OBJETIVO .- Conocer la prevalencia del Síndrome Metabólico(SM) y de la enfermedad isquémica coronaria con sus factores de riesgo en la población docente de Ica. MATERIAL y METODOS.-Aplica diseño descriptivo correlacional, método transversal,muestra aleatoria de 295,fuente directa y proceso estadístico con SPSS 10.04 RESULTADOS .-Promedio de edad 49.9 a. Desv.St. +/- 11.5 años ,Raza Mestiza 91% Prevalencia : Síndrome Metabólico 27 %; Enf. Isquémica coronaria 6% ; Diabetes II 5% ; HTA 26%; HDL reducido 37% ;Triglicéridos altos 34% ;Obesidad abdominal 28% ; Obesidad 15% y Sobrepeso 21% con IMC ; Sedentarismo 78%,Tabaco 22% ,Personalidad 33%, Antecedentes familiares 21% . Riesgo Relativo para Isquémica Coronaria: Sindrome Metabólico 7.1 ; HTA 13 ; Sedentarismo 8.2 y Diabetes 5.1 , p < 0.001 muy significativo ; Tabaco , Obesidad y Dislipidemia con 2.9 , p < 0.05 significativo .Los Factores Sexo Masculino , Antec. familiar y Personalidad RR bajo p > 0.10 no significativos . Coef.correlación lineal 0.5914 IMC vs.P.Abdominal. CONCLUSIONES.-Existe alta prevalencia de Síndrome Metabólico y de Factores de Riesgo para enfermedad isquémica coronaria con RR muy alto que indica necesidad de atención, cambio de estilo de vida y programa de vigilancia para mejorar calidad de vida de la población en riesgo. PALABRAS CLAVES: Síndrome Metabólico(SM); Enfermedad Isquemica Coronaria (EIC); Factor de Riesgo ( FR),Riesgo Relativo(RR).

<p>Bakgrund: Bland annat ett stundande EU-inträde och en stark ekonomisk tillväxt har bidragit till att Estland utvecklats till att bli en mycket intressant marknad för svenska företag. För att företag ska klara sig långsiktigt i konkurrensen på den estniska marknaden krävs en tydlig positionering av dess varumärke. ICA och Nordea är två företag med starka varumärken på den svenska marknaden, vilka dessutom är etablerade på den estniska marknaden. </p><p>Syfte: Syftet är att jämföra ICAs respektive Nordeas varumärkespositionering i Sverige och Estland för att utröna om det krävs en anpassning av denna vid en nyetablering i Estland. </p><p>Avgränsningar: Vi behandlar enbart respektive fallföretags kärnverksamhet. Inga kulturella aspekter kommer att beröras. Genomförande: Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats genom intervjuer inom respektive företag. </p><p>Resultat: Fallföretagens respektive varumärkespositionering är relativt standardiserad. Dock anpassas företagens strategier något efter rådande marknadssituation i Estland.</p>

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a direct communication channel between brain and computer. It allows the users to control the environment without the need to control muscle activity [1-2]. P300-Speller is a well known and widely used BCI system that was developed by Farwell and Donchin in 1988 [3]. The accuracy level of the P300-BCI Speller as measured by the percent of communicated characters correctly identified by the system depends on the ability to detect the P300 event related potential (ERP) component among the ongoing electroencephalography (EEG) signal. Different techniques have been tested to reduce the number of trials needed to be averaged together to allow the reliable detection of the P300 response. Some of them have achieved high accuracies in multiple-trial P300 response detection. However the accuracy of single trial P300 response detection still needs to be improved. In this research, two single trial P300 response classification methods were designed. One is based on independent component analysis (ICA) with blind tracking and the other is based on variance analysis. The purpose of both methods is to detect a chosen character in real-time in the P300-BCI speller. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods dramatically reduce the signal processing time, improve the data communication rate, and achieve overall accuracy of 79.1% for ICA based method and 84.8% for variance analysis based method in single trial P300 response classification task. Both methods showed better performance than that of the single trial stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA), which has been considered as the most accurate and practical technique working with P300-BCI Speller.

Participatory sensing (PS) systems are a new emerging sensing paradigm based on the participation of cellular users in a cooperative way. Due to the spatio-temporal granularity that a PS system can provide, it is now possible to detect and analyze events that occur at different scales, at a low cost. While PS systems present interesting characteristics, they also create new problems. Since the measuring devices are cheaper and they are in the hands of the users, PS systems face several design challenges related to the poor accuracy and high failure rate of the sensors, the possibility of malicious users tampering the data, the violation of the privacy of the users as well as methods to encourage the participation of the users, and the effective visualization of the data. This dissertation presents four main contributions in order to solve some of these challenges. This dissertation presents a framework to guide the design and implementation of PS applications considering all these aspects. The framework consists of five modules: sample size determination, data collection, data verification, data visualization, and density maps generation modules. The remaining contributions are mapped one-on-one to three of the modules of this framework: data verification, data visualization and density maps. Data verification, in the context of PS, consists of the process of detecting and removing spatial outliers to properly reconstruct the variables of interest. A new algorithm for spatial outliers detection and removal is proposed, implemented, and tested. This hybrid neighborhood-aware algorithm considers the uneven spatial density of the users, the number of malicious users, the level of conspiracy, and the lack of accuracy and malfunctioning sensors. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs as good as the best estimator while reducing the execution time considerably. The problem of data visualization in the context of PS application is also of special interest. The characteristics of a typical PS application imply the generation of multivariate time-space series with many gaps in time and space. Considering this, a new method is presented based on the kriging technique along with Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis. Additionally, a new technique to interpolate data in time and space is proposed, which is more appropriate for PS systems. The results indicate that the accuracy of the estimates improves with the amount of data, i.e., one variable, multiple variables, and space and time data. Also, the results clearly show the advantage of a PS system compared with a traditional measuring system in terms of the precision and spatial resolution of the information provided to the users. One key challenge in PS systems is that of the determination of the locations and number of users where to obtain samples from so that the variables of interest can be accurately represented with a low number of participants. To address this challenge, the use of density maps is proposed, a technique that is based on the current estimations of the variable. The density maps are then utilized by the incentive mechanism in order to encourage the participation of those users indicated in the map. The experimental results show how the density maps greatly improve the quality of the estimations while maintaining a stable and low total number of users in the system. P-Sense, a PS system to monitor pollution levels, has been implemented and tested, and is used as a validation example for all the contributions presented here. P-Sense integrates gas and environmental sensors with a cell phone, in order to monitor air quality levels.

The purpose of this study is to explore, compare, and analyze the process of learning and the importance of adaptation and resilience in a continuously evolving environment amidst natural disasters as seen in two earthquake-prone communities located in southern Peru. The framework of complex adaptive systems offers insight into understanding human limitations to control an environment that is constantly far from equilibrium. Complexity science theory supports the study and the self-organization of communities in the process of coping with a disaster. Reports generated from informal interviews and participatory techniques further support all evidential findings. The co-evolution process given by the participation of diverse agents may include the collaboration and involvement of victims as well as local, state, and national organizations. Results from the co-evolution process may derive from previous experiences, preparedness, education, the development of previous relationships, and the capacity of improvisation. Furthermore, solidarity, self-organization and adaptation of agents in a community may further influence the ability to deal effectively with unexpected adversity. / text

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται μελέτη της μεθόδου ανάλυσης ανεξάρτητων συνιστωσών στο ηλεκτροοεγκεφαλογράφημα. Αφού εξετάσουμε το κομμάτι της φυσιολογίας του εγκεφάλου θα δοθεί ένα μαθηματικό υπόβαθρο της ανάλυσης ανεξάρτητων συνιστωσών. Στη συνέχεια θα γίνει μια βιβλιογραφική έρευνα στη σύγκριση αλγορίθμων της ανάλυσης ανεξάρτητων συνιστωσών όταν εφαρμόζονται σε ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματα με στόχο την βέλτιστη εξαγωγή παρασίτων. Στο τέλος θα γίνει εφαρμογή της μεθόδου της ανάλυσης ανεξάρτητων συνιστωσών σε πραγματικά δεδομένα ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογραφήματος 64 καναλιών μέσω του περιβάλλοντος του Matlab. Στόχος της εφαρμογής αυτής είναι ο διαχωρισμός των ανεξάρτητων συνιστωσών μη-εγκεφαλικής προέλευσης και η αφαίρεση τους από τα αρχικά δεδομένα. / This thesis is a study of the independent componenet analysis in electroencephalogram. After looking at the piece of brain physiology we will give a mathematical framework of independent component analysis. Then it will become a literature search in the comparison algorithms of Independent Component Analysis in EEGs when applied with a view to optimal extraction of artifacts. At the end will be the method of independent component analysis to real EEG data 64 channels through the environment of Matlab. The aim of this application is the separation of independent components of non brain activity and removing them from the original data.

Λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψη τις διάφορες τεχνικές Blind Source Separation (BSS) που αναφέρονται στη βιβλιογραφία και που εφαρμόζονται σε πολλά πεδία ενδιαφέροντος, αποφασίσαμε να τις εφαρμόσουμε σε ανθρώπινο μαγνητοεγκεφαλογράφημα. Οι τεχνικές αυτές προσπαθούν να εξάγουν πηγές από σήμα το οποίο είναι γραμμικός συνδυασμός των πηγών. Απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση τα σήματα από τις πηγές να είναι στατιστικώς ανεξάρτητα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, θεωρώντας τις πηγές στον εγκέφαλο ανεξάρτητες, η τεχνική που επιλέχθηκε είναι η Independent Component Analysis (ICA) και κάποιες παραλλαγές της που χρησιμοποιούν κυματίδια ώστε να εισάγουμε τη δυνατότητα περιορισμού στο χρόνο ή στο χώρο. Επιλέγοντας χωρικά ή χρονικά την περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος εστιάζουμε σε κάποια περιοχή του εγκεφάλου ή σε κάποια συγκεκριμένη χρονική στιγμή π.χ. μετά από κάποιο ερέθισμα. Θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε αυτές τις τεχνικές για να αναλύσουμε ανθρώπινο μαγνητοεγκεφαλογράφημα (MEG). Τα δεδομένα των καταγραφών είναι από το ινστιτούτο Riken στην Ιαπωνία. / Bearing in mind the Blind Source Separation Techniques mentioned in the literature and applied to many fields of interest, we decided to apply them on human MEG. These techniques extract sources from the initial signal, which is considered as linear combination of theses sources. It is required that the recorded signals are statistically independent. More specifically, considering the sources in the brain as independent, the method used is called Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and some versions which use wavelets in order to introduce spatial and temporal constraints. By selecting the region of interest either in space or in time, we focus on a region in the brain or on a specified latency e.g. after a stimulus. We use these methods to analyse MEG. The data are recorded in RIKEN institute in Japan.

Background Electronic commerce (EC) has become popular due to the increasing demand of efficiency in shopping. The reason for this trend is the changes in technology and socio-demography. E-grocery, therefore, appears to be a fresh and attractive business concept that creates customer value for companies trading in supermarket industry. Handla24 of ICA Bankeryd is known as one of the foremost ICA retailers that generates e-grocery in Sweden. Starting in 2009, the service supplier went from zero customer to its current position of approximately 1400 regular customers. However, perceived value and further expectations from their customers have not been thoroughly understood yet. This issue is hindering Handla24 of ICA Bankeryd in expanding their customer group. Also, their ability to give appropriate service levels is potentially restricting further customer growth. With these issues rectified, Hanla24 of ICA Bankeryd could become a stronger player in the market. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to examine how customer values are created in e-grocery. We identify factors that deliver value to the existing customers and target a potential customer group in Jönköping city for Handla24 of ICA Bankeryd. We also provide recommendations on  how Handla24 of ICA Bankeryd can attract this group. Method This thesis employs a combination of quantitative method and qualitative method. Data are collected through two face-to-face interviews with Handla24 of ICA Bankeryd. Customers in Jönköping are divided into two clusters: the existing customers and potential customers with two separate survey questionnaires for each of the clusters. Conclusion We conclude that e-grocery does create customer value. In the example of Handla24 - ICA Bankeryd, we identify four main factors that deliver value to their existing customers, namely delivery price, product range, convenience shopping and customer services. In order to target the potential customers for Handla24, we also recognize the characteristics that create the demand for e-grocery. The targeted customers are capable of shopping online due to the habit of surfing the Internet. In addtion, they do not like either queuing at the store or carrying groceries home. This group is a female majority. It also includes families having children or having greater than or equal to 3 members. This customer group does not find 99 kr delivery fee of Handla24 - ICA Bankeryd reasonable, but they still have an interest in trying and recommending e-grocery of Handla24 to other people.

Es conocido que las sinapsis cambian en condiciones de normalidad durante el desarrollo que culmina en la maduración. Sin embargo, se han identificado cambios funcionales de corta duración actividad-dependientes en adultos normales. Así en el decremento de uso aparecen fenómenos de crecimiento axonal por elongación de algunos segmentos axonales. Y en el incremento de uso, dominan los fenómenos de retracción de algunas ramas axonales. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tiene como pretensión final conocer de forma clara la capacidad de adaptación plástica de las conexiones neuromusculares en el adulto normal.MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se utilizó el músculo Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) de ratas Sprague-Dawley macho, de 12 semanas de edad. Los animales fueron sometidos a un moderado incremento de actividad locomotora mediante una cinta sin fin. Las bandas de inervación de los músculos EDL fueron procesadas para microscopia electrónica de transmisión convencional. Con las imágenes obtenidas (a 5000x y 10000x) se realizo un estudio morfométrico con el programa semiautomático de análisis de imágenes MOP VIDEOPLAN.CONCLUSIONES MÁS RELEVANTES:1- La retracción axonal en músculos control es compensado por los siguientes cambios en estructuras relacionadas con la neurotransmisión: mas y mayores vesículas sinápticas y también incrementa el numero de vesículas que están en contacto con el axolema sináptico; mas zonas activas axonales; las membranas densificadas de las crestas postsinápticas decrecen en longitud pero esto es compensado por un mayor número.2- Los resultados morfométricos indican claramente que pequeños cambios en el nivel de actividad locomotora inducen a precisas adaptaciones morfológicas de una forma rápida. El incremento en las densificaciones postsinápticas sugiere un mecanismo compensatorio postsináptico a la retracción axonal. / The activity pattern of neuromuscular junctions can influence the structure, growth and remodeling responses and differentiation of the motor nerve terminals. Nerve terminal remodeling involving changes of growth and retraction in the normal adult are affected by the level of the animal's activity. In fact, nerve terminal retraction in the adult can be induced by the level of increased synaptic activity. In the present work we tried to analyze if a small physiologic increase in the locomotor's activity of the normal adult rats during a brief period of time can induce pre- and postsynaptic ultrastructural adaptations.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Extensor Digitorum Longus (E.D.L.) muscles of 24 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. The experimental animals spontaneously adapted to the moderately exercise by training a treadmill. Normally housed rats were used as controls. The neural zones from the right and left E.D.L. muscles were fixed in glutaraldehyde and conventionally processed for T.E.M. Cross-sectioned different end plates were directly recorded in magnetic support with a high definition video system. Morphometric analysis of pre- and postsynaptic structural parametres was performed with a semiautomatic image analysis system (MOP VIDEOPLAN).MAIN CONCLUSIONS: 1- Axonal retraction in normal muscles can be compensated by the following changes in the neurotransmission-related structures: Synaptic vesicles increase in diameter and also increase the number of synaptic vesicles in contact with the synaptic axolemma; active zones increase in number; postsynaptic membrane densifications decrease in length and that is compensated by an increase in number of these.2- The morphometric data clearly indicate that small and early physiological changes in the locomotor's activity in the normal adult are followed by precise morphologic adaptations. The increased differentiation of postsynaptic membrane densifications would suggest the existence of the postsynaptic compensatory mechanism for the presynaptic retraction.

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