Bullying continues to be a significant problem for children and adolescents. Peers are often involved in bullying as bystanders. Through their actions or inactions, bystanders can support the bullying, or can stop it by defending the person who is victimized. The increasing use and availability of digital communications technology has provided an avenue for electronic bullying. Little is known about the role of peers in electronic bullying, nor about how peers behave across traditional and electronic bullying. Using a developmental contextualism framework to examine how the peer group context and environmental contexts of bullying influence adolescent interactions, this group of studies aimed to identify and explore peer roles in electronic bullying, and to compare peer roles across traditional and electronic bullying contexts. The first study developed and validated an assessment of peer roles in electronic bullying, the Electronic Bullying Roles Questionnaire (EBRQ), based on the traditional bullying roles identified by Salmivalli and colleagues (Salmivalli, Lagerspetz, Björkqvist, Österman, & Kaukiainen, 1996). The second study examined the correspondence between peer bystander roles across traditional and electronic bullying environments. The third study examined peers who intervene in traditional and electronic bullying, by examining whether perceptions of the harmfulness of bullying would influence subsequent defending behaviours. Overall, our findings confirmed that peers are involved in electronic bullying, and that these electronic roles parallel the behaviours and characteristics associated with traditional peer roles. However, our findings also suggest that the unique features of the electronic environment can lead to inconsistencies in adolescent bystander behaviours across bullying contexts. This research has implications for understanding how the peer group behaves when witnessing bullying in both bullying contexts. In addition, this research illuminates some of the similarities and differences between traditional and electronic bullying. It is our hope that this research leads to a greater understanding of the factors related to peer participant roles in both bullying contexts. Understanding traditional and electronic peer roles may help to provide insight into the peer processes involved in bullying, which may in turn inform intervention efforts to encourage adolescents to defend others when confronted with bullying, no matter the context. / Thesis (Ph.D, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2012-10-14 10:50:15.583

Hensikten med studien var å få kunnskap fra ungdom om deres opplevelse av engasjement i hverdagen. Tilnærmingen var å gi ungdom selv mulighet til å beskrive og begrunne sin deltakelse i sine arenaer. Metode En kvalitativ studie med intervju av ti ungdommer i alderen 16 – 19 år, hvor alle er andre-års elever på videregående skole i Porsgrunn kommune. Analysemetoden er Grounded Theory. Resultat Ungdommene definerte seg inn på fire arenaer; hjem, skole, fritid og venner. Engasjement definerte de som; se på, høre om, snakke om eller gjøre noe med en sak. Ungdommene sitt engasjement inngår i en kjernekategori drivkraft som inneholder tre hovedkategorier. Det er nærhet til saken, anerkjennelse og opplevelsen av at dette er gøy. Analysen indikerer en sammenheng mellom medvirkning, anerkjennelse og gøy på alle de fire arenaene. Bruk av denne sammenhengen kan bidra til å utvikle det helsefremmende arbeidet for ungdom / The objective of this study was to achieve knowledge from the youth about their experience of involvement in every day life. The approach was to give the youth opportunity to describe and explain their participation in their chosen arenas. Method: The study was carried out using a qualitative approach, and was based on interviews with ten second-grade youths in the age from 16 to 19 years. They all attend secondary education in the municipality of Porsgrunn. The framework for analyze is Grounded Theory. Findings: The youths defined four areas for their involvement: Home, school, leisure-time and friends. They defined involvement as: "Watching, being informed about, discuss a case or actively do something about a case." The choice of involvement was motivated by the elements in the core category “drive”. “Drive” was made up by the three main categories: Closeness to the case. Receiving acknowledgement. And the experience of fun. The study indicates that there is a connection between participation, acknowledgement and the experience of fun in all the four areas of involvement. Making use of this connection can contribute in developing health promotion that is directed towards youth. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-156-3</p>

The increasing competition and the predicted changes in the retail sector are pressurising marketers to be more competitive in order to ensure that their brands are amongst the leading brands. Marketers need to constantly develop innovative marketing strategies to create brand awareness, as well as to stimulate demand for specific brands. An important tool in this regard is the marketing communication mix, of which sales promotion is one of the most effective elements in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. It is the responsibility of marketers to select the most appropriate sales promotion technique for a specific market segment or, more specifically, to select the most appropriate technique to effectively encourage the desired effect on the consumer buying behaviour. The South African Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) accounts for 40 percent of the total South African population and the black Generation Y portion represents 84 percent of the total South African Generation Y cohort. Those involved in attaining a tertiary qualification are likely to represent the future ‘Black Diamonds’ who represent South Africa’s growing prosperous African middle class that have experienced a 39 percent yearly growth rate in their spending power. Therefore, the black Generation Y student cohort is a very attractive market segment and it is critical to determine what sales promotion techniques are preferred by this specific market segment. The purpose of this study was to analyse the black Generation Y students’ attitudes towards different sales promotion techniques on low involvement products, since low involvement products tend to be more responsive to sales promotion techniques. For this study, the target population comprised black Generation Y students registered at the 23 South African registered public HEIs. From the sampling frame, a non-probability judgment sample of one traditional university and one university of technology in Gauteng was selected. Thereafter, a non-probability convenience sample of 600 black students from the selected HEIs aged between 18 and 24 years was drawn. A self-administered questionnaire was hand delivered to the lecturers and distributed to the respondents during one lecture period. The questionnaire requested respondents to indicate on a six-point Likert scale their attitudes towards four sales promotion techniques on 20 items as well as to provide certain demographic data. The findings of this study indicate that black Generation Y students have an overall positive attitude towards the sales promotion techniques measured in this study and that these techniques are suitable for inducing specific consumer buying behaviours concerning low involvement products. Furthermore, the findings indicate that buy one get one free and free sample offers are the most preferred sales promotion techniques and are more likely to exert an influence on consumer buying behaviours than the other sales promotion techniques. Insights gained from this study will help both marketers and retailers to understand current black Generation Y consumers’ attitudes towards sales promotion techniques, as well as to understand which sales promotion techniques are preferred and most likely to influence specific consumer buying behaviours. / Thesis (MCom (Marketing management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

Höft- och knäprotesoperationer är idag en vanlig operation vid artros i höft- och knäled. Trotsminutiösa infektionsförebyggande förberedelser inför operationen drabbas ändå en delpatienter av postoperativa infektioner. Vid ortopedisk proteskirurgi är postoperativainfektioner ett direkt hot mot den nya inopererade leden och kan leda till långabehandlingstider som påverkar patientens livskvalitet under lång tid. Syftet med studien var att utforska patienters möjlighet till delaktighet i tidig upptäckt avpostoperativ infektion utifrån given information vid operation för höft- eller knäprotes. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio patienter med diagnostiserad postoperativinfektion efter höft- eller knäprotesoperation. Transkriberade intervjuer analyserades medinnehållsanalys. Journaler granskades för att beskriva patientens tidigare sjukdomar. Resultatet visade att första tecknen på infektion kan beskrivas med temat: Vad är normalt ochvad är inte normalt. Två kategorier beskriver patienternas Möjlighet till delaktighet ochHinder till delaktighet i det infektionsförebyggande arbete före, under och efter operation. Det handlade om hur patienten hade förstått eller inte förstått given information, vilketkategoriserades som subkategorier. Personcentrerad vård kan vara ett redskap för att stärka patienternas förutsättningar tilldelaktighet och ökar möjligheterna för att förhindra att vårdskador så som postoperativainfektioner uppstår. / Surgery with prosthetic joint replacement of the hip and knee in patients with osteoarthritis is a common procedure. Despite meticulous preparation prior to surgery, surgical site infections develop in some patients. A surgical site infection is a direct threat to the new implanted joint and can lead to long treatments that affect quality of life over time. The aim of this study was to explore patients´ participation in early detection of a surgical site infection based on the information given in conjunction to surgery for hip and knee replacement. Semi structured interviews were conducted with ten patients diagnosed with surgical site infection after hip or knee replacement surgery. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Medical records were reviewed to describe the patients´ comorbidity. The result showed that the first signs of infection can be described with the theme; What is normal and what is not normal? Two categories describe patients´ Possibility of participation and Barriers to participation in infection prevention before and after surgery. It was all about How the patient had understood or not understood the given information which was categorized as subcategories. Person-centered care can be a tool that enables patients´ possibilities to participate in their care and increases the possibilities to prevent adverse events such as surgical site infections.

本研究旨在瞭解基隆市國民小學校長願景領導與教師工作投入之現況，並分析不同背景變項之教師在知覺校長願景領導與教師工作投入之差異情形，以及探討兩者之相關情形，最後藉由校長願景領導對教師工作投入進行預測。 本研究採問卷調查法，研究對象為基隆市34所公立國民小學，共計513位教師，有效問卷502份，可用率達97.86％，問卷回收後分別以描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、多元迴歸等統計方法進行統計分析。本研究獲致結論如下： 一、基隆市國民小學教師知覺校長願景領導為中高程度，以「願景的共識與轉化」知覺程度最高，其次由高至低依序為「願景的建構與發展」、「願景實踐與推廣」、「願景的回饋與修正」。 二、基隆市國民小學教師知覺教師工作投入為中高程度，以「工作樂趣」知覺程度最高，其次由高至低依序為「工作評價」、「工作專注」、「工作認同」、「工作參與」。 三、基隆市國民小學以男性、31-40歲、擔任主任職務與學校規模在12班（含）以下及13-23班之教師知覺「校長願景領導」的程度較高。 四、基隆市國民小學以服務年資11-20年、擔任主任職務與學校規模在12班（含）以下及24班（含）以上之教師知覺「教師工作投入」的程度較高。 五、校長願景領導與教師工作投入有顯著正相關，校長願景領導行為愈高，教師工作投入情形也愈高。 六、校長願景領導對教師工作投入具有預測力，以「願景的共識與轉化」對教師工作投入最有預測力。 最後，本研究根據研究結果提出具體建議，以供學校及未來研究之參考。 / This study aimed to investigate the status of principles’ visionary leadership and teachers’ job involvement in elementary schools in Keelung City, to analyze the differences of perceptions from different background teachers about principles’ visionary leadership and teachers’ job involvement, and to explore the relationship among these two variables. At last, predict teachers’ job involvement by principles’ visionary leadership. Questionnaire survey method was adopted in this study. The samples are teachers of public elementary schools in Keelung City, including 513 teachers from 34 elementary schools. There were 502 valid questionnaires finally used in the statistic analysis, and effective response rate is 97.86%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Perceptions about principles’ visionary leadership from elementary school teachers in Keelung City is mid-high level.Among all, the sense to the “consensus and internalization of vision” is relatively the highest, and then the orders from high to low are “construction and development of vision”, “practice and promotion of vision” and “feedback and correction of vision”. 2. Perceptions about teachers’ job involvement from elementary school teachers in Keelung City is mid-high level. Among all, the sense to the “job enjoyment” is relatively the highest, and then the orders from high to low are “job self-evaluation”, “job concentration”, “job identification” and “job participation”. 3. Teachers of elementary schools in Keelung City are male, 41 to 50 years old, the chief of department, and from school which has 12 or 13-23 classes show higher perception about principles’ visionary leadership. 4. Teachers of elementary schools in Keelung City serve 11-20 years in school, work as the chief of department, and from school which has less than 12 or more than 24 classes school show higher perception about teachers’ job involvement. 5. There is significant positive correlation between principles’ visionary leadership and teachers’ job involvement in elementary schools in Keelung City. The higher the behaviors of principals’ visionary leadership are, the scores of teachers’ job involvement are also higher. 6. Principles’ visionary leadership has predictability on teachers’ job involvement, and “consensus and internalization of vision”has the highest predictive effect. Finally, based on the results of the research, suggestions for school administration, and future related research are provided.

A call for parents to be involved in the education of their children is not a modern phenomenon at all. It is increasingly a call which invites parents to be involved in every sphere of their children‟s lives, including their health. Children of South Africa, like many other children in Africa, are engulfed with health issues. These problems range from drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, obesity, violence, suicide, alcohol, etc. Therefore, it is crucial to engage parents in an effort to promote the health of their children in school and together with schools. Various parental roles were established during the early part of the century when parents were obliged to raise their children according to the set standard. As time went by, schools clearly drew a line to distinguish their role from parents‟ roles. Later on a need for parental involvement in schools arose again and a call for parents to attend to their obligations was a necessity, although parents were seen as problems by teachers. This allowed a space for barriers to grow between parents and teachers to such an extent that there was no collaboration in addressing problems affecting children in schools. To investigate the issue of parental roles and health promotion in schools thoroughly, qualitative measures were applied. The analysis indicated that there is indeed a great need for parents to be involved in promoting the health of their children in schools. However, a lack of knowledge amongst parents and a lack of skills to work with parents amongst teachers hamper the possibility of preventing most of the health issues affecting many children of South Africa. Indeed parental participation in schools and health promoting schools can yield positive results not only for the children, but for the schools and parents as well. Therefore, the government must employ practical strategies to involve parents in promoting the health of children in schools. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Organisations are continually confronting challenges to remain competitive and successful, which compels organisations to regularly re-evaluate their strategies, structures, policies, operations, processes and culture. Managing change effectively is however a main challenge in the change management domain because of massive human involvement. Thus, managers and change agents are eager to know how to encourage and effectively prepare employees for change situation. The aim of this doctoral study was to examine the determinant of employee readiness for organisational change. The objectives were to investigate employee commitment to the organisation and career and social relationships factors in public sector higher educational institutions of Pakistan where various change reforms has been introduced recently. This empirical study proceeded by a systematic review of literature that led to development of a conceptual model. The data was collected from a sample of teaching employees by using a survey questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis run on statistical package for social sciences and confirmatory factor analysis on the structural equation modelling as well as on applied analysis of moment structure to assess the model fit of the study and hypotheses testing. Results showed that independent variables (emotional attachment, feeling of pride, pay/wages/rewards, promotion, job satisfaction, job involvement and social relationships in the workplace) were positively and significantly correlated to the dependent variable (readiness for organisational change). However, two variables i.e. supervisor and peer relations, and training and skills development were not found positive and significant to the readiness for organisational change. This study has methodological limitations, as it is a cross sectional study that used a survey questionnaire only in public sector higher education sector. This study provides empirical evidence for employee readiness predictor variables for organisational change. This study may contribute to the literature on change management, particularly for Pakistan, and may assist the management, change agents and practitioners of human resources management and development, and organisational behaviour in assessing, designing and evaluating new or existing programmes for organisational change.

Abstract Purpose - The purpose of this research aims to explore the consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context, for low product involvement. Design/Methodology/Approach - Researchers of this study had chosen a qualitative research which is in accordance with the purpose. Eight interviews were led with respondents from seven different nationalities having lived in multicultural environment. The goal was to analyze which behaviors come up when consumers are guided by six particular external and internal factors in their consumption (namely culture, reference groups, situational factors, personal needs and motives, attitudes and consumer orientation towards multiculturalism). Findings - Firstly, findings showed that consumers are guided in their behavior by the six mentioned factors in multicultural context for low product involvement. Secondly, six consumers’ behaviors, guided by external and internal factors, have been found during this research. Research limitations/Implications - As this research is qualitative, not all the aspects of the topic were explored. Another exploratory research could be led to detect other behaviors or other factors guiding consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context. There is also a need for a quantitative research in order to confirmed findings. Thus thanks to this study, marketers have now a broader view on consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context, especially for low product involvement. Originality/Value - This study is one of the first research conducted about consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context. Researchers deepened the existing literature by exploring and bringing possible consumers’ behavior’ in multicultural context for low product involvement. Existing literature was not as specific as this one concerning factors guiding consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context, as well as concerning low product involvement.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva och analysera anhörigas delaktighet i och upplevelse av vården på äldreboende av närstående äldre med beteendemässiga och psykiska symtom vid demens. Vidare var syftet att beskriva och analysera hur anhörigrollen kan ha förändrats i samband med den närstående äldres flytt från egen bostad till äldreboende. Fem kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med anhöriga till närstående äldre bosatta vid ett specifikt boende. Studiens resultat visade att anhörigrollen förändrats efter flytt till äldreboende. Majoriteten av respondenterna hade tidigare agerat anhörigvårdare i hemmet och efter deras närstående äldres flytt till äldreboende, beskrev de blandade känslor av exempelvis lättnad och ensamhet. Vidare visade resultatet att respondenterna hade en positiv upplevelse av vården och kände sig delaktiga i vården av sin närstående bosatt vid boendet. / The aim of this study was to describe and analyse relative’s involvement and experience of the care in a nursing home for a next of kin who was an older person with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, and how the role as a relative changed after the elderly’s move from their own home to a nursing home. We conducted five qualitative interviews with relatives related to elderly residing at a nursing home. The results showed that the role as a relative changed after their related elderly’s move to nursing home. The majority of the respondents had previously acted as a caretaker in the home and after their related elderly’s move to nursing home they described mixed feelings of relief and loneliness. The results showed that the respondents had a positive experience of the care and felt involved in the care of their related elderly residing in the nursing home.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of parent involvement on young African American Head start children's academic achievement and self-esteem. The experimental method of research employing the Pre-test/ Post-test Control Group Design was used. Forty-four Head Start students participated in this study: twenty-two were randomly assigned to the control group and twenty-two to the experimental group, respectively. Parents of children in the experimental group received parent involvement training, and parents of children in the control group did not. The Brigance Kindergarten and First Grade Screen and the Self-Esteem Index were administered to both groups in January 1995 prior to the treatment and in May 1995 at the conclusion of the treatment. Results of the two tailed t-test used to test the null hypotheses showed a statistically significant difference in the academic achievement levels of the groups, and it was concluded that children whose parents received parent involvement training achieved at higher academic levels than children whose parents did not. Both the experimental group and the control group showed a slight gain in self-esteem; however, differences in mean gains were not statistically significant. Major implications of the study are that African American Head Start parents are responsive to parent involvement training and that an outcome of their involvement is improved student overall academic achievement. On the basis of the study results, the following recommendations have been made: 1. The local school board should provide additional funding for parent involvement training in urban and inner-city schools. 2. Similar studies should be conducted to determine the effects of parent involvement training on academic achievement and self-esteem among upper level elementary students in urban schools. 3. Urban school administrators and teachers should participate in staff development programs designed to increase educators' knowledge of strategies which promote parent involvement.