Užsienio prekyba – seniausi tarptautiniai santykiai, todėl be jos analizės neįmanoma padaryti pilnaverčių išvadų apie šalies ekonomikos būklę. Šalies užsienio prekybos politika reguliuoja ekonominius santykius su kitomis šalimis, todėl kiekviena valstybė ją vykdo savaip. Šio darbo tema - „JAV nacionalinė eksporto strategija ir jo kontrolės sistema“. Pasirinkta tema yra aktuali. JAV ekonominė ateitis labai priklauso nuo jos gebėjimų konkuruoti pasaulinėje ekonomikoje. Nacionalinė eksporto strategija atspindi tą faktą, jog eksportas yra JAV ekonominės sveikatos ir pragyvenimo lygio pagrindas. Kadangi su eksportu susiję darbai yra geriau apmokami, o eksportuojančios įmonės dažniau veikia sėkmingai, yra aišku, kad kuo stipriau JAV kreips savo ekonomiką į eksportavimo sritis, tuo labiau prisidės prie visuomenės stabilumo bei aukštesnio visų JAV gyventojų pragyvenimo lygio. Darbo tikslas - išnagrinėti eksporto, kaip užsienio prekybos dalies, skatinimo bei tobulinimo svarbą šalies ekonomikai ir išanalizuoti JAV nacionalinės eksporto strategijos sukūrimo prielaidas ir pasiekimus, bei įvertinti JAV eksportą pasaulinės ekonomikos kontekste. Siekiant numatyto tikslo darbe iškelti šie uždaviniai: apibūdinti eksporto skatinimo priemones ir strategiją; išnagrinėti JAV nacionalinės eksporto strategijos prioritetus ir pasiekimus per 1994 – 2006 metus; apžvelgti JAV eksporto kontrolės sistemą, siekiant įvertinti eksportą lemiančius veiksnius bei jį skatinančias priemones; apibūdinti JAV... [to full text] / Foreign trade is the oldest kind of international relationships, so it is impossible to make solid conclusions about the state of country‘s economics without analyzing it‘s foreign trade. Country‘s foreign trade policy regulates economic relations with other countries, this is why each nation differently administers and implements this policy. The subject chosen is relevant. U.S. economic future heavily depends on it‘s ability to compete in the global economic environment. National Export Strategy reflects the fact that export is the backbone of U.S. economical health and standard of living. The export related jobs have higher salaries and the exporting companies more often are successful so it is clear that the more U.S. will orient it‘s economics into the fields of export, the more the contribution to the stability of community and the higher standard of living for the U.S. population will be. Objectives – to study the relevance of export promotion and improvement to the national economics and to analyze the background and the achievements of the U.S. National Export Strategy; and to evaluate U.S. export in the context of global economy. The tasks raised in order to achieve the objectives: to describe export promotion measures and strategy; to analyze the priorities and achievements of the U.S. National Export Strategy during the period between 1994 and 2006; to review the U.S. export control system in order to evaluate the export determining factors and the export... [to full text]

<p>The study draws on secondary data from the Bureau of Statistics in Lesotho. Simple and multiple linear regression models techniques are used to analyze the relationship between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. The secondary data is analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel. The major finding is that there exists a strong positive linear relationship ( r = 0.986) between the GDP of Lesotho and the GDP of manufacturing. This means that every time the GDP of manufacturing increases the GDP of Lesotho does the same. Based on this finding, the study recommends that in order to improve, sustain and maintain the economic growth and to avoid further deterioration in the manufacturing industry, the manufacturing capacity must be strengthened for it to effectively deal with growing competition and rapid economic changes.</p>

No description available.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe buvo pabandyta atskleisti elektroninio verslo plėtros įtaką geležinkelių transporto struktūriniams pokyčiams. Darbe buvo atlikta mokslinės literatūros skirtos elektroninio verslo kuriamai vertei analizė, atskleisti šiuolaikinio elektroninio verslo logistikos ypatumai, išnagrinėta elektroninio verslo įtakos geležinkelių transporto plėtrai tyrimo metodologija, taip pat aptartos AB „Lietuvos geležinkeliai“ funkcijos ir vieta šiuolaikinėje ūkio sistemoje. Kaip tiriamasis objektas buvo pasirikta Vaidotų geležinkelio stotis. Atliktas e-verslo elementų diegimo Vaidotų geležinkelio stotyje projektas, pagal anketinio tyrimo atliktos apklausos rezultatų analizę, kuri parodė, jog viena iš problemų, spręstinų Vaidotų geležinkelio stotyje yra vagonų prastovos, dėl kurių patiriami gan dideli nuostoliai. Siekiant sumažinti šiuos nuostolius, šiame darbe siūloma atnaujinti kompiuterinę techniką ir įdiegti krovinio dokumentų apdorojimo automatizavimo programą. / In this master degree thesis it was tried to reveal the impact of electronic business development on the structural changes of railway transport. It was carried out the analysis of scientific literature aimed at the value generated by electronic business, the peculiarities of logistics of contemporary electronic business were revealed, the methodology of research of electronic business influence on railway transport development was examined, the functions and the position of AB „Lietuvos geležinkeliai“ in today’s economics system were discussed. The railway station of Vaidotai was chosen as the study of this paper. The project of implementation of e-business elements in railway station of Vaidotai was carried out, the analysis of the results of the survey showed that one of the problems to be solved in the railway station of Vaidotai is the outage of cars, which causes quite big losses. In order to reduce these losses it is suggested to renew computer technology and to implement computerization program of cargo document processing.

This paper estimates the effects of imports on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria for the period of 1990-2005 using panel data of manufacturing industry. Imports are disaggregated according to their origin and as final vs. intermediate imports. There is evidence of significant negative effects of imports on employment, wages and the wage share. Particularly workers in high skilled sectors experience negative effects. Offshoring to both Eastern Europe and the developed countries have a negative impact on employment, whereas offshoring to the East has a positive effect on wages, indicating the dominance of scope effects. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV) is the type species of the genus Nucleorhabdovirus and, like all members of this genus, replication and morphogenesis occurs inside the nuclei of infected cells. Protein localization prediction algorithms failed to identify a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in PYDV nucleocapsid (N) protein, although PYDV-N has been shown to localize exclusively to the nucleus when expressed as a green fluorescent protein (GFP):N fusion in plant cells. Deletion analysis and alanine-scanning mutagenesis identified two amino acid motifs, 419QKR421 and 432KR433, that were shown to be essential for nuclear import and interaction with importin-α. Additional bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed that the PYDV-N-NLS mutants cannot be ferried into the nucleus via interaction with PYDV-P or-M. In contrast, interaction with N-NLS mutants appeared to retard the nuclear import of PYDV-P. Taken together, it was determined that PYDV-N contains the bipartite NLS 419QKRANEEAPPAAQKR433. Similarly, alanine-scanning mutagenesis was performed to determine the regions responsible for the nuclear import of PYDV-M and -P. A non-canonical NLS was identified in PYDV-P, consisting of three regions in the N-terminus of the protein required for nuclear import. PYDV-P does not interact with any Nicotiana benthamiana importins, but was found to interact with importin-α7 and -α9 of the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Two amino acids of PYDV-M, 225KR226, were found to be critical for nuclear import and interaction with importin-α. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis identified that amino acids 223LL224 of PYDV-M, which are adjacent to the two amino acids identified as responsible for nuclear import, are critical for inducing invaginations of the inner nuclear membrane. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) was then used to identify any differences in localization and interaction caused by the mutations introduced to PYDV-P and -M. The PYDV-P and -M proteins were still able to interact with other PYDV proteins, although the localization of the interaction differs between mutants.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes general loss of immune response in humans. Presently, an estimated 34 million (31.4-35.9 million) people worldwide are HIV-1 positive and many more are being newly infected. In the absence of a definitive cure, anti-HIV-1 drug therapy helps to manage the infection by suppressing virus replication. However, extensive drug resistance against most of existing drugs demands alternative anti-HIV-1 strategies. The proper knowledge about HIV-1 replication is essential to guide the development of new anti-HIV-1 strategies. The research presented in this thesis aims to understand the role of HIV-1 Integrase (IN) and cellular co-factors interactions in the early stage virus replication. In the cytoplasm, HIV-1 cDNA exists as a high molecular weight nucleoprotein complex called pre-integration complex (PIC). The cDNA enters the nucleus as a part of PIC by active nuclear import and integrates into the host genome. HIV-1 Integrase (IN) protein has been recognized as a primary viral factor for HIV-1 nuclear import, but the key contributing cellular factor(s) is unknown. We have examined the requirement of different Importinα (Impα) isoforms for HIV-1 replication and identified the requirement of Impα3 for HIV-1 replication in HeLa cells, C8166T cells, and human macrophages. Further investigations showed the specific requirement of Impα3 for HIV-1 nuclear import. By analyzing the Impα3 interaction with HIV-1 proteins, we detected the IN interaction with Impα3 and C-terminal domain (CTD) of IN was essential for Impα3 interaction. These data led to the conclusion that Impα3 is required for HIV-1 nuclear import and interacts with IN. The IN-CTD consists of conserved basic amino acid rich motifs (211KELQKQITK, 236KGPAKLLWK, and 262RRKAK) that closely resemble the consensus classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) for Impα interaction. By substitution mutation and interaction analysis, 211KELQKQITK and 262RRKAK motifs in IN were identified as required for Impα3 interaction, IN nuclear localization, and HIV-1 nuclear import. Together, these data were useful in explaining the molecular mechanism of IN and Impα3 interaction and its requirement for HIV-1 nuclear import. Retrograde transportation of macromolecules in the cytoplasm is one of the prerequisites for their nuclear import. Although an earlier study implicated the dynein complex in retrograde transport of HIV-1, cellular and viral factors that are involved in this process are unknown. In this study, we have elucidated the HIV-1 IN interaction with the dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) in 293T cells, in vitro, and in HIV-1 infected cells. DYNLL1 is one of the adapter proteins that mediate the cargo recruitment to dynein complex. However, our data suggested that the IN and DYNLL1 interaction is essential for proper HIV-1 uncoating and cDNA synthesis but not for nuclear import. Surprisingly, DYNLL1 interaction of IN was dispensable for HIV-1 recruitment to dynein complex. These data led to the conclusion that the IN and DYNLL1 interaction is essential for proper HIV-1 uncoating and cDNA synthesis but not required for HIV-1 recruitment to the dynein complex or for retrograde transport. In summary, this study advances our knowledge on the role of IN and cellular factors interactions in different early steps of HIV-1 replication and offers potential contributions in the development of future anti-HIV-1 strategies.

In this study, exchange rate pass-through into the export prices and import prices is analyzed separately at the disaggregate level. The study also attempts to differentiate exchange rate pass-through in the short-run and long-run. To analyze pass-through in the short-run, dynamic modeling is used. To analyze pass-through in the long-run, cointegration analysis is conducted. Estimation results show that exchange rate pass-through into the import prices is complete even at the disaggregate level. However, there is variation in the pass-through into the export prices across sectors both in the short-run and long-run. Not all exporting sectors, even in a small open economy like Turkey, are price takers in the foreign markets.

This thesis investigates the behavioural and interactive elements of heroin importation behaviour. Almost all heroin consumed in Australia is imported. Thus the people who conduct the importing and their behavioural characteristics are an important point of focus. The thesis argues too little is known of illegal drug importation and higher level drug deal offending beyond stereotypes and that the lack of publicly available, independent research means there is ill-informed public and political debate and a very narrow evidence-base on which policy and strategy can be based. Review of available literature led to identification of a number of gaps in knowledge about heroin imporation offending and these provided a framework for the focus of investigations. The thesis uses data triangulation to increase the validity of the findings. The findings are based on agency data and semi-structured interviews with informants in Australia, Thailand and Hong Kong. The characteristics of offenders detected importing heavy weights of heroin are contrasted with those importing lighter weights. A number of understandings arise from the findings including some that are supported by other research. As well there are a number of new findings which challenge current concepts and stereotypes and have implications for policy and strategy aimed at supply reduction. (For complete abstract open the document)

Techn. Univ., Diss.--Dresden, 2003.