Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) has posed an unprecedented threat to the existence of an Indigenous Knowledge system. There is an increasing amount of appropriation of indigenous knowledge, whereby corporations from rich countries are claiming proprietary rights over knowledge that has belonged to cultures and people of indigenous communities for hundreds of years. IPRs have been inappropriately utilized hindering development and perpetuating poverty within indigenous knowledge−holding communities. This thesis attempts to frame the current debate at the intersection of IPRs and indigenous knowledge, bringing in the case studies on the appropriation of traditional Yoga of Hindu and the Zia sun of Zia−Pueblo of New Mexico. By bringing two case studies on appropriation, this project employs legal−critical scholarship to analyze how the current IPR regime supports commodifying traditional knowledge and artifacts such as Yoga and the Zia sun, and recommends for customary law as a viable alternative to the IPRs.

El objetivo de la tesis "Modelos para Comercio Electrónico basados en Sistemas Intermediarios" es el estudio, desarrollo y aplicación de una serie de modelos para sistemas de comercio electrónico abiertos que utilicen un intermediario electrónico y que contemplen todos los aspectos relacionados con la comercialización mediante medios electrónicos, de cualquier tipo de bienes.La primera parte presenta el estado del arte del comercio electrónico centrado en el análisis de las propuestas internacionales existentes en la actualidad para caracterizar un sistema abierto de comercio electrónico mediante modelos. En la segunda parte se describen las aportaciones de la tesis relacionadas con el desarrollo de una serie de modelos que sirvan para caracterizar los sistemas de comercio electrónico, especialmente los basados en intermediarios electrónicos. La tercera parte contiene las conclusiones de la tesis, las líneas de investigación abiertas y las referencias bibliográficas.En la primera parte correspondiente al estado del arte, se describen los siguientes modelos para sistemas de comercio electrónico desarrollados por diferentes iniciativas internacionales como son, EBES Buildings Blocks for Electronic Commerce, EWOS Technical Guide on Electronic Commerce, ECDTF-OMG/CommerceNet Joint Electronic Commerce Reference Model, eCo Framework (CommerceNet), IOTP (Internet Open Trading Protocol), OBI (Open Buying on the Internet), JEPI (Joint Electronic Payment Initiative) y SET (Secure Electronic Transaction). También se describen algunos proyectos europeos relacionados con el comercio electrónico y en especial aquellos basados en sistemas intermediarios, como son los proyectos ABS (An Architecture for Information Brokerage Services), ABROSE (Agent Based Brokerage Services in Electronic Commerce), COBRA (Common Brokerage Architecture), GAIA (Generic Architecture for Information Availability), OSM (An Open Service Model for Global Information) y SEMPER (A Security Framework for the Global Electronic Marketplace). Finalmente se describen algunos modelos existentes para sistemas electrónicos de gestión de derechos de la propiedad intelectual (IPR) de contenidos multimedia como los modelos de los proyectos europeos IMPRIMATUR, FILIGRANE y COPEARMS. En la segunda parte se desarrollan las principales contribuciones del trabajo de tesis. La primera contribución consiste en la caracterización de los sistemas de comercio electrónico en función de las actividades comerciales y los valores asociados. Se introducen también los conceptos de provisión de productos a medida y de servicios como una evolución de la clásica provisión de productosUna de las principales contribuciones de la tesis que consiste en caracterizar un sistema de comercio electrónico mediante un modelo jerárquico compuesto por tres niveles, modelo funcional, modelo operacional y modelo arquitectónico. Cada uno de estos niveles corresponde a una visión del sistema, desde la visión más general que corresponde al modelo funcional o de negocio, hasta el nivel de detalle relacionado con la implementación, que es el modelo arquitectónico, pasando por el nivel en el que se identifican las tareas necesarias en el sistema, que es el modelo operacional.Con el modelo funcional podemos identificar las entidades que intervienen en el modelo de negocio del sistema, cual es su rol y las relaciones entre ellas. La mayoría de modelos que hemos estudiado en el estado del arte se concentran en este tipo de modelo funcional que, aun siendo muy útil para abordar las primeras etapas de la caracterización del sistema, es claramente insuficiente para poder avanzar y acercarnos a niveles más próximos al diseño del sistema. De ahí la necesidad de introducir más niveles en la jerarquía de modelos.El modelo operacional permite identificar una serie de fases necesarias para llevar a cabo la actividad comercial. La mayor parte de los modelos analizados en el estado del arte sólo contemplan como fase final la de "acuerdo", que únicamente permite resolver el caso de la provisión de productos predefinidos o preexistentes. Una contribución de la tesis relacionada con el modelo operacional es la inclusión de una nueva fase de "postacuerdo" para aquellos sistemas de comercio electrónico en los que los bienes comercializados requieran un seguimiento posterior al acuerdo hasta la entrega final del producto elaborado a medida o del servicio encargado. Con la inclusión de la fase de postacuerdo podemos resolver la provisión de ambos tipos de bienes, es decir, productos a medida o servicios.Finalmente, el nivel de la jerarquía más relacionado con la tecnología es el modelo arquitectónico, con el que podemos identificar los módulos necesarios para implementar las operaciones que hemos descrito en el modelo operacional en función del tipo de sistema de que se trate. Cada uno de estos módulos arquitectónicos se implementarán en cada momento con la tecnología disponible más adecuada, de esta forma nuestra propuesta de modelos para sistemas de comercio electrónico no está ligada al estado de la tecnología en un momento determinado.Otra de las contribuciones de la tesis que consiste en una clasificación de los sistemas de comercio electrónico realizada en función del tipo de bienes que comercializa y que además nos da una idea de su complejidad. Mediante la clasificación hemos podido relacionar todas las aportaciones de la tesis descritas anteriormente, como son la identificación de las actividades comerciales, el modelo funcional y el modelo operacional. La clasificación consta de tres niveles, sistemas de comercio electrónico de productos (Nivel 1), sistemas de comercio electrónico de productos a medida (Nivel 2) y sistemas de comercio electrónico de servicios (Nivel 3).Con el objetivo de validar las aportaciones de la tesis descritas anteriormente, se han utilizado los modelos en la especificación y diseño de sistemas reales. Se describen dos casos reales en los que se ha podido validar la jerarquía de modelos propuesta en la tesis, se trata de dos proyectos europeos del programa ACTS, el proyecto MULTIMEDIATOR y el proyecto TRADE.Finalmente, describe un problema de los sistemas de comercio electrónico basados en intermediarios de mucho interés en la actualidad, como es la problemática asociada a la comercialización a través de la red de material sometido a derechos de autor y se hacen algunas propuestas de cómo abordar su solución. En este tipo de sistemas, el intermediario electrónico puede ser, por una parte, el elemento en el que compradores y vendedores depositen la confianza, pero también por otra parte, puede residir en el intermediario la responsabilidad de la comercialización y posterior seguimiento del cumplimiento de los acuerdos suscritos en el momento de la compra. Se hace una propuesta de un sistema, y una arquitectura asociada, para la negociación de las condiciones de comercialización de material sujeto a copyright (protocolo de negociación del IPR), la materialización del acuerdo negociado en un contrato electrónico específico para IPR y también mecanismos para el seguimiento de su cumplimiento. / The objective of the Ph. D. Thesis "Electronic Commerce Models based on Brokerage Systems" is the study, development and application of a series of models for open electronic commerce (e-commerce, in short) systems using a broker and considering all aspects related with the commercialisation, by electronic means, of any kind of goods.The first part presents the state-of-the-art of e-commerce, focussing on the analysis of the current international proposals for the characterisation of an open e-commerce system through models. The second part describes the contributions of the Thesis related to the development of a series of models to characterise e-commerce systems, mainly those based on electronic brokers. The third part contains the conclusions of the Thesis, the open research lines, and the bibliographic references.With respect to the state-of-the-art, the following models for e-commerce systems, developed by different international initiatives, are described: EBES Buildings Blocks for Electronic Commerce, EWOS Technical Guide on Electronic Commerce, ECDTF-OMG/CommerceNet Joint Electronic Commerce Reference Model, eCo Framework (CommerceNet), IOTP (Internet Open Trading Protocol), OBI (Open Buying on the Internet), JEPI (Joint Electronic Payment Initiative) and SET (Secure Electronic Transaction). Furthermore, some European projects related to e-commerce, and especially to brokerage systems, are also described, such as the ABS (An Architecture for Information Brokerage Services), ABROSE (Agent Based Brokerage Services in Electronic Commerce), COBRA (Common Brokerage Architecture), GAIA (Generic Architecture for Information Availability), OSM (An Open Service Model for Global Information) and SEMPER (A Security Framework for the Global Electronic Marketplace) projects. Finally, some existing models for the management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) of multimedia content are also described, such as the models coming from the European projects IMPRIMATUR, FILIGRANE and COPEARMS.In the second part, the main contributions of the work are developed. The first contribution consists on the characterisation of e-commerce systems according to the commercial activities and associated values. Also the concepts of customised products and services provision, as an evolution of the classical products provision, are introduced.One of the main contributions of the Thesis is the characterisation of an e-commerce system by means of a hierarchical model consisting of three levels: the functional, the operational, and the architectural models. Each of these models corresponds to a view of the system, from the more general one of the functional (or business) model, till the detailed level related to the implementation of the architectural model, going through the model that identifies the tasks needed in the system, that is the operational one.With the functional model we can identify the entities participating in the business model of the system, their role, and the relationships between them. Most of the models analysed in the state-of-the-art study concentrate in this kind of functional model, that, although very useful to cope with the first steps in the system characterisation, is clearly not enough to advance to levels closer to the system design. From this, the need to introduce more levels in the hierarchy of models.The operational model allows the identification of a series of phases needed to carry out the commercial activity. Most of the analysed models only consider as final phase the "agreement" one, that only allows to solve the case of the provision of existing or pre-defined products. A contribution of the Thesis in relation to the operational model is the inclusion of a "post-agreement" phase, for those e-commerce systems in which the commercialised goods require a follow-up after the agreement and until the final delivery of the customised product, or the agreed service. With the inclusion of the post-agreement step we can solve the provision of both kinds of goods, i.e., customised products or services.Finally, the level of the hierarchy more related to the technology is the architectural model, which allow us to identify the modules needed to implement the operations described in the operational model according to the kind of system. Each of these architectural modules will be implemented following the most adequate available technology. In this way, our proposal of models for e-commerce systems is independent from the technology.Another contribution of the Thesis consists on the classification of the e-commerce systems based on the kind of goods that they commercialise, giving also an idea of its complexity. With this classification, we have been able to inter-relate all the described contributions, i.e., the identification of the commercial activities, the functional model and the operational model. The classification consists of three levels: systems for e-commerce of products (Level 1), systems for e-commerce of customised products (Level 2), and systems for e-commerce of services (Level 3).With the objective of validating the contributions of the Thesis already described, we have used the models in the specification and design of real systems. We describe two real cases in which the proposed hierarchy of models has been validated. They are two European projects of the ACTS programme: the MULTIMEDIATOR project and the TRADE project.Finally, we deal with a problem of broker-based e-commerce systems, very relevent nowadays, that is the issue of the commercialisation through the network of multimedia material with property rights. We make some proposals about how to deal with this problem. In this kind of systems, the broker might be, on the one side, the element in which buyers and sellers trust, but, on the other hand, the broker might have the responsibility of the commercialisation and further follow-up of the fulfillment of the agreements reached at purchase moment. A proposal is made of a system, and an associated architecture, for the negotiation of the conditions for the commercialisation of copyrighted material (IPR negotiation protocol), the materialisation of the reached agrement in an electronic contract, specific for IPR, and also mechanisms for the control of its fulfillment.

This work provides a semi-analytical development of the pressure-mobility behavior of solution gas-drive reservoir systems producing below the bubble point pressure. Our primary result is the "characteristic" relation which relates normalized (or dimensionless) pressure and mobility functions. This formulation is proven with an exhaustive numerical simulation study consisting of over 900 different cases. We considered 9 different pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) sets, and 13 different relative permeability cases in the simulation study. We also utilized 7 different depletion scenarios. The secondary purpose of this work was to develop a correlation of the "characteristic parameter" as a function of rock and fluid properties evaluated at initial reservoir conditions such as: API density, GOR, formation volume factor, viscosity, reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, oil saturation, relative permeability end points, corey exponents and oil mobility: We did successfully correlate the characteristic parameter as a function of these variables, which proves that we can uniquely represent the pressure-mobility path during depletion with specific reservoir and fluid property variables, taken as constant values for a particular case. The functional form of our correlation along with all relevant equations are shown on the body of this document.

This thesis analyses the utilization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), their contribution to economic and technological development and policies to be implemented for the SMEs to make more use of the system in order to reach a desired level of growth. Small and medium-scaled enterprises constitute more than 90 % of all firms almost all over the world and a substantial proportion of employment and turnover. This fact bares the necessity for the SMEs to make more use of the intellectual property rights system which is one of the components of innovation and technological growth, in order to achieve the desired level of economic and technological development. This paper discusses the existing and possible contribution of the IPRs obtained by SMEs to economic and technological development and the policies to be implemented in order to encourage intensive utilization of the system by the SMEs. The results of surveys previously carried out both in Turkey and abroad are incorporated within the results of a survey which was organized in the context of this thesis among 86 enterprises in 12 organized industrial zones all over Turkey. The latter survey measures the IPR utilization of the SMEs and the reasons behind under-utilization. Among the firms studied, 60 % of them are R&amp / D performers, 34 % have a distinct R&amp / D department while 56 % of them reported to have developed a new product, process or design. However only one third of these innovative firms have had an IP application and the percentage was even lower with IPR supports / only 2.3 % of the firms applied for IPR supports. The main reason for this underutilization of both IPRs and IPR supports was found as lack of awareness. Policy proposals were tried to be put forward depending on the findings of the survey and raising awareness was defined as the most important measure to be taken.

The mobile revolution has had a huge effect on our lives in all spheres. To ensure its continued evolution patents have played a part in protecting rightsholders from infringement cases by implementers. Also, many companies in the ICT industry focusing on innovation have come together to create standards, which ensure interoperability and compatibility of devices whilst supporting an ecosystem that is beneficial for both innovators and implementers as well as the consumers. Despite challenges (hold-up and hold-out) arising, regulators and standards organizations have created policies to regulate the processes involved. This has seen the introduction of FRAND and other international agreements. Using 3GPP as an illustration, this thesis highlights the efforts that are poured in research and development to even come up with a set standard that is universally applicable. This thesis gives an analysis on the underlying principles and processes that allow for standardization. It focuses on the relationship between patents and standards and how a strong IPR system has an impact on the progress of technology innovation. This thesis will highlight the benefits that arise from an ecosystem that is predevelopment and analyses the legal cases that have been dealt with over the years. Several cases have been brought before the courts in different jurisdictions to address issues relating to standardization and the ruling have seen a change in direction on the way to approach FRAND. The landmark case Huawei v ZTE paved a way for Europe’s balanced approach on licensing agreements and now courts have realized the importance of both parties to actively participate in good faith negotiations. The same has happened in the United states where after eBay v MercExchange the courts are now realizing hold-out is equally detrimental as hold-up and can create complications in licensing. The courts are now reluctant in offering injunctive relief without efforts from both parties to perform licensing agreements. As the technological boom continues in an upward trajectory it is crucial now, more than ever for Africa to join in and leverage the available laws to benefit its SMEs and ICT industry and strengthen its IPR system. Legend has it that the stronger the protection of own technological know-how, the higher the likelihood to join formal standardization processes to leverage the value of the technological portfolios. The empirical findings establish that if African countries develop their IPR system, this can be a source of encouragement for innovators to engage in global standardization.

Technology and intellectual property markets have witnessed great developments in the last few decades. Due to intellectual property rights gaining more importance and technology companies opening up their innovation processes, a wide range of intellectual property rights related services have emerged in the last two decades. The goal of this research is to develop a comprehensive classification system of intellectual property rights related services (IPSC). The classification is created by applying an ontology engineering process. The IPSC consists of 72 various IPR services divided into six main categories (100 Legal Service; 200 IP Consulting; 300 Matchmaking and Trading; 400 IP Portfolio Processing; 500 IPR-related Financial Service; 600 IPR-related Communication Service). The implications of the thesis are directed to policy makers, technology transfer managers, C-level executives and innovation researchers. The IPSC enables practitioners and researchers to organize industry data that can be thereafter analyzed for better strategy and policy making. In addition, this contributes towards organizing a more transparent and single intellectual property market.:Acknowledgements I Abstract II Contents IV List of Figures VI List of Tables VII 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction to Technology Markets 1 1.2. Explanation of Key Concepts 5 1.3. Research Questions and Goals 9 1.4. Readers Guide 13 2. Literature Review 15 2.1. Intellectual Property Markets State of the Art Review 15 2.2. Ontology Engineering State of the Art Review 22 3. Methodology 26 3.1. Methontology 26 3.2. Planning the IPSC 29 3.3. Specification 30 3.4. Conceptualization 31 3.5. Formalization 32 3.6. Integration 32 3.7. Evaluation 33 3.8. Documentation 33 3.9. Realization and Maintenance 33 4. Data description and collection framework 34 5. Applying Methontology 46 5.1. Knowledge Acquisition and Planning the IPSC 46 5.2. Specification 46 5.3. Conceptualization 47 5.4. Formalization 54 100 Legal Service 56 200 IP Consulting 60 300 Matchmaking and Trading 65 400 IP Portfolio Processing 72 500 IPR-related Financial Service 76 600 IPR-related Communication Service 81 5.5. Integration 86 5.6. Evaluation 95 5.7. Documentation 104 5.8. Realization and Maintenance of the IPSC 106 6. Interview Results and Further Discussions 108 6.1. Implications for Industry 108 6.2. Contributions of the IPSC 110 6.3. Limitations of the IPSC and Future Work 112 7. Conclusions 116 References 120 List of experts interviewed and the date of interview 129 Appendices 130

CRISPR-Cas9 based genome engineering has emerged as a revolutionary biological technique in the past decade with multifarious therapeutic and biotechnological applications for human welfare. It is anticipated that the global CRISPR-Cas9 market will exceed a revenue of USD 3 billion by 2024. In the past few years, product and process oriented CRISPR-Cas9 applications have led to extensive patenting efforts, resulting in some major patent disputes. Some of CRISPR-Cas9 based applications for human welfare are directly linked to modifications within the human cells as well as their possible misuse on the ethical grounds, there is a fundamental divide in the United States and the European Union about various patenting legal provisions. In the proposed study, I will categorically investigate the legal frameworks on the patentability of various human welfare related CRISPR-Cas9 applications in the United States and the European Union as well as their socio-economic impact.

The major themes of this thesis are the impact of Intellectual Property (IP) systems on foreign direct investment spillovers and bilateral FDI flows. This thesis consists of three empirical studies. The first study integrates in the existing theoretical frameworks the distinct effect of the public IP enforcement element of IP systems on FDI horizontal spillovers. By employing a meta-analysis approach and the ordered probit model estimation technique, it finds that the strength of public IP enforcement in a host country has a positive effect on FDI horizontal spillovers but it dampens the positive effect of IP law protection on FDI horizontal spillovers when it becomes too strong. The second empirical study examines the impact of IP systems on FDI vertical spillovers. This study employs a similar conceptual and empirical approach and finds that the strength of public IP enforcement has a positive effect on FDI vertical spilloversbut a negative moderating effect on the relationship between the strength of IP law protection and FDI vertical spillovers. In the third empirical study, a gravity model is applied to test the effect of IP systems on bilateral FDI flows in OECD countries. Using the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood, it finds both the strength of IP law protection and the strength of public IP enforcement to have a positive effect on bilateral FDI flows. The broad implication of these findings is that countries should strengthen both their IP law protection and enforcement but apply appropriate measures to mitigate the negative effect resulted from excessive IP protection.

智慧財產權為政府鼓勵知識創新者公開其研究成果所給予的獨佔權利。這些公開的資訊便稱之為「智慧財產權資訊」，內含了人類超過90%的智慧結晶。是以企業妥善運用這些資訊可以節省許多研發的時間及金錢，並加快取得智慧財產權的速度。 　　智慧財產權資訊服務的提供可視為一種加值的過程，從數量龐大的原始資料檢索、分析，甚至提供軟體工具的協助，都是內涵相當專業。本研究將其稱之「智慧財產權資訊服務業」。 　　本研究為一初探性研究，企圖藉由廣泛的文獻收集與深度訪談，勾勒本產業在台灣的發展現況、上下游價值鍊、與其他技術商品化服務業的關係、以及未來發展的策略。為有效的觀察六個訪談個案，本研究參照了相關文獻，訂定產品組合與目標市場、價值活動與核心能力、組織與人事管理、專業行銷與客戶管理、策略聯盟與併購五個項目作為觀察指標。 　　本研究之研究個案包括：亞太智慧財產權發展基金會、亞太智財科技服務股份有限公司、連穎科技股份有限公司、元勤科技股份有限公司、識權科技股份有限公司、台灣智財股份有限公司。 　　本研究發現：目前台灣本產業廠商均為近幾年成立的新創企業，屬於知識密集型產業。產業的最上游為各國智慧財產權主管機關的資料庫，本產業部分廠商將其加值提升其方便性、對於重要資料加以翻譯或分析、或是協助廠商監視新增專利。在資料庫獲得加值後，部分廠商提供檢索服務，並以此為基礎提供研究發展、侵權訴訟、技術移轉之用。 　　本研究對於本產業發展的建議為：透過顯示其專業的方式教育使用者，並與相關技術商品化服務業合作以擴大其營業規模。同時本研究也建議政府提升本國智財權資料庫的水準、並協助民間業者使用其他國家之智財權資料庫。 / Intellectual Property Right (IPR) is a monopoly right for a period of time that governments encourage innovators to disclose their innovation. The published information is called “Intellectual Property Right Information” which included over 90% humans’ intellectual innovation, and companies may use the information to save money and time in R&D. 　　The usage of IPR Information can be seen as a value-added process, and it requires professional service providers to search and analyze useful information from IPR database and to design useful tools for their clinets. 　　The aim of this exploratory research is to study the professional service sector in Taiwan by wide data-collecting and interviews. For observing the current status, the value chain, the cooperation with other service providers, and the developing strategy, this research uses product mixes and targeted markets, value-added activities and required knowledge, organization and human resource management, professional marketing, strategic alliance and merger and acquisition as five indexes. 　　The cases in this research include Asia Pacific Intellectual Property Association, Asia-Pacific Technology and Intellectual Property Services, Inc., LearningTech Inc., IP Tech Inc., Su Cheng (Knowing Power) Inc., and IP Era Inc. 　　This research finds out that all the cases are srtart-up, and knowledge-intensive. The most upstream is the databases built by governments and this sector dilutes, monitors and translates these databases, or enhances the convenience. Some companies in this sector provide IPR search and analysis services, and the results may be useful for R&D, IPR lawsuit, or technology transfer. 　　This research suggests that this sector should enlarge the market by educating their customers with professional services and cooperating with other technology commercializing service companies. In the mean time, Taiwanese government may consider to enhance its IPR database and to assist local companies to utilize other IPR databases around the world.

The diploma thesis deals with the issues and economic impacts of the system of Intellectual Property Rights protection in China. The work is divided into three main chapters. The theoretical framework of the system of Intellectual Property Rights is explained in the first part of the diploma thesis. It is focused on the detailed analysis of the most important types of Intellectual Property Rights, that can be found in People's Republic of China. Different ways how to protect our rights in this area are also covered in this section. The second part describes the current situation in China and compares it with some developed countries. The third part at the beginning try to find the connections between IPR system and economic growth. Then it describes the process of the implications of IPR system on the Growth of Chinese Economy and in conclusion explains the strategic importance of Intellectual Property Rights system in chinese economic growth.