In the first part, the ring expansion of 1-vinylcycloalkenols promoted by hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (HTIB) is discussed. This study focused on the synthesis of seven-membered ring compounds. This reaction is versatile, because different ring expanded molecules could be obtained by slightly changing the reaction conditions. Furthermore, it was possible to synthesize an eleven-membered ring keto-lactone by oxidative cleavage in good yield, achieving a relatively complex structure in four steps. In the second part, the iodine catalysed cyclization of homoallylic alcohols promoted by HTIB and iodobenzene diacetate (DIB) is investigated. This reaction allows to obtain tetrahydrofuran derivatives disfavored by Baldwin\'s rules. A mechanism was proposed based on intermediates isolated from the cyclization and in previous data from literature. Finally, the last part describes the application of high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry for the elucidation of the disproportionation reaction of DIB and of HTIB in acetonitrile. It is supposed that mechanism of formation of iodine(I) and iodine(V) from DIB involves dimeric intermediates like [[PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OIPh]+, [PhI(OAc)OI(O)Ph]+ and [PhI(O)OAc]+. By the other hand, the main species involved in the disproportionation of HTIB, are the dimers [PhI(OH)OIPh]+, [PhIO(OTs)IPh]+ and [PhI(OTs)OI(O)Ph]+.

Cette thèse décrit le développement de nouvelles réactions de difonctionnalisation catalytique d’oléfines impliquant des transferts de nitrène médiés par des complexes de dirhodium(II).La première partie de ce manuscrit s’articule autour de la réactivité d’alcènes riches en électrons, c’est-à-dire substitués par un hétéroatome. L’application des conditions de transfert de nitrène catalytiques a permis la fonctionnalisation oxydante des positions C2 et C3 de l’indole. En utilisant cette stratégie, il est donc possible d’effectuer formellement des réactions d’oxyamination intermoléculaire et de diamination intramoléculaire. Dans ce dernier cas, le motif indoline formé étant présent dans certains produits naturels, la synthèse totale de la Pestalazine B a pu être initiée. Le champ d’application de ces réactions a été étendu aux énamides en collaboration avec le groupe du Professeur Isabelle Gillaizeau.La seconde partie de ce travail concerne le développement de la réaction d’oxyamination d’oléfines aromatiques et aliphatiques. Le champ d’application de cette réaction a été étudié en détail tandis que des expériences témoins et des analyses RMN ont permis de proposer un mécanisme original.Enfin, dans un dernier temps, nous avons démontré que par extension du concept, l’application des transferts de nitrène catalytiques permet de réaliser des réactions de diamination intermoléculaire d’oléfines. / This manuscript describes the development of new reactions for the difunctionalization of alkenes that involve dirhodium(II)-catalyzed nitrene transfers.The first part of the studies focuses on the reactivity of electron-rich alkenes, i.e. substituted by a heteroatom. The application of catalytic nitrene transfers has led to the development of oxidative conditions for the difunctionalization of the 2,3-π-bond of indolic derivatives. The strategy, thus, has allowed to perform formal reactions of intermolecular oxyamination and intramolecular diamination. The latter gives access to indoline skeleton found in the structure of several natural products such as Pestalazine B, the total synthesis of which has been initiated. The scope of intermolecular oxyamination has then been extended successfully to enamides in collaboration with the group of Professor Isabelle Gillaizeau.The second part of the experimental work has been aimed at applying the catalytic oxyamination to aromatic and aliphatic alkenes. The scope of the reaction has been extensively studied while test experiments and NMR analysis have allowed to propose an unexpected mechanism based on the Lewis acid character of the metallanitrene.Finally, the scope of catalytic nitrene transfers has been extended to the intermolecular diamination of alkenes with the development of bis(arenesulfonyl)imide-type reagents.

Le paludisme est une maladie parasitaire qui présente une problématique de santé majeure, touchant actuellement plus de 200 millions de personnes dans le monde. Le développement de nouveaux médicaments est nécessaire pour succéder aux traitements existants qui perdent progressivement leur efficacité suite à l’émergence des résistances. Les produits naturels constituent une source d’inspiration inépuisable pour la recherche de nouveaux médicaments. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux familles de produits à propriétés antipaludiques : les mallotojaponines et les bromophycolides. Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons effectué la première synthèse totale de la mallotojaponine C. Nous avons également synthétisé une bibliothèque de ses analogues. Tous ces composés ont été testés contre Plasmodium falciparum responsable du paludisme et contre Trypanosoma brucei responsable de la maladie du sommeil. Nous avons confirmé l’activité antipaludique des mallotojaponines et découvert leur activité trypanocide. Dans la deuxième partie de ce projet, nous avons mis au point une méthode sélective et chimiodivergente de bromation des terpènes qui pourrait ensuite être appliquée à la synthèse des bromophycolides. En utilisant des réactifs d’iode(III) hypervalent pour générer des espèces bromonium électrophiles in situ à partir des bromures, nous avons réussi à mettre au point des conditions de bromocarbocyclisation, d’oxybromation et de dibromation des chaînes terpéniques. Dans tous les cas, les réactions sont rapides et faciles à mettre en œuvre. / Malaria is a parasitic disease affecting more than 200 million people in the world. The development of new antimalarial drugs is necessary in order to replace the existing treatments that are progressively becoming less efficient due to resistance phenomena. Natural products are an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the discovery of new drugs. In this project, we focused our attention on two natural products families exhibiting antimalarial properties: mallotojaponins and bromophycolides. In the first part of this project, we carried out the first total synthesis of mallotoajaponin C. We also synthesised a library of its analogues. All of these compounds were tested against Plasmodium falciparum responsible for malaria and against Trypanosoma brucei responsible for African sleeping sickness. We have confirmed the antimalarial activity of mallotojaponins and discovered their trypanocidal activity. In the second part of the project, we developed a chemodivergent and selective method of bromination of terpenes that could later be applied to the synthesis of bromophycolides. Using simple bromides and hypervalent iodine(III) reagents to generate electrophilic bromonium species in situ, we have shown that the reaction can be steered selectively towards the bromocarbocyclisation, the oxybromination or the dibromination of terpene chains. In all cases, the reactions are fast and easy to perform.

Les 1,2-diamines sont présentes dans de nombreux produits biologiquement actifs, ce qui a poussé les chimistes organiciens à développer de nouvelles voies d’accès à ces motifs. Dans ce contexte, la maitrise de leur stéréochimie est essentielle puisque leur activité biologique en découle. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une réaction d’amination électrophile de dérivés d’énamides catalysée par des acides phosphoriques chiraux. Ces catalyseurs interagissent avec les substrats via des liaisons hydrogènes permettant d’activer simultanément un nucléophile et un électrophile. Notre stratégie s’est révélée très efficace et a permis de synthétiser une gamme de 1,2-diamines extrêmement variée. De nombreux motifs d’intérêt biologique, incorporant notamment des hétérocycles, très employés en chimie pharmaceutique et cosmétique, ont été compatibles avec ce procédé. Dans un second projet, nous nous sommes intéressés au design de composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux. Ces composés ont connu un essor considérable ces dernières années en raison de leur stabilité à l’air et à l’humidité, leur faible toxicité et leur réactivité intéressante. Cependant, malgré ces développements, l’exploitation des dérivés d’iode hypervalent dans des versions catalytiques asymétriques mériterait d’être plus amplement étudiée. Dans ce contexte, de nouveaux précatalyseurs ont été élaborés au laboratoire puis employés dans des réactions d’oxygénations énantiosélectives. La structure particulière de ces composés a permis d’obtenir les meilleurs excès énantiomériques de la littérature à ce jour. / The 1,2- diamines can be found in many biologically active compounds, which pushed organic chemists to develop new methodologies to synthesize those molecules. In this context, the stereochemistry is essential because the biological activity ensues. Thus, we were interested in developing an enantioselective amination of enamide derivatives catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids. These catalysts interact with substrates via hydrogen bonds to activate a nucleophile and an electrophile simultaneously. Our strategy proved to be very effective and allowed us to synthesize a wide range of 1,2- diamine. Many compounds of biological interest, including heterocycles used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, were tolerated with this process. In another project, we looked at the design of chiral hypervalent iodine compounds. These compounds have recently gained considerable attention because of their stability to air and moisture, their low toxicity and their interesting reactivity. However, despite considerable development, the use of hypervalent iodine derivatives in catalytic asymmetric reactions deserves to be further studied. In this context, new pre-catalysts were developed in our laboratory and used in enantioselective oxygenation reactions. The special structure of these compounds yielded the best enantiomeric excesses of the literature to date.

La chimie des composés iodés hypervalents, ou organoiodanes, suscite un engouement croissant de la part de la communauté scientifique depuis maintenant près de 30 ans. Les efforts de recherche sont de nos jours orientés de manière prépondérante vers des applications en synthèse asymétrique, principalement au travers de l’utilisation d’architectures organoiodées chirales. À ce jour, seules les chiralités centrales et axiales sont exploitées dans l’élaboration de tels objets. L’emploi d’iodanes achiraux (i.e. en synthèse asymétrique) en présence d’additifs chiraux a par ailleurs été largement négligé par la communauté. La chiralité hélicoïdale est incarnée en chimie organique par les hélicènes. Ces composés polyaromatiques sont des objets fascinants de par leurs propriétés structurelles, électroniques et chiroptiques hors du commun. Ils sont le centre d’une attention considérable dans de nombreux domaines de recherches allant de la catalyse asymétrique à l’élaboration de diodes électroluminescentes organiques. Jamais la chiralité hélicoïdale n’a été exploitée en chimie de l’iode hypervalent. Ces travaux de thèse traitent en premier lieu de l’élaboration d’une méthodologie asymétrique de désaromatisation oxygénante de phénols faisant usage d’un iodane-3 achiral en présence d’un agent de transfert de phase issu des alcaloïdes du Quinquina. Dans une seconde partie de ces travaux est abordée la synthèse asymétrique d’un nouvel iodoarène hélicénique et ses premières applications dans des réactions de désaromatisation oxygénante de phénols. Cet ouvrage traite également dans un troisième chapitre d’une synthèse totale, collective et stéréodivergente de 12 alcaloïdes de Securinega. Il s’agit d’une classe métabolites secondaires retrouvés dans de multiples plantes des genres Securinega (Flueggea), Phyllanthus, Margaritaria et Breynia de la famille Phyllanthaceae. Depuis près d’un demi-siècle, la biogénèse de ces molécules naturelles demeure partiellement incomprise. La synthèse développée dans ce travail a pour vocation d’améliorer la compréhension du mécanisme biosynthétique à l’origine de ces substances. Il a ainsi été établi qu’une étape clé de condensation aldolique pourrait permettre d’expliquer la stéréodivergence observée dans la nature. / Hypervalent iodine chemistry has been arousing the interest of the scientific community for the last 30 years. Research efforts are now mainly directed towards applications in asymmetric synthesis, notably through the use of chiral organoiodine scaffolds. To this end, solely central and axial chiralities have been exploited to construct such objects. The use of achiral iodanes (i.e. hypervalent organoiodine compounds) in asymmetric synthesis has been largely neglected by the community. Helical chirality in organic synthesis is mainly found in polyaromatic compounds known as helicenes. These molecules exhibit fascinating structural, electronic and chiroptical properties. They are the center of considerable attention across many fields of research, spanning from asymmetric catalysis to organic light-emitting diodes. Helical chirality has never been exploited in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. In the first part of this doctoral work, a methodology for the asymmetric oxygenative dearomatization of phenols by an achiral 3-iodane in the presence of a Cinchona-alkaloid-based phase transfer agent was developed. The second part of this manuscript details the synthesis of a new helicenic organoiodine compound and its application to oxygenative phenol dearomatization reactions. In the last chapter of this doctoral dissertation is described the total, collective and stereodivergent synthesis of 12 Securinega alkaloids. These natural products are commonly found in plants belonging to the genera Securinega (Flueggea), Phyllanthus, Margaritaria and Breynia of the Phyllanthaceae family. Even after little less than half a century of research, the real biogenetic pathway used by nature to construct these molecules is still only partly understood. The chemical synthesis developed in this doctoral work provides a better understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism. It was established in the course of this work that a key aldol condensation step could shed light upon the stereodivergence observed in nature.

Cette thèse a pour but de développer de nouveaux procédés catalytiques en combinant de réactifs de l’iode hypervalent avec des complexes de rhodium(II).Le premier chapitre concerne l’observation de l’époxyde comme produit secondaire inatendu dans les conditions de transfert de nitrène catalytique, et le développement d’une nouvelle méthode de préparation d’époxydes qui combine un réactif de l’iode hypervalent(III) et un complexe de dirhodium(II). Le second chapitre vise le développement d’une méthode d’amination C(sp³)–H benzylique intermoléculaire énantiosélective,en utilisant un nouveau complexe de rhodium chiral et un nouveau sulfamate benzylique et l’application de cette méthode à grande échelle et sur des produits complexes.Le dernier chapitre du manuscrit décrit une réaction d’amination régiosélective de liaisons C(sp³)–H non activées d’alcanes par catalyse au rhodium (II), en utilisant une quantité stoechiométrique d’alcanes comme substrats. / This thesis describes the development of new catalytic processes by combining hypervalent iodine reagents with rhodium (II) complexes.The first chapter concerns the observation of the epoxide as a unexpected product under catalytic nitrene transfer conditions, and the development of a new method to promote the epoxidation of alkenes by combining a reagent of hypervalent iodine (III) and a complex of dirhodium (II).The second chapter is centered on the development of a general method forasymmetric intermolecular benzylic C(sp³)–H amination by combining a chiral rhodium (II) catalyst and a benzyl sulfamate, and the application of this method on large scale.The third part of this work show the development of a regioselective C(sp³)–H amination of unactivated alkane by rhodium (II) catalysis, using a stoichiometric amount of alkane as the substrate.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18808号 / 理博第4066号 / 新制||理||1585(附属図書館) / 31759 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 丸岡 啓二, 教授 時任 宣博, 教授 大須賀 篤弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM