Introduction In order to foster innovation of medical devices within the healthcare sector, a collaboration project, PUSH, has been initiated including the hospitals managed by the Stockholm County Council. The collaboration aims to capture ideas from employees and turn them into so called “high-practice” products as well as facilitate the possibilities for medical device companies to try out their products in the settings of healthcare. Collaborations for innovation, comparable to the PUSH project, can be found in both Swedish and foreign regions, but some of them fail to survive due to obstacles affecting the progress of each collaboration. Avoiding the same destiny will be a challenge to the PUSH project. Purpose The purpose is to search for factors affecting organizational collaboration concerning innovation systems for medical device development. The study is focusing on ”high-practice” products within the PUSH project. Theoretical approach In order to emphasize factors affecting innovation, theories regarding innovation systems, clusters and networks has been studied hence they  all concern organizational collaboration. Method The study’s qualitative approach is based on a semi deductive method. The analysis derives from a deductive outlook consistent with chosen theories, whereas collected data is used inductively to stress and enlarge part of the theoretical framework. Semi structured interviews, earlier research and evaluations constitutes most of the collected data. Results and analysis Experience from collaborations for innovation shows that some affecting factors can’t be influenced by collaborators, as political decisions and medical device directives. Collaborators can however affect circumstances such as connections and networking, which is significant to manage the innovation process; from idea to commercialization. An explicit focus on commercialization is important to the collaboration project’s surviving opportunities. A central cause why innovation projects don’t last is lack of funding, both for commercializing certain products as well as for retaining and developing existing innovation structures. Conclusion Collaborating projects should utilize existing structures and complement their networks to involve extensive competency. Decision makers need to decide whether innovation ventures shall be part of the County Council’s assignment. To fulfil the visions of the collaboration project, a policy common to all participants in the forthcoming innovation project needs to be stated, regarding ownership relations, risk sharing, funding and sharing of profits. / Bakgrund För att främja medicinteknisk innovation inom vården har ett utvecklingsprojekt för samverkan mellan Stockholms landstingsstyrda sjukhus påbörjats, under namnet PUSH (Produktutveckling inom Stockholms hälso- och sjukvård). Syftet med samverkan är att ta vara på landstingspersonalens idéer och utveckla s.k. high-practice-produkter samt att underlätta för medicintekniska företag att testa produkter i vårdmiljö. Liknande innovationssatsningar finns på olika håll i Sverige och utomlands, men det har varit problematiskt att få flera av dessa att överleva, då olika omständigheter påverkar utvecklingen av satsningarna. Samverkansprojektet mellan sjukhusen står således inför en rad utmaningar om de inte ska gå samma öde till mötes. Syfte Syftet är att undersöka omständigheter som är centrala för organisatorisk samverkan inom innovationssystem för utveckling av medicinteknik. Utgångspunkten är utveckling av ”high-practice-produkter” inom projektet PUSH. Teoretisk ansats För att belysa innovationspåverkande omständigheter i studien, har teorier om innovationssystem, kluster och nätverk studerats, utifrån att de behandlar organisatorisk samverkan. Metod Studiens kvalitativa upplägg bygger på ett semideduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Utifrån ett deduktivt synsätt utgår analysen från befintliga teorier medan empirin på ett induktivt sätt ligger till grund för att framhålla och vidga delar av teorierna. Insamlad data utgörs till stor del av semistrukturerade intervjuer och tidigare undersökningar och utvärderingar. Resultat och analys Erfarenheter från samverkansprojekt för innovationer visar att projekten påverkas delvis av omständigheter som ligger utanför projektens kontroll, som innovationspolitiska beslut och medicintekniskt regelverk. Påverkningsbara omständigheter är exempelvis att innovationsprojekt är beroende av ett välutvecklat kontaktnät som sträcker sig över hela innovationsprocessen, från utveckling av idén till kommersialisering. För långsiktig överlevnad är ett uttalat kommersialiseringsfokus av största vikt för projekten. En central orsak till att innovationsprojekt inte överlever på lång sikt är att det saknas finansiering, dels för kommersialisering av enskilda produkter och dels för att behålla och utveckla befintliga innovationsstrukturer. Slutdiskussion För samverkansprojekt bör befintliga strukturer utnyttjas och kompletteras med en utvidgning av nätverket för att involvera en bredare kompetens. Beslutsfattare måste ta ställning till om huruvida innovationssatsningar ingår i landstingets uppdrag. En gemensam policy för ägarförhållanden och risktagande, finansiering och fördelning av eventuella vinster måste utarbetas om samverkansprojektets visioner ska kunna uppnås.

Καθώς η Κοινωνία της Πληροφορίας αναπτύσσεται με ταχύτατους ρυθμούς, οι τεχνολογικές κατακτήσεις από το χώρο της επιστήμης των υπολογιστών και τηλεπικοινωνιών, αποτελούν σημαντικό κεφάλαιο σε αρκετούς επιμέρους τομείς του κοινωνικού βίου, ανάμεσα στους οποίους είναι και ο Πολιτισμός. Η πολιτισμική ποικιλομορφία του υπάρχοντος υλικού και η διάθεση για αξιοποίηση της επιπρόσθετης εκπαιδευτικής του αξίας, σε συνδυασμό με την απαίτηση για διάσωση των πρωτότυπων έργων, συνθέτει ένα πολύπλοκο τεχνολογικό πρόβλημα με νομικές και κοινωνικές προεκτάσεις. Η διαδικασία της ψηφιοποίησης και η δημιουργία μιας νέας άυλης ηλεκτρονικής υπόστασης για τα έργα πολιτισμού, γεννά νέες δυνατότητες αλλά παράλληλα θέτει νέους περιορισμούς. Η έμπνευση και η δημιουργικότητα των καλλιτεχνών εκφράζεται με τα πνευματικά δικαιώματα, η προστασία και η διαχείριση των οποίων αποτελεί το αντικείμενο της διπλωματικής εργασίας. Το σύνολο των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων και ο τρόπος που αυτά ορίζονται, δεσμεύονται, εγείρονται και μεταβιβάζονται, μεταβάλλεται ριζικά καθώς περνάμε από την πραγματική αναλογική μορφή στην άυλη ψηφιακή απεικόνιση. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, ορίζονται οι διάφοροι τύποι δικαιωμάτων πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας και αποσαφηνίζονται οι δεσμεύσεις και οι περιορισμοί που προκύπτουν από αυτά συναρτήσει της Διεθνούς,της Ευρωπαϊκής και της Ελληνικής Νομοθεσίας. Επίσης, καθορίζεται η ενδεικτική διαδικασία που πρέπει να ακολουθηθεί από μια οντότητα (πολύ συχνά από έναν πολιτιστικό οργανισμό) για την εκκαθάριση των δικαιωμάτων των έργων που κατέχει, κατά τη διαδικασία της Ψηφιοποίησης με σκοπό την προβολή τους στο Διαδίκτυο. Σε δεύτερη φάση, μελετάται το ευρύ φάσμα των τεχνολογικών μέσων, τα οποία μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την προστασία των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων που δεσμεύουν τους ψηφιακούς πόρους, παράλληλα με κάποιο κατάλληλα επιλεγμένο σύνολο μεταδεδομένων. Ιδιαίτερο τμήμα της εργασίας, αποτελούν τα συστήματα ψηφιακής διαχείρισης των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων (DRMs). Πραγματοποιείται αναλυτική παρουσίαση των προτεινόμενων προτύπων που πρέπει να ακολουθούν τα συστήματα αυτά, όσον αφορά την αναπαράσταση και μοναδική αναγνώριση των δεδομένων, αλλά και την αναπαράσταση των δικαιωμάτων μέσων των γλωσσών περιγραφής πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται, η αρχιτεκτονική, οι βασικές λειτουργίες και η υλοποίηση ενός πρότυπου συστήματος διαχείρισης πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων για ψηφιακές εικόνες. / As Information Society is rapidly developing, technological conquests in computer science and telecommunications are becoming a very important part in many areas of social life, including Culture. The diversity of the cultural material and the intention of utilizing the added educational value, combined with the demand for preservation of the original works, compose a complex technological problem with legal and social extensions. The inspiration and creativity of the artists are expressed by Intellectual Property Rights – IPR, the protection and management of which is the subject of this thesis. The set of rights as well as the way they are specified, rised, binded and assigned changes while we pass from the analog to the materialess digital display. In this thesis we define the several types of Intellectual Property Rights and clarify the engagements and restrictions that result from them in connection with the International, European and National legislation. We also define the process that an entity (usually a cultural organization) must follow in order to clear the rights of the works it owns, during a digitization process which will lead to publication on the Internet. In the second part we study the technological solutions that can be used for the protection of IPR in parallel with a suitable metadata set. A special part of the thesis is the study of Digital Rights Management Systems – DRMs. We analytically present the standards on which modern DRMs must be based on in terms of identification and declaration of digital resources, as well as the representation of rights through rights expression languages. Finally we present the architecture, basic functionality and realization of a new Digital Rights Management System for digital images.

Optical scattering techniques are suitable probes for studying weak disordered refractive index media such as biological cells and tissues. Several brain diseases accompany the nano-to-submicron scales’ structural alterations of the basic building blocks of cells/tissues in the brain and skin fibroblasts. For example, several molecular modifications such as DNA methylation, and histone degradation occur in cells earlier than morphological changes detectable at a microscopic level. These alterations also change the refractive index structures of the cells/tissues at the nano-to-submicron scales. Unfortunately, traditional methods do not allow the detection of these alterations in the early stages of diseases. Recent developments in mesoscopic optical physics-based techniques can probe these alterations. Particularly, mesoscopic light transport and localization approaches enable the measurements and quantifications of the degree of structural alterations in the cells/tissues and unprecedented information on progressive brain diseases. This dissertation provides a detailed study of the structural changes at nano-to-submicron levels in human brain cells/tissues and human skin fibroblasts in two major neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), using dual spectroscopic imaging techniques, namely partial wave spectroscopy (PWS) for light transport and inverse participation ratio (IPR) for weak light localization. In particular, a nanoscale-sensitive advanced PWS technique is used to quantify the structural alterations in cells/tissues. Further, the IPR technique is used to quantify molecular-specific mass density alterations within cells using their light localization properties via confocal imaging. These dual optical scattering techniques were utilized to measure the degree of structural disorders, termed ‘disorder strength’, by distinguishing the diseased cells/tissues from normal ones in the human brain and human skin fibroblasts due to neurodegenerative diseases. Our results show that the degree of structural disorder (����) increases in the affected cells and tissues relative to the normal, both at the cellular/tissue level and in the DNA molecular mass density structural levels. The results of the studies strongly reveal that the degree of structural disorder strength (����) is an effective biomarker/numerical indicator for brain disease diagnostics.

No description available.

在數位出版產業中，台灣出版業者面對網路改革的壓力，積極尋找網路數位出版發展趨勢與商業模式，並且華文網路市場機會的興起以及網路社會上智慧財產權的日益重要，本研究將以智慧財產權管理的角度探討在網路中，臺灣出版業者如何尋找新的商業模式掌握此次出版業的革命商機，為廠商提出發展建議。 網路數位出版，意指在內容出版的過程，從內容創造、流通到利用都是以數位化的技術進行，並且在網路的環境中完成這些過程。網路數位出版平台，指的是溝通內容創造與內容利用兩端的中間者。負責聯絡兩方平台業者所面對的智財權議題以著作權最為重要，因為數位出版產業立基於內容發展，而著作權主要說明內容的管理。 本研究從網路長尾理論出發，以該現象形成的原因作為分析廠商的智財權管理的面向，分析專業數位出版平台—商業周刊網站，以及業餘數位出版平台—PIXNET，尋找商業模式與智財權管理的關連性。 根據個案訪談的結果分析，專業數位出版平台內容發行與智財權管理皆為以業者角度為主的單向，然而業餘數位出版平台的內容發行與智財權管理都是以互動的方式完成，平台之商業模式確實影響智財權的管理。除此之外，對於未來數位出版平台的發展，專業與業餘之間的藩籬逐漸消弭，成為兩者的綜合，本研究亦建議業者朝向專業與業餘並行的發展方向前進。 / The importance of intellectual property increases with the growth of Chinese internet market. Taiwan publishers are now confronted with the pressure from internet innovation and thus are forced to find out a new business model and more opportunity. This study will focus on the possible business model of digital publishing and the strategy of IP management which Taiwan publishers should adopt. Digital publishing suggests an all-digitalized publication process. Every step of publication, from content creation, editing, publishing, selling to application, can be completed all through the internet. The platform of digital publishing serves to communicate both side of content providers and users. Hence, copyright of the digital content and the management of copyright becomes one of the most important intellectual property issues. The thesis will begin with Chris Anderson’s Long Tail theory. Two websites of digital publishing in Taiwan will be chosen for analysis: the Business Weekly as the commercial plaform and PIXNET Blog as the avocational one. Through the comparison, the study aims to find out the connections between the business model and the intellectual property management. According to the case studies, the content and the intellectual property management of commercial platform are unidirectional, decided by managers. On the other hand, tthese of avocational one are bidirectional, influenced by website managers and users. Intellectual property managements are influenced by different business model. However, it would be the trend that the barrier between commercial platform and the avocational one will melt away and the business model of website in the future will change. The business model and intellectual property management of digital publishing platform should combine characteristics of both commercial and avocational one.

新經濟體系的來臨，以技術為基礎的新創科技公司如雨後春筍般的出現，這些新創科技公司的價值已非過去龐大的有形資產，取而代之的是無形資產，如專利權、商標權、著作權、授權契約或公司的研發團隊等，然而傳統的財務報表係儘反映公司過去的財務狀況和經營成果，對於自行研發而非外購的智慧財產權，卻無法認列在財務報表上，使得公司的價值被嚴重低估，有潛力的公司無法獲得所需資金而功敗垂成，十分可惜。 本研究係以實際經營管理的觀點切入，探討以智慧財產權做為融資擔保標的時所會遭遇到的困難為何？再經由所得知的實際困難找出智慧財產權融資所需營運機制和可行之營運模式。 由於智慧財產權融資大部份的風險都處於資金供給方，因此融資可行與否大致上都決定於資金供給者必須在那些條件具備的情況下才願意接受以智慧財產權做擔保的融資模式，因此本研究主要探討的問題從資金供給者的角度出發，主要研究的資金供給對象為國內銀行和創業投資公司。 透過次級文獻蒐集、集體焦點訪談、個別訪談和郵寄問卷等方法得到主要發現如下： 一、國外智慧財產權融資尚在起步階段，且西方國家與東方國家有關智慧財產權的營運模式皆不盡相同。 二、國內缺乏智慧財產權融資實際個案，雖然有關智慧財產權融資擔保有其基本法源可茲適用，但相關配套法規欠缺。 三、國內創業投資公司多以整體性評估新創科技公司，除少數新創科技公司（如生物科技公司）外，智慧財產並非單一關鍵性考量因素。 四、智慧財產權融資模式對創業投資公司有其間接性影響，其中有關鑑價機制和技術交易市場為創業投資公司所關切重點。 五、國內傳統銀行以利差為主要獲利來源之營運特性使智慧財產權融資高風險之融資形式不易為銀行所接受。 六、銀行本身缺乏智慧財產權鑑價能力和管理能力，此為銀行承做智慧財產權融資首要解決之務。 七、銀行傾向以政府保證的方式來進行智慧財產權融資，以降低本身所承擔風險。 八、以目前整體的環境而言，智慧財產權融資在智慧財產權觀念上、鑑價機制、管理能力、交易市場和法令規範等方面有著許多實行上的困難有待解決。 由以上可知智慧財產權融資以目前各方面的環境而言具有高風險性，其可行性的營運模式建議分為短期和長期來看： 一、初期營運模式： 1、初期政府可用保證基金的形式來分散資金供給者的風險。 2、初期可先透過國外的鑑價機制和交易市場來進行。 二、遠期營運模式： 建立具有國際化的鑑價機構和交易市場，根據「契約自由化」原則，只要交易雙方對於契約內容達成一致性的決議，則交易即可完成，以促進自由市場高流動性的運作。 關鍵字：智慧財產權融資、新創科技公司、創業投資公司、銀行、鑑價機制、技術交易市場、信用保證基金、關鍵要素。 / By the coming of the new economy, high-tech start-ups are mushrooming like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. The value of high-tech start-ups does not base on hard assets, but of their principal assets. The principal assets contain both the intangible assets and intellectual property right (IPR), such as patent, trademark, copyright, license contract as well as R&D team. However, traditional financial statements record only the past financial profile and operating results of companies. They've invested large amount of money on R&D, and therefore, to obtain the IPR. But the right obtained can not be shown on the financial statements. As a result, a large number of high-tech start-ups are underestimated, and unfortunately, most of the potential high-tech start-ups were not able to survive due to the inability to find the fund needed. From the view of the practical operating management, this study discusses problems that should be confronted when operating the financing IPR. Moreover, according to the problems found, the study anticipates by offering the operating mechanism and feasible business models for financing IPR. As we know, the majority of risk lies in the fund suppliers when financing IPR, so mostly the feasibility of financing IPR depends on fund suppliers that will receive IPR as collateral under a certain number requirements possessed. Thus, the study will then offer suggestions mainly in terms of fund suppliers, and the focus will be on domestic banks and venture capitalists. Based on the literature review, group focus interview, individuall interview, posted survey and so on are conducted for the study. Some of insights are derived as bellow: 1. For overseas countries, the financing IPR is just at the beginning period. There are differences in the business models of financing IPR between western countries and eastern countries. 2. There are few real cases about financing IPR in Taiwan although there are some basic laws to apply for financing IPR. Nevertheless, more related regulations are needed. 3. Most of the venture capitalists evaluate high-tech start-ups in an overall way. Hence, excluding a small numbers of high-tech start-ups such as bio-tech companies, IPR is not the only key evaluation factor. 4. The model of financing IPR has an indirect influence to venture capitalists. They emphasize more on the valuation mechanism and the technology marketplace. 5. The profit of traditional banks in Taiwan comes from the interest. From the conservative operating system, these banks are hard to accept the financing IPR that is with high risk. 6. The domestic banks are in short of the IPR valuation and IPR management capabilities. Thus, these problems should first be solved, and then the financing IPR will be able to be taken into action. 7. The domestic banks are in favor of reducing risk by getting guarantee from the government. 8. In terms of the whole financial environment in Taiwan, there are lots of difficulties in the concepts of IPR, valuation mechanism, management capability, technology marketplace, laws and decrees and so forth to be confronted. Above all, financing IPR has high risk in Taiwan at the moment. Therefore, this paper recommends that feasible business models of financing IPR should be divided as follow: 1. Short-run business model: (1) Diversify the risk of the fund suppliers from the guarantee fund offered by the government. (2) Finance IPR by foreign valuation mechanism and technology marketplace. 2. Long-run business model: First, more efforts should be put to set up our own international valuation institutions and technology marketplace. Second, the financing IPR should be taken by contract liberalization principle in compliance with the mechanism of the free market. When both sides agree to the contract, then the deal will be done. By doing so,the IPR financing will be highly promoted at the same time. Key words: Financing IPR, High-tech Start-ups, Venture Capitalists, Domestic Banks, Valuation Mechanism, Technology Marketplace, Credit Guarantee Fund, Key factors.

La médecine et la pharmacopée traditionnelles ouest-africaine constituent encore aujourd'hui, l'unique moyen de prise en charge des maladies pour des milliers de personnes vivant en zone rurale et même en zone urbaine. Cette réalité est souvent présentée comme découlant uniquement de la faiblesse du système allopathique de santé, cependant, elle peut être le fruit d'un choix socioculturel. En effet, les conceptions traditionnelles des maladies, c’est-à-dire la distinction entre maladies naturelles et maladies provoquées influencent encore le choix thérapeutique dans les communautés africaines surtout en zone rurale. Pendant longtemps, ce retour à la médecine et à la pharmacopée traditionnelle s'est fait sans la mise en place des mesures d'encadrement et d'accompagnement nécessaires. Ce qui engendre d’énormes risques sanitaires. De plus, la multiplication des bio-prospections sans contrôle des États a conduit à une forte croissance des appropriations illicites des savoirs tradimédicaux. Cet état des faits a fait émerger au sein des institutions internationales compétentes de nouvelles questions : celles des droits des communautés locales et autochtones sur leurs ressources et leurs savoirs tradimédicaux associés, et la nécessité de la construction d'un système équitable d'exploitation des ressources et des savoirs médicaux traditionnels à des fins de recherches et de développement. Les États burkinabè et ghanéen ont, pour pallier ces difficultés, adopté des législations encadrant les pratiques traditionnelles de soins ainsi que la production et la mise sur leurs marchés nationaux de médicaments traditionnels et néo traditionnels / Traditional medicine and pharmacopeia are still nowadays for thousands of people in West Africa, the unique healthcare solution. If this fact is often considered as arising solely from the weakness of the allopathic health system, it could also be a result of socio-cultural choices. Indeed, people especially in rural areas are strongly influenced by traditional vision and beliefs about diseases’ origins, which could have natural or induced causes in this traditional conception. For a long time, this resort to traditional medicine was done without the supervision and support of the appropriate measures and regulations. This has generated high public healthcare risks. Moreover, the multiplication of bioprospection’s without states control has led to a sharp increase in illicit appropriation of traditional medicine knowledge for the purposes of pharmaceutical innovation. This has created new issues in the South, especially about local populations’ intellectual property on their traditional knowledge. Highlighting these facts has raised new concerns within the competent international and regional institutions: the need of protection for local and indigenous communities’ rights over their genetic resources and associated tradimedical knowledge, and the need of building a fair system of exploitation of resources and medical indigenous knowledge for purposes of research and development. The Burkinabe and Ghanaian states have, in order to overcome these issues, adopted legislations to regulate traditional care practices as well as the production and placement on their national markets of traditional and neo-traditional medicines