Leverage buyout’s is an opportunity for companies, who can strengthen its market position by expanding its operations, and it add’s value to the company. At every LBO, copmanies make different values of the target company to finally come upp to a final bid. The final bid may in many cases be made of a surplus value, which is the differens between the value of the net-assets and the final bid. This we call goodwill and it has been a target in many discussions. Goodwill is valued by a subjective judgment about how much you think the comapny will be able to generate in future synergies by a purchase of the target company. Today, there is no limit on how much goodwill company may disclose, which makes goodwill affect business in a more cunstructive way. Problem: "How much of a company's total assets consist of goodwill, and how will the company be affected if you take away the goodwill as an asset"? Purpose: The study aims to provide insight and understanding of goodwill. From different perspectives goodwill will be studied and described, about how this intangible asset affects companies. Method: A comparative study has been carried out, where only written sources, secondary data have been used. A quantitative method has been chosen. The study aims to study and analyze the accounts from 15 different annual reports from 2007, and five of these more detailed. It’s the information from the annual reports that are the backbone of the study. Conclusions: Risk measure, goodwill/equity, we believe show when a company should, write down the goodwill or increase equity. All the company's solvency affected dramatically when goodwill is eliminated, the majority of buisnesses lands on a negative equity ratio, which among other things makes outside founding diffucult. If campanies want the shareholders well and make accurate downs, even if it affect the outcome, a higher return on equity is a more legitimate measure and preferred.

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine in depth the process of U.S. GAAP convergence to IFRS. The thesis begins by providing the history of convergence, which include all the measures that have led to the FASB’s and IASB efforts today. Some specific accounting issues that the FASB and IASB are working on in their joint projects to eliminate the differences are explored. The issues that the FASB and IASB need to cover in order to complete their efforts laid out in the Memorandum of Understanding, and even possibly adopting IFRS, are covered next. The risk implications if the United States were to adopt IFRS as it stands today are examined. There are numerous short-term risks if the U.S. adopts IFRS immediately, many of which include increased expenses for companies and more room for managerial manipulation of earnings. After disclosing the short-term risks, the long-term benefits of adopting IFRS, which include decreased costs from consolidation and increased comparability for users of financial statements, are highlighted. The thesis then covers the opinions submitted to the SEC about convergence or endorsement of IFRS. The conclusion includes interviews of three Deloitte professionals on their opinions of convergence, and my views based on my research.

<p>Bakgrund : EU: s antagande av förordningen (EG) nr. 1606/2002 om tillämpning av internationella redovisningsstandarder innebär att alla börsnoterade bolag i medlemsländerna måste tillämpa de i förordningen angivna IFRS-standarderna i sin koncernredovisning från och med 2005.</p><p>Problem: Införandet av IFRS för noterade bolags koncernredovisningar kommer att innebära olika konsekvenser för berörda bolag. Trots att svenska bolag tidigare redovisat enligt RR kommer övergången att innebära vissa väsentliga skillnader mot tidigare sätt att redovisa.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att beskriva vilka skillnader redovisning enligt IFRS innebär jämfört med tidigare sätt att redovisa enligt RR för bolag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen samt att beskriva och förklara eventuella konsekvenser som det nya sättet att redovisa ger upphov till.</p><p>Metod: En kvalitativ undersökning i form av telefonintervjuer har genomförts med nio börsnoterade bolag.</p><p>Slutsats: De väsentligaste skillnaderna av redovisning enligt IFRS jämfört med tidigare sätt att redovisa är värdering till verkligt värde samt att goodwill inte längre får skrivas av. De ekonomiska konsekvenserna av övergången till IFRS är i första hand utbildningskostnader samt ökade revisionsarvoden. Organisatoriska konsekvenser är i första hand merarbete för berörda bolag.</p> / <p>Background EU: s adoption of enactment (EG) no. 1606/2002 about application of international accounting standards means that all companies listed on a stock exchange within the union must apply the IFRS standards in the company´s group financial statements starting 2005.</p><p>Problem: The introduction of IFRS for companies listed on a stock exchange will mean different consequences for those companies. Despite the fact that Swedish companies have accounted in accordance with RR, the transition will mean some essential differences.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe what differences accounting ac-cording to IFRS will mean compared to earlier way of accounting according to RR for companies listed on the Stockholmsbörsen, and to describe and explain possible consequences the new way of accounting might cause.</p><p>Method: A qualitative study with nine listed companies has been carried out through telephone interviews.</p><p>Conclusions: The most essential differences from accounting according to IFRS compared to earlier way of accounting are valuing at market value and the fact that goodwill no longer can be depreciated. The economic consequences of the transition to IFRS are first and foremost educational costs and increased auditing fees. The main organisational consequence is the extra work for the companies concerned.</p>

Organisationen International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) har ett pågående arbete med att revidera Föreställningsramen. Studiens fokus ligger på att studera och analysera IASBs förslag på nya definitioner av tillgång och skuld. Förslagen som IASB ger ut, ges i ett så kallat Discussion Paper. I Discussion Paper diskuteras förslag på förändringar samt anledningar till förändringarna. Studiens syfte är att förklara och skapa förståelse för vad IASBs förslag på nya definitioner av tillgång och skuld kan innebära för användare respektive upprättare av de finansiella rapporterna. Studiens bidrag är att skapa förståelse inom studiens ämne för att underlätta för regulatorer i deras process att utforma nya standarder. Förståelse skapas genom att kartlägga vad en förändring av definitionerna av tillgång och skuld kan ha för betydelse för IASBs olika intressenter. Med hjälp av tidigare teorier inom studiens ämne har intervjufrågor till studiens empiriska undersökning kunnat utformas. Intervjuer med personer inom yrkesgrupperna regulatorer samt redovisningsprofessionen har varit en del av den empiriska undersökningen. Den andra delen, en dokumentundersökning består av en sammanställning av remissvar, så kallade Comment Letters. Comment Letters består av åsikter från IASBs intressentgrupper, vilka har kommenterat förslagen på nya definitioner av tillgång och skuld som återfinns i IASBs Discussion Paper. Efter den empiriska undersökningen sammankopplas studiens empiriska resultat med studiens teoretiska referensram i en analys. Analysen utmynnar i en slutsats som beskriver hur företag kan redovisa fler tillgångar i sin balansräkning med de föreslagna definitionerna av tillgång och skuld. Det ökade antalet tillgångar och skulder leder till att företagens värde ökar. För redovisningsprofessionens del innebär de föreslagna definitionerna krav på ökad kunskap och utbildning, då de föreslagna definitionerna gör att redovisningen blir mer flexibel. Regulatorer blir också påverkade av en förändring av definitionerna av tillgång och skuld, då de blir tvungna att ta hänsyn till dem i den fortsatta processen i att utveckla nya standarder.

The Full IFRS caters to the needs of shareholding corporations and their investors, which also led to incurring high cost especially for SMEs due to the requirements of financial reporting constructed for public companies as it is very complex and requires a high amount of disclosure (Fearnley and Hines, 2007, Haller and Eirle, 2008, Eierle and Haller, 2009). Hence, for the purpose of reducing essentially the reporting burdens facing SMEs, IASB in 2009 issued IFRS for SMEs. This study aims to investigate the relevance and suitability of IFRS for SMEs in Jordan. It will also analyse the current problems faced by Jordanian SMEs in the light of applying the current IFRSs, furthermore, the expected benefits from applying IFRS for SMEs, will be addressed. A total of 10 interviews with external auditors were conducted to test the ground and determine the relevant topics within IFRS for SMEs in Jordanian SMEs context. In addition to that, a total of 605 questionnaires were distributed to external auditors and financial managers of SMEs who prepare financial statements based on full IFRS. The overall outcomes reveal that managers; banks and creditors; public authorities; and analysts were the most frequent and important SMEs’ financial information users while both employees and shareholders were found as rare users of financial statements presented by SMEs. Furthermore, the current applied standards are substantially characterised to embrace many problems such as; the complexity of measurements and recognitions; high disclosures requirements; making inappropriate decisions and other issues pertaining to preparing financial reports. On the other hand, although the respondents especially the auditors group were evidently worried about several potential obstacles that may impede the effective application of IFRS for SMEs, both groups of users were obviously optimistic about the capability of IFRS for SMEs to mitigate the aforementioned problems and to enhance the accounting practice in terms of preparing and using the financial information. With respect to topics from full IFRS that have been omitted in IFRS for SMEs, all respondents agreed to exclude these topics from the IFRS for SMEs’ content due to the irrelevance of these topics to SMEs’ context. Likewise, the overall participants approved on the most proposals under IFRS for SMEs compared to those based on full IFRS except the suggestion associated with measuring some kind of assets, for instance; investment property; intangible; property; plant and equipment, which were rejected only by the group of managers while several proposals regarding expensing some kind of costs instead of capitalise them as well as lease matters were neither agreed nor disagreed by respondents. Finally the majority of responses show that both groups were willing to adopt IFRS for SMEs. The key contribution provided evidences as to whether the adoption of IFRS for SMEs would be a necessary undertaking. Thus, a recommendation were mainly made to the standard-setters on the basis of preparers’ perceptions of the importance of applying such financial standards.

Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda om det föreligger ett samband mellan företags rådande ägarstruktur och hur mycket goodwillnedskrivningar som görs. Undersökningen syftar även till att undersöka om goodwillnedskrivningarna i sådana fall ger värderelevant information till företagens investerare. För att uppnå undersökningens syfte har vi samlat in sekundärdata från 30 europeiska företag mellan åren 2011-2020. De statistiska analyserna är utförda genom ett X²-test och en modell som mäter värderelevans. Studiens resultat visar på att det föreligger ett samband mellan företagens ägarstruktur och antal goodwillnedskrivningar.  Resultaten indikerar även att rådande ägarstruktur har en påverkan på goodwillnedskrivningars värderelevans. Slutsatsen är att företagen i undersökningen som kännetecknas av ett spritt ägande har mer frekventa nedskrivningar av goodwill som ger upphov till värderelevant information. Detta i jämförelse med företagen som karaktäriseras av semi-koncentrerat respektive koncentrerat ägande, som har färre goodwillnedskrivningar som inte gav värderelevant information till investerare.

This master's thesis is focused on financial receivables and liabilities under IFRS. The first chapter characterizes financial receivables in IFRS and describes actual IASB projects in this area. The second chapter is devoted to factoring and derecognition theory, which was analyzed on various types of factoring receivables. The third chapter deals with financial instruments with characteristics of equity, where actual IASB project is presented. The fourth part is focused on fair value option of financial liabilities and exposure draft of Fair Value Measurement standard. The thesis is completed with practical analysis of financial instruments of foreign banks.

A ascensão de um organismo internacional e privado como o IASB e a adesão maciça de inúmeros países às suas normas, trouxeram mudanças na dinâmica da regulação dos relatórios financeiros em diversos países, que assim como o Brasil, tiveram historicamente as normas contábeis de suas empresas definidas por legislações nacionais sob a responsabilidade de entes públicos. Essa nova dinâmica levanta preocupações para as empresas, normatizadores nacionais, governos, investidores, acadêmicos e outros interessados pelas normas contábeis. Esta pesquisa buscou analisar a associação das características específicas dos participantes do processo de regulação contábil internacional promovido pelo IASB e a sua influência na elaboração das IFRS, investigando o alinhamento entre as decisões do órgão e as opiniões manifestadas por stakeholders específicos. Para isso, foram utilizadas as cartas de comentários enviadas no processo de elaboração da nova norma sobre reconhecimento de receita, Revenue from contracts with Customers. Foi realizada a análise de conteúdo de 1.177 cartas relativas à consulta pública ao Discussion Paper, de dezembro de 2008 e ao Exposure Draft de junho de 2010. Os resultados iniciais demonstraram que o IASB atendeu as preferências da maioria dos participantes. No entanto, algumas características dos lobistas se revelaram mais associadas às decisões do regulador do que outras. Os resultados do modelo de regressão logística revelaram que os comentários emitidos pelas empresas preparadoras de demonstrações contábeis tiveram maior associação com as decisões do IASB, do que os comentários de reguladores nacionais, profissionais em geral, acadêmicos ou usuários. Essa associação foi ainda maior quando ocorrem divergências com as preferências prévias do regulador e este modificou a sua opinião. Empresas estadunidenses que discordaram dos procedimentos propostos tiveram maiores chances de ter seu comentário aceito do que as sugestões feitas por preparadores de outro país. Constatou-se ainda a existência de associação entre os comentários das grandes firmas multinacionais de auditoria e as decisões do IASB. Os comentários das Big Four mostraram ter até 5 vezes mais chances de ser aceito pelo regulador, do que os comentários feitos por outros interessados. Esses aspectos vão de encontro às pesquisas que relatam que a maior homogeneidade de interesses entre os preparadores funciona como incentivo para o exercício de lobbying e que essa pressão está associada às decisões tomadas pelos reguladores. Adicionalmente, a análise da história e da estrutura do IASB, aliadas a um conjunto de pesquisas empíricas, trazem evidencias que sugerem os mesmos resultados em relação a associação entre as decisões do regulador e as preferencias das grandes firmas de auditoria. A cumplicidade ideológica documentada nas pesquisas, entre as Big Four e o regulador internacional, facilita a associação entre as ideias das entidades e implica na possibilidade de influência dessas firmas sobre as decisões do IASB. A teoria dos grupos de interesses (Becker, 1983), em conjunto com os resultados desta pesquisa, contribuem para explicar que a falta de um mandato legal para impor suas normas e a necessidade de construir legitimidade fazem com que o IASB funcione como um mediador de interesses. Nesse cenário, a escolha de determinado tratamento contábil reflete uma decisão onde os reguladores procuram gerenciar os conflitos, mas acabam por atender com maior atenção as preferencias daqueles que forem mais efetivos em convencê-lo. / The rise of an international and private body like the IASB and the massive convergence of many countries to its standards, have brought changes in the dynamics of the financial reporting regulation in different countries that, just like Brazil, historically had their accounting standard set by national laws under the responsibility of governmental entities. This new dynamic raises concerns for businesses, national standard-setters, governments, investors, academics and others interested in accounting standards. This research aimed to assess the association of specific characteristics of the participants of the international accounting regulation process promoted by the IASB and their influence in the definition of IFRS, investigating the alignment between the decisions of the Board and the opinions expressed by specific stakeholders during the period that draft standards were publicly exposed. For this, the comment letters sent to the IASB during the process of drafting the new standard on revenue recognition, Revenue from contracts with Customers were read and a content analysis was performed of 1,177 letters relating to both the public consultation to the Discussion Paper (December 2008) and the subsequent Exposure Draft (June 2010). Initial results showed that the IASB has met the preferences of most participants. However, some features of the lobbyists proved more associated with the regulatory decisions than others. The results of the logistic regression model revealed that the comments made by preparers of financial statements have a greater association with the decisions of the IASB, than the comments of national regulators, professionals in general, academics or users. This association is even greater when diverging views areraised in relation with the previous preferences of the regulator and their view is ultimately changed. If the company was American and showed disagreement with the proposed procedure, the chances of having its comment accepted were greater than if the suggestion came from a preparer from another country. Another finding was the existence of a strong association between the comments of the large multinational audit firms and the decisions of the IASB. A comment from one of the Big Four showed up to 5 times more probability to beaccepted by the regulator than a comment made by any other stakeholder. These aspects confirm the researches that report that the greater homogeneity of interest between preparers act as incentives for the exercise of lobbying and pressure that is associated with the decisions taken by the regulator. Additionally, analysis of the history and structure of the IASB, as well as a group of empirical studies are rich in reporting evidence that confirms the results in the association relationship between the decisions of the regulator and the preferences of the large audit firms. The ideological complicity among the Big Four and IASB, documented in researches, facilitates the association between the ideas of these organizations and imply in the possibility of influence of these firms on IASB´s decisions. Thus, the use of the theory of interest groups (Becker, 1983) together with the results presented in this research, explain the lack of a legal mandate to enforce its rules and the need to build legitimacy makes the IASB to act as a mediator interests. In this scenario, the choice of a particular accounting treatment reflects a decision in that regulators seek to manage conflicts, but eventually meet more closely the preferences of those who are most effective in convincing him.

Background: Sweden and the rest of the world went through the biggest financial crisis at the end of 2008 since the 1930s. The major Swedish banks have goodwill related to their acquisitions inside and outside Scandinavia. Swedbank, SEB and Nordea has acquired in the Baltic countries and Russia, however Handelsbanken has established itself in Great Britain. The crisis in the Baltic countries led that real wages fell, unemployment rose, real estate prices collapsed and the number of borrowers who had trouble repaying their loans increased rapidly. All this led to the problem of impairment of goodwill in the Swedish banks that had expanded rapidly in the Baltic countries. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the application of IFRS 3 in Swedish banks before, during and after the financial crisis, and to investigate the low-downs in the four majorSwedish banks in 2006-2010. Completion: The study is primarily based on the case studies by the examination of the annual reports from all banks as well as evaluation of the interviews.The authors have chosen to makea strategic choice of a small number of cases through the concentration on the impairment of goodwill in the bank sector of Sweden. Results: The result of this study is that there are problems for banks in implementation of IFRS 3 in practice because of insufficient information in the banks' financial statements.Generous estimates used in the calculation of impairment testing. All these led the banks tothe situation that they did not obtain the requirement of the new framework. The authors determine that the banks would have done more substantial work in calculating of the goodwill value than before. The authors also noted that the Swedish banks did not affected as hard by the financial crisis as the banks in the U.S., which led to the low impairment charges in Sweden.